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15 July 2018, Volume 50 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Socialism Centering on Practical Freedom WANG Xing-fu 2018, 50 (4):  1-9.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.001 Abstract ( 190 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1512KB) ( 555 )   Save As a critic of the bourgeoisie ideology and a rival of the capitalist system, socialism should not only eliminate material poverty and labor enforcement by developing productivity, but also realize the ideal of both individual development in an all-round way and the free union of individuals by reforming social system. However, traditional socialist theories focus too much on the former while ignore the latter. While inheriting the enlightenment tradition of the bourgeoisie, German classical philosophy goes beyond the limitation of utilitarianism in the enlightenment tradition of England and France by clearly regarding freedom at the level of self-determination as the core of human liberation. Inheriting the principle of individual autonomy in German classical philosophy, Marx maintains that human freedom does not equal to knowing nature and controlling the production process; on the contrary, it should be understood as the development of human beings themselves and their co-control of the production process. Although he claims that the development of human ability to know and change nature is indispensable for human liberation, Marx emphasizes that the realm of freedom is actually on the other shore of labor and the realm of necessity. In other words, we can achieve real freedom only in voluntary activities aiming to develop ourselves. This conceptual distinction between cognitive freedom and practical freedom, and the recognition that the latter is prior to the former should be confirmed again as the core and foundation of socialism in the 21st century. Under the guidance of the development ideal of "regarding people as the center", the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in a new era will demonstrate that socialism is essentially the great course of human liberation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marx's “General Intellect” in the “Fragment on Machines” SUN Le-qiang 2018, 50 (4):  10-18.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.002 Abstract ( 174 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1447KB) ( 544 )   Save General intellect is a significant concept developed by Marx in his "Fragment on Machines". Etymologically speaking, it may be influenced by Hodgskin and some theories of technology. Social agents play a decisive role in the creation and development of general intellect. Due to different social conditions, general intellect functions in different ways: it is directly united with labor in pre-capitalism; their separation starts in simple co-operation of capitalism, develops in manufacture(general intellect of collective laborers) and fully completes in large-scale mechanized industry(fixed capital). General intellect and its capitalist possession are not the same thing. When he claims that Marxian general intellect is simply the scientific power objectified in fixed capital, Paolo Virno is completely wrong since he has confused general intellect with its capitalist possession. However, Marxian analysis on the relation between general intellect and capitalist value production is not mature in the "Fragment on Machines", and his argument on capitalist collapse is not tenable, which has been overcome in Das Kapital. Related Articles | Metrics

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Emotions and Bildung: On Shaftesbury's Moral Philosophy and Aesthetic Discourse BAO Yong-ling 2018, 50 (4):  19-27.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.003 Abstract ( 187 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1659KB) ( 441 )   Save Shaftesbury inherits the Neo-Platonist doctrine of "inward form" and develops his own moral philosophy and aesthetic discourse centering on emotions and Bildung, which also defends the value of human community by "divine order". Shaftesbury's philosophy of "character" shows the earliest recognition of individualism and touches the issue of the cultivation of "gentlemen" and "civil philosophy", in which aesthetic activities and emotional cultivation are important. The combination of anthropology and theology in the views of moral and aesthetic Bildung forms his unique natural theology based on humanism. When the human ethical world is increasingly separated by postmodernism and deconstructionism today, Shaftesbury's thinking about moral sense and emotional capacity just shows one of the origins of modern moral philosophy, and also provides us with an old while innovative path to the reflection on the declining tradition of Bildung. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Adoption of Abdication: The Class Solidification and the Substitution Pattern of Imperial Power in the Wei and Jin Dynasties FAN Zhao-fei 2018, 50 (4):  28-39.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.004 Abstract ( 185 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2885KB) ( 588 )   Save The gentry group, with the gradual development for several centuries, had evolved into the class of great clans in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Together with the ruthless struggle for political power, the class of great clans became much stronger and developed steadily. