华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4): 41-54.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.04.005

• 中国古代礼制研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

秦汉之后邻里关系与礼仪教化

汤勤福   

  • 出版日期:2021-07-15 发布日期:2021-07-19
  • 作者简介:汤勤福,上海师范大学古籍所教授(上海,200233)、湖南大学岳麓书院讲座教授(长沙,410082)
  • 基金资助:
    国家社科基金重大项目“中国礼教思想史”(项目编号:20&ZD030)、国家社科基金重大招标项目“中国礼制变迁及其现代价值研究”(项目编号:12&ZD134)

The Neighborly Relations and the Ritual Education after the Qin and Han Dynasties

Qin-fu TANG   

  • Online:2021-07-15 Published:2021-07-19

摘要:

古代中国以农为本,农业生产与居住关系的发展趋势是:从生产劳动相对分散、居住相对集中,趋向生产劳动分散、居住也相对分散。民众无论居住集中还是分散,邻里之间关系非常重要,它与国家管理直接相关。儒家倡导由基层乡里机构承担民众教化,以构建和谐的社会秩序和邻里关系。秦轻视儒家礼教,邻里关系相对紧张。两汉儒家崛起,较为重视建立稳定的社会秩序以及和谐的邻里关系,重视对民众的礼仪教化。西汉末年出现坞堡垒壁,这种居住形式延续到魏晋南北朝。在战争频繁的时期,邻里关系出现扭曲和异化,礼仪教化废弛。唐宋是里居变化的关键时期,乡里制最终被废弃,集中圈住形式寿终正寝,私学的兴盛与宗族的崛起,士大夫们承担起民众的礼仪教化,由此邻里关系产生巨大变化。古代中国的邻里关系变化受到经济条件、政治状况的制约,礼仪教化重视与否和士大夫们努力是分不开的。

关键词: 秦汉之后, 邻里关系, 礼仪, 教化

Abstract:

Based on agriculture, the relation between agricultural production and dwelling in the ancient China witnessed the development trend from the state that the production labor was relatively scattered and residence was relatively concentrated to the state that both the production labor and residence were relatively scattered. No matter scattered or concentrated, the neighborly relations are very important to common people, which is directly related to national administration. Confucianism maintains that the basic organizations in villages and townships should bear the mission of public education to establish harmonious social order and sound neighborly relations. Confucian rites were neglected in the Qin Dynasty so that the neighborly relations were in tense. In the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, due to the rise of Confucianism, the establishment of stable social orders and harmonious relations among neighbors as well as the ritual education of the public were paid great attention. Castle-shaped residential houses appeared in the Western Han Dynasty and lasted till the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the time of war, the neighborly relations experienced distortion and alienation and the ritual education was terminated. The neighborly relations experienced major changes in the Tang and Song Dynasties. At that time, the household registration system based on townships was abolished, centralized residence was terminated and private schools and clans rose, so the gentries bore the responsibility of ritual education of the masses. These factors caused great changes to the neighborly relations. In a nutshell, the neighborly relations in ancient China were restrained by economic conditions, political status, and influenced by ritual education and the efforts of official-scholars.

Key words: period after the Qin and Han Dynasties, neighborly relations, rites, education