华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2017, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (2): 35-47.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.02.003

• 宗教人类学研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

禅林抑或武林——福建“南少林寺”叠合记忆探微

陈进国   

  1. 中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所, 当代宗教研究室, 北京 100732
  • 出版日期:2017-03-15 发布日期:2017-03-23
  • 作者简介:陈进国,中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所研究员,当代宗教研究室主任(北京,100732)。

A Temple of Zen Buddhism or Martial Arts?: On the Superimposed Memories of “Southern Shaolin Temple” in Fujian

CHEN Jin-guo   

  • Online:2017-03-15 Published:2017-03-23

摘要: 近几十年来,关于福建"南少林寺"寺址真伪的争辩一直不断,多地区卷入所谓南少林文化遗产资源的利益争夺。这些争议的背后涉及我们如何处理不断被叠加或减损的社会历史记忆和地方历史重构。追溯福建"少林寺"(禅林)与"南少林"(武林)的叠合记忆过程,有助于我们理性地反思福建少林文化记忆背后的国族想象与悲情史观。从永春《临济正传三十四世寿圣兴国禅寺铁山卓天二和尚合藏塔自铭》楔入,可以揭橥作为复数的"福建少林寺"之"灯传黄蘖"的历史记忆何以被地方有意无意地淡化,以及作为"武林传奇"之"福建南少林"所积淀的"抗倭""反清"的悲情情结,何以被反复的强化,并被变现为当代的"历史真实"。当代"南少林寺"概念的话语构建说明,"叠合记忆"其实是社会记忆、集体记忆、历史记忆的一种固有的表现形态。社会记忆在借用各种"社会文本"如历史文献、神话传说、行为仪式、信仰知识、艺术谱系以及相关的工具实物、文化景观等形式进行传递、保存、建构的过程中,会对不同的记忆传统(个体或群体的记忆、历史或地方的记忆)进行连续、有机的刻写、合成(包括选择性忘却、强化某些要素)、从而叠合为新的社会记忆,并作为建构不同等级的社会认同、文化认同、族群认同、地方认同的重要组成部分。

关键词: 禅林, 武林, 少林寺, 南少林, 叠合记忆

Abstract: In recent decades, arguments on the site of "Southern Shaolin Temple" in Fujian have never been ceased, and many areas have even fought over the cultural legacy of the temple. These arguments involves how to deal with the superimposed or eliminated social historical memories and the reconstruction of local history. This paper explores the superimposed memories of "Shaolin Temple" as a temple of Zen Buddhism and "Southern Shaolin Temple" as a temple of martial arts. This also helps deliberate upon the imagination of the nation and the pathetic historical view deeply rooted in the cultural memories of Shaolin Temple in Fujian. Beginning from a pagoda epigraph, this paper reveals why the historical memory of "Shaolin Temple" "inheriting Zen Buddhist Master Huang-nie" was consciously or unconsciously erased, while the tragic complex of fighting against "Japanese pirates" and the "Qing Dynasty" accumulated in the legend of "martial arts" in "Southern Shaolin Temple" has become today's "historical fact" after it was emphasized repeatedly. The reconstruction of the concept of "Southern Shaolin Temple" today shows that the superimposition is typical in social memories, collective memories and historical memories. When social memories are conveyed, preserved and constructed through various "social texts" such as historical literatures, myths and legendaries, activities and rituals, religious texts, art works and cultural landscapes, different kinds of memories, including those of individuals, groups, history and regions, will be selected and integrated into new superimposed memories, which serve as the basis of the construction of social, cultural, group and regional identities.

Key words: a temple of Zen Buddhism, a temple of martial arts, Shaolin Temple, Southern Shaolin Temple, superimposed memories