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, most generals and ministers were from the great clans, who were either the high officials of the Wei Dynasty or the descendants of them. Although it seemed to be paradoxical, class solidification and dynastic replacement coexisted in medieval China. As the means of dynastic replacement with the minimum cost, the crown abdication greatly conformed to the aristocratic interests and gradually became the political spirit that were widely accepted by the gentry class. The substitution pattern of imperial power was closely related to the dominant social strata. The steady development of the great clans, the ripe theory of crown abdication, and the practice of different patterns of abdication-these three factors closely worked together so as to open the curtain of medieval aristocratic society. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Records of Emperor Xian's Daily Life and the Historical Significance of Emperor Xian's Court XU Chong 2018, 50 (4):  40-49.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.005 Abstract ( 173 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2221KB) ( 523 )   Save This paper studies the Records of Emperor Xian's Daily Life(Xiandi Qijuzhu) based on its extant fragments. It records the history of Emperor Xian in the Han Dynasty in a chronological order. It begins from the 6st year of Zhongping(189 C.E.), or more exactly, probably begins with the "Luoyang Incident in August", which was closely related to Emperor Xian's accession to the throne. It doesn't end in the 1st year of Yankang(220 C.E.) when the Han Dynasty was replaced by the Wei Dynasty. Rather, it ends in February of the 21st year of Jian'an(216 C.E.), marked by the event that "Emperor Xian will no longer issue proclamations". Featured by the annalistic style, it mainly records the establishment, development and the end of the power of Emperor Xian. It attaches great importance to the achievement of Emperor Xian's court in the institutional constructions as well as harmonizing cosmos order. It also reveals the continuity of history in Emperor Xian's regime and its significance of the time. The writing of the book initiated a new tradition of the writing of Qijuzhu in medieval China, i.e., "writing by a close courtier". Related Articles | Metrics

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Just Here is Heavenly Mandate: The Local Administrative Systems and the Concept of Legitimacy in the Three Kingdoms Period WANG An-tai 2018, 50 (4):  50-60.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.006 Abstract ( 211 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2256KB) ( 660 )   Save The contest for heavenly mandate and legitimacy is an important feature of the Three Kingdoms Period. In order to declare their legitimacy, the States Wei, Shu and Wu not only used the ceremony of abdication, sublimed fetes and other etiquettes, but also took advantage of the symbolization in their local administrative plans. The thirteen-state system had been performed for a long time in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 18th year of Jian'an(213 C.E.), CAO Cao changed the local administrative system from thirteen-state to nine-state with reference to Yu Gong in order to increase his influence as the state governor of Jizhou. During the period that the Han Dynasty was replaced by the Wei, CAO Pei, to declare that the Wei power inherit the legitimacy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, restored to the thirteen-state system and continued the actual enfeoffment in the Eastern Han Dynasty, locating fiefdoms in certain areas under administration. In the early years of the States Wu and Shu, the Emperors also "restored" to the thirteen-state system of the Eastern Han Dynasty to declare their legitimacy. However, the territories of the States Wu and Shu were smaller, so that some virtual "states" and "fiefdoms" were established outside their boundaries. The different ways to embody the order of Tianxia in local administrative systems in the Three Kingdoms Period set paradigms for the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms Period. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Enfeoffment in the 10th Year of Tai Kang and the Rise and Fall of YANG Jun GU Jiang-long 2018, 50 (4):  61-71.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.007 Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (2717KB) ( 713 )   Save From the enfeoffment during the years of Taishi to the reform in the 3rd year of Xianning and then to the 3rd year of Taikang when the Prince You of Qi was sent to his own fiefdom by force, it is evident that Emperor Wu was intended and determined to build a feudal system of five levels similar to that of the Zhou Dynasty by sending royal members to different fiefdoms. In the end of the 10th year of Taikang, Emperor Wu established "super kingdoms" over the "great kingdoms" to enfeoff the princes. His grown-up princes were enfeoffed to the states of Yong, Jing and Yang so as to form the pattern of protecting the capital Luoyang, which can be regarded as the further development of the feudal system of five levels. The vast territories and large populations of the feudal states of princes, as well as princes being sent to important feudal states—such phenomena had never seen since the early years of the Han Dynasty. On the one hand, Emperor Wu's feudal system of five levels was strongly influenced by the Confucian ideal; on the other hand, it was also a response to the realistic demand of rising the imperial power and keeping the throne to Emperor Wu's son Emperor Hui and his grandson. This system, as the profound background of political disputes at that time, is the key to understand the political system of Emperor Wu's court. Moreover, it also significant to study the rise and fall of the imperial relative YANG Jun, which was closely related to the reform during the years of Xianning and the enfeoffment during the years of Taikang. