华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4): 66-82.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.04.007

• 中国古代礼制研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

唯物史观与中国古礼研究——20世纪礼学研究方法论之一

杨华   

  • 出版日期:2021-07-15 发布日期:2021-07-19
  • 作者简介:杨华，武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心教授（武汉，430072）
  • 基金资助:
    国家社科基金重大项目“中国传统礼仪文化通史研究”（项目编号：18ZDA021）

The Materialist View of History and the Research of Ancient Chinese Rites：On the Methodology of Ritual Study in the 20th Century

Hua YANG   

  • Online:2021-07-15 Published:2021-07-19

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摘要：

作为20世纪史学主潮，历史唯物论者对中国传统礼制具有独特认识。自郭沫若《中国古代社会研究》以来，礼制信息备受重视，在范文澜、翦伯赞、吕振羽、侯外庐等早期历史唯物论著作中多有所见。历史唯物论者认为礼的本质是阶级性，猛烈抨击礼教，认为礼制是某个时段或者某种社会的独有现象，而礼学必然随着封建社会的灭亡而消亡。礼制问题在社会形态论中亦是极为重要的史料支撑和制度言说。早期唯物史观的礼制分析方法，在杨宽、杨向奎等后继者论著中成为自觉，并得到发扬。杨宽对藉、冠、射、大蒐、贽见、乡饮酒等礼制的系列研究，将其推至学术高峰。唯物史观的礼学研究，大都注重整体历史而非琐碎考证；受到疑古思潮影响，认为“三礼”文献和相关礼制晚出；极力超脱经学门户之争；特别注重经济社会的礼制信息。在取得丰硕成果的同时，该学派也存在两方面问题：一是对礼制性质和时代判断不够清晰，二是论证过程中存在教条化和标签化问题，同样的礼制史料往往因讨论者理解和解释不同而结论相异。

关键词: 唯物史观, 礼学研究, 古史分期, 郭沫若, 杨宽

Abstract:

As the mainstream historical research in the 20th century, historical materialists have provided unique understanding of Chinese traditional rites. Since GUO Mo-ruo’s Research of the Ancient Chinese Society, materials of rites have gained great attention, which can be seen in early works of historical materialism by FAN Wen-lan, JIAN Bo-zan, LV Zhen-yu, HOU Wai-lu and others. According to historical materialism, rites reflect essentially the nature of a particular class, so they denounce rites fiercely, regarding them as specific phenomena in a certain society in a certain time and believing that ritual study will perish along with the collapse of the feudal society. The issue of rites provides key historical and institutional support for the theory of the forms of society. The analyzing method of rites in the early materialist view of history has been used and developed with awareness in the works of later scholars like YANG Kuan and YANG Xiang-kui. YANG Kuan’s research of rites including Ji（emperor’s ploughing the field）, Guan（puberty rite of men）, She（shooting）, Dasou（military practice under the name of hunting）, Zhijian（meeting etiquette） and Xiangyinjiu（banquet ceremony in the township） elevated himself to the academic peak. The research of rites from the materialist view of history mainly focuses on the overall history rather than trivial textual examinations. Influenced by the academic trend of suspecting the past, these scholars maintain that the literature on “three rites” and related rituals formed later than historically stated. Moreover, they attempted to go beyond the Confucian classic studies and pay particular attention to the rites in economy and society. Despite great academic achievements, there exist two major deficiencies in their study: on the one hand, they don’t have clear judgment on the nature and age of rites; on the other hand, the practice of dogmatization and labelling exist in their argumentation. Consequently, different researchers drew different conclusions from the same historical materials of rites due to different understandings and explanations.

Key words: materialist view of history, research of rites, division of ancient historical periods, GUO Mo-ruo, YANG Kuan