华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 91-104.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.06.010

• 语言学研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

普通话语气词的本质与聚合系统

王珏   

  1. 上海交通大学人文学院(上海, 200030)
  • 发布日期:2020-11-23
  • 作者简介:王珏,上海交通大学人文学院教授(上海,200030)。

The Essence and Clustering System of Tonal Particles in Mandarin

WANG Jue   

  • Published:2020-11-23

摘要: 文章旨在通过重新认识语气词本质以构建其聚合系统。首先,普通话语气词的本质表现为三个方面。(一)语气词强制性和语调共现构成述题的语气结构,其模式为"语调+语气词"。语调表示上位语气,语气词表示其下位口气。(二)语气词的音节具有超音系性,尤其是声调具有超调系性并在语流里和语调互动变异。(三)语气词的声母以齿音、唇音、零母的三元对立表示肯定、不定和惊讶口气,韵母以低元音/A/、中元音/ə/的二元对立表示各种口气的强弱。据此,语气词音义结构模式为"声母口气类别+韵母口气强弱"。然后,以"声母为经,韵母为纬"原则构建出普通话语气词的聚合系统,该聚合系统和功能系统、动态迭用顺序及其系统、历时来源、演变关系以及共时语法化方向都存在整齐的对应关系。

关键词: 语气词的本质, 超音系性, 超调系性, 音义象似性, 聚合系统

Abstract: This paper is to establish a clustering system of tonal particles by restudying the essence of the particles. The essence of tonal particles in Mandarin is shown in the following three aspects: (1) the mood structure is consisted of tonal particles and intonations, in the mode of “intonation + tonal particles”, with intonation representing superior mood while tonal particles the inferior tone; (2) the phonetic form of tonal particles has the characteristics of super-phonology, especially the tone, which interacts and varies with the intonation in the flow of speech, has the characteristics of super-tone; (3) there is iconicity relationship among the three opposites of denture, labial and zero initial, denoting three tones of affirmation, undefinition and surprise, and iconicity relationship among the binary opposites of low vowel /A/, middle vowel /ə/, denoting the strength of various tones. Therefore, the structural pattern of tonal particles can be expressed as follows: tonal particles = the initialtone type + the finaltone strength. Then, according to the principle that “the initial is the longitude while the final is the latitude”, a clustering system of tonal particles in Mandarin is established. This system not only helps to explain the dynamic order of tonal particles, but also helps to explain their synchronic functions and their grammaticalization directions.

Key words: essence of tonal particles, super-phonology, super-tone, iconicity of the relationship between sound and meaning, clustering system