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation of Modern “Wenxue” from the Late Ming Dynasty to the Late Qing Dynasty LI Shi-xue 2018, 50 (4):  72-80.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.008 Abstract ( 210 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1841KB) ( 820 )   Save This paper studies the formation the modern connotation of the term "wenxue"(literature) as the result of the co-construction of Catholicism in the late Ming Dynasty and Christianity in the late Qing Dynasty. In his books Xixuefan and Zhifang Waiji published in 1623, Guilio Aleni coined the term "wenyi zhi xue", which aims to include various types of poems and argumentative writings. In YANG Ting-yun's posthumous work Daiyi Xupian published in 1635, Aleni's "wenxue zhi xue" in Xixuefan was quoted and replaced by "wenxue", which was the first time that the term "wenxue" obtained its new meaning different from its traditional one as Confucian classics or cultivation since the Analects. YANG's usage was continued by Christian commissionaires such as Joseph Adkins, who also used "wenxue" in his Liuhe Congtan to include epics, tragedies and comedies, historical records and even rhetoric in the Western tradition. The modern connotation of "wenxue" has gradually formed since then and with its application in WEI Yuan's Records and Maps of the World, and reformers and scholars such as LIANG Qi-chao and WANG Guo-wei, "wenxue" has made contribution to China's modernity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Whose “Beton God”?: The Relationship between Blaise Pascal and China JI Jian-xun 2018, 50 (4):  81-92.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.009 Abstract ( 158 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2701KB) ( 553 )   Save Scholars in the literal circle used to focus on parallel research to explore the possible influence of Pascal, a world-renowned litterateur and thinker, on Chinese culture. In effect, as for his influence on the communication between the Eastern and Western civilizations, he did has some direct and specific factual connections with Chinese culture. Who put forward the influential "Bet on God" first? Based on related original texts, this paper explores the background and intellectual implications of Diego de Pantoja's "Bet on God" in Chinese context and Pascal's doctrine of "gambling", trying to figure out the possible influence between them. Then this paper examines the connection between Pascal and the religions in Chinese society in terms of moral theology, the chronological study of the Bible and the arguments for the existence of God and analyzes the triangle relations among Leibniz, Pascal and the Jesuits in China, hoping to discover the real Pascal in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Literary Trend of “Post-theory” and Its New Writing Forms LIU Yang 2018, 50 (4):  93-100.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.010 Abstract ( 140 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1598KB) ( 387 )   Save The practice of "theory", which has been popular for more than half a century, reveals that the metaphysical self-evidence performativity is essentially concealed in constativity. A theory of performativity cannot exclude fiction, which as the pretending unity of performativity and constativity is to be disenchanted. As fiction embodies the substitution nature of language as a symbol system, the bifurcation of performativity and constativity is inherent in discourse. Therefore, a "theory" is self-deconstructive when it reveals such bifurcation: If we believe what it says, then we cannot accept it easily. It is this paradox that gradually leads to reflection on the practice of "theory" and then "post-theory". A "post-theory" not only admits the bifurcation of performativity and constativity, but also makes it constructive rather than deconstructive. Literary writing is good at such practice and willing to perform it, since the combination of these two aspects is in line with the nature of literature as symbolic defamiliarization. In this sense, the practice of "post-theory" must be literary writing instead of any theory of capitalized cultural criticism. The rebirth of a literary theory must lie in the new forms of "deconstructive-constructive" writing, including involved writing, which reveals performativtiy to constativity so that the latter actively establishes its observation framework, and tropological writing, which actively turns to a new perspective when realizing the relativity of a performative point of view. This brings us an opportunity of localization if we correspondently examine possible contribution of zawen essays to "post-theory" and possible combination of Chinese stories and "post-theory". Related Articles | Metrics

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The Class Difference of Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Capital and Its Influence: A Comparative Study of the Middle Class and Working Class Families in Shanghai WEN Jun, LI Shan-shan 2018, 50 (4):  101-113.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.011 Abstract ( 205 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2550KB) ( 1231 )   Save When the class differentiation is becoming more and more obvious in current China, the role of cultural capital in educational inequality and social stratification has attracted scholars' extensive attention. This paper compares the operation logic of cultural capital in the middle class and working class families so as to explore how the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital shapes the class difference and promotes social class reproduction. The result shows that middle class and working class parents have different behavioral patterns in the intergenerational transmission of cultural capital and the "triple reproduction" of cultural capital is realized in family, school, and educational institutions. It results in children's differences in terms of their cognitive and non-cognitive abilities. Both parents and children are participants in educational inequality and social reproduction. The intergenerational transmission of cultural capital further defines class boundaries, increases class gaps and inequality, reduces class mobility, and even forms class barriers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Family-Mediated “State-Consumer” Relationship and Its Reconstruction: An Empirical Study Based on New-Middle Class Consumers in Shanghai WU Jin-hai 2018, 50 (4):  114-123.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.012 Abstract ( 109 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2096KB) ( 328 )   Save Based on the interview with new-middle class consumers in Shanghai, this paper shows that the family-mediated relationship between state and consumer is resolved and concealed in the complicate interaction among state, family and consumer. Nowadays, the tension between state and consumer can be observed in the following two aspects. Firstly, the weakness of societalization in the institutions of provision of public consumer goods causes the new-middle class consumers' relative poverty of disposable income and time, which hinders "de-familization" consumption, the explosion of effective demand of the new-middle class consumers and consequently the achievement of the national target of "expanding domestic demand". Secondly, in the promotion of state's individualization of the provision of public consumer goods, Chinese consumers, actually looking forward to "de-familization", have to face the reality of "familization" and fall into the entanglement of relationships among family members, which cast a shadow over the national governance target of "maintaining social stability". Therefore, the reconstruction of state-consumer relationship should focus on family and its change. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Governance Logic and the Forming Logic of Informal Housing Market: A Case Study of the Unauthorized Building Demolition in an Urban Village in Shanghai ZHAO Ye-qin 2018, 50 (4):  124-130.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.013 Abstract ( 134 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1484KB) ( 440 )   Save Unauthorized building demolition in urban villages is not only one of the most concerned issues in the reconstruction of the urban village, but also one of the main tasks of the city construction in urban China in recent years. Taking M village as an example, which is the largest urban village in Shanghai, this paper tries to rethink the housing problem of internal migrants and the corresponding urban governance logic. As a legal means of urban governance and environmental regulation, unauthorized building demolition in urban villages is endowed with unquestionable legitimacy and rationality. Nevertheless, it is also a comprehensive clean-up and rectification of the internal original social ecological structure in an urban village. For those internal migrants living in the urban village, such kind of "legal expulsion" has strengthened the institutional social exclusion. It indicates the fragility and uncertainty of the urban living life, and even to a certain extent, it has aggravated the fracture and fragmentation of the society. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Residence Right of Urban Public Housing, Governmental Responsibility and Behavioral Logic: A Case Study of S Community in Shanghai LU Jun-xiu 2018, 50 (4):  131-138.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.014 Abstract ( 114 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1661KB) ( 461 )   Save The public housing of urban low-income groups is gradually aging. The double qualification of household registration status and housing welfare make them not simply weak in the process of gaming with the local government. Although only having the "insufficient" residence right, the low-income groups, based on the public housing community location superiority to seek the housing power maximization, "kidnaps" the government no matter with the social morals public opinion or in terms of economic returns. The lack of land development in publicly owned housing communities in the short term makes the local government have less institutional motivation to govern the community of public housing, which is reflected on the fact that the investment in the community management, repair and maintenance of the public housing is negative. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transformation Achievements of China's Foreign Economic Development Mode and Strategic Thinking of Accelerating Transformation TANG Hai-yan, LI Xiu-zhen 2018, 50 (4):  139-145.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.015 Abstract ( 114 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1428KB) ( 351 )   Save Under the new pattern of comprehensive opening up, transformation of China's foreign economic development mode has entered into a new era. Therefore, on the basis of evaluating the existing achievements, it is very necessary to make a macro analysis on how to accelerate the transformation of China's foreign economic development mode, combining with new requirements in the new era. The comprehensive evaluation about transformation achievements of China's foreign economic development mode is still at an exploratory stage, and related evaluation mainly pays attention to foreign trade. So building a more comprehensive evaluation index system, including foreign investment and financing, international economic cooperation, resource and environment, and then measuring transformation achievements based on the Principal Component Analysis(PCA), can not only find the overall optimization process of China's foreign economic development mode transformation in the past more than 10 years, but also make clear the transformation orientation in the future. In the new pattern of opening up, China, to speed up foreign economic development mode transformation, should adhere to five development concepts, form a linkage mechanism with the transformation of domestic economic development mode, take the global value chain division system as a basis, stick to the general tone of making progress while maintaining stability, focus on the main line of structural reform of supply side, and deal with preferentially the economic and trade relations between China and the United States. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Expansion Mechanism of Free Trade Agreements Based on a “Domino Effect” XU Shi-teng 2018, 50 (4):  146-152.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.016 Abstract ( 156 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1138KB) ( 335 )   Save A theoretical model is constructed from the perspective of baseline conditions, a single external FTA, and a dual external FTA to analyze the expansion mechanism of free trade agreements, and particularly the impact of external free trade agreements on the parties of the ongoing FTA negotiations. The results show that market size, marginal production costs, and transportation costs(freight and customs duties) between the two parties are important factors affecting FTA negotiations. Compared with the baseline scenario, when there is a single external FTA, the party that has signed FTA with others increase its motivation to sign FTA, while the party without external FTA members decreases its incentives to sign FTA. In the case of a dual external FTA, the motivation for negotiating new FTA between the two parties has increased, which leads to the continued expansion of the FTA. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Industry Competition, Executive Compensation and Corporate Social Responsibility Performance LUO Zheng-ying, JIANG Jun-yue, CHEN Yan, JIANG Kai-hua 2018, 50 (4):  153-162.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.017 Abstract ( 138 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1945KB) ( 406 )   Save Based on the CSR report released during 2010—2014, and all A-share companies that have ratings of Run Global Social Responsibility Ratings Agency selected as research samples, this study uses an empirical analysis to examine whether executive compensation incentives affect the level of corporate social responsibility performance and how industry competition, as an external environmental mechanism, impacts on executive compensation incentives and corporate social responsibility fulfillment. The results show that executive compensation incentives can promote the improvement of corporate social responsibility performance and promote corporate social responsibility, while industry competition will inhibit executive compensation incentives for the implementation of corporate social responsibility performance. Having external constraints on the company, higher industry competitiveness will play a role without executive compensation incentives. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Industrial Policy Effectiveness and Its Influence Factors: A Study Based on Enterprise Survey in Pudong New Area CHENG Jin, LIN Lan, SHANG Yong-min 2018, 50 (4):  163-171.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.04.018 Abstract ( 87 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1729KB) ( 378 )   Save The formulation of industrial policy is a process of public choice. Industrial policy effectiveness is influenced by the relationship between policy supply and policy demand and depends on the interaction of policy supply factors and policy audience factors. Based on the data analysis of Industrial Policy Survey in Pudong New Area, this paper studies the influential factors of industrial policy effectiveness. The results show that when the actual perception of industrial policy effectiveness is higher than the expectation of it, industrial policy partly fails, while short-term effectiveness is more pronounced than long-term effectiveness; and when the actual benefits of long-term effectiveness is lower than expected returns, this unbalanced relationship will incentivize industry players to promote policy innovation. In the process of formulating industrial policy, the government has a greater influence on subjective preferences, and the degree of fit between industrial policy and corporate needs is low, which weakens the effectiveness of industrial policy; the stability of industrial policy and the diversity of promotion channels help to improve industrial policy effectiveness. Enterprises that make greater contributions to the development of local economies are more likely to gain industrial policy tilts and support, and those with higher levels of development feedback higher industrial policy effectiveness. Therefore, in order to further optimize regional industrial policy and improve the effectiveness, decision makers should pay more attention to the laws of market, making subdivision policy, combining the long-term and phased nature of policy, optimizing information distribution and management, and improving the implementation and evaluation of policy. References | Related Articles | Metrics