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Machiavelli is often considered as a mentor of the evil.In fact, the core of his thought is "liberty", and his ultimate goal to found a republic.He draws on resources about classical republican liberty in a critical way.Creatively, he expounds on internal relations among liberty, regime, virtue, law, customs and religion mainly from two aspects of free state and citizen's virtue.
This paper makes an analysis of differences and divergences between Hume's and Fugerson's idea of liberty in the background of Scottish Enlightenment.The former belonged to the tradition of liberal negative liberty, while the latter was located in the tradition of republican positive liberty.Because of the dichotomy oftwo such concepts of liberty, tensions and oppositions were generated between rule of law and rule of virtue, between public sphere and private sphere, between harmony and conflict, and between institution and spirity.
John Stuart Mill was one of the founding thinkers of modern liberalism.Unlike those former liberals, Mill did not regard liberty as a political principle but rather a social principle, telling us that social tyranny was worse than political oppression.As a result, he granted a fresh meaning to liberty, and defined it as a legitimate use of social power, whose aim was to protect individual rights from any intervention by society and defend individuality and social diversity.Through his appeal to individual freedom, Mill transformed political liberty into social liberty.
Thomas Hill Green insists that freedom is not a possession of an atomic individual, but a social agent's power to contribute towards self-realization and social common goodness.It can only be fulfilled through mutual influences between society and individual.On the one hand, society should and is able to promote individual freedom and social common goodness.On the other hand, individual should and is able to take part in the construction of social institutions.The individual value is still the ultimate value criterion of freedom.In his coordination of the relationship between social and individual, Green combines freedom with democracy and transforms the theory of negative freedom years before into positive, thus advancing the development of liberalism, which is helpful for us to reconsider the relationship between negative freedom and positive freedom.
In his book of Four Essays on Liberty, Isaiah Berlin proposed two concepts of liberty, holding that the positive freedom put forward by Erich Fromm would lead to the opposite of freedom.Berlin's such a view is still open to discussion.Fromm's positive freedom in radical humanitarianism lays a stress upon man's self-fulfillment while negative freedom is regarded as a requisite condition to the realization of positive freedom.Moreover, his analysis of escaping from freedom proves wrong Berlin's belief that negative liberty could not be transformed into its reversal.
P.B.Struve was a leading figure of the early twentieth-century Russian liberal trend and political campaigns.His idea of state, "great Russia", was a distinct program of the national rejuvenation based on conservative liberalism, and represented his inherited and innovative thought of the individual, nation, state and history.He called for a dependence on the national hitorico-cultural tradition and on creative activities of all patriotic forces to establish a new national institution so as to attract the people, especially the intellectual class, to be engaged in national affairs, put an end to the divorce of the state power from socio-cultural elements and the people, and guarantee citizen's rights and performance of political right and constitution, thus advancing Russia to be economically powerful and politically free and naintaining the national traditions and values."Great Russia"was a central idea in Struve's liberalism.It was an important statement put forward for Russian intellectual contemporaries as well an important subject matter in the twentieth century Russian intellectual and cultural history.
As a human civilized fruit, humanism has a long historical source, and its value pursuit is characterized by a certain degree of universality.In a sense the "people-centered"idea of scientific perspectives on development is a spiral return to traditional humanism; it is an inheritance, as well as a sublation, of the traditional Western humanist thought.Such an idea, mixing the epochal spirit and value pursuit into the humanist thought, indicates a correction against the deviation of value orientation in the course of our country's social development, and also a Chinese Communist innovation in theory and a practical direction in future.
There have been three types of rule of law in human history.The first is called"rule by law", which means managing state affairs only by using the law.The second is called"rule of law", which means managing state affairs according to the law.The law is just a basis of administration.In addition, the second has two subtypes.One is based on power, and the other on rights.This kind of rule of law, that is, on rights, means ruling through the law that grants, respects and safeguards rights.The right implies autonomy and freedom.
Constitutionalism is an important concept in the developmental history of politics and jurisprudence.Logically, it is based on a constitution.Its realization is possible only when the value orientation of the constitution is in accordance with the spirit of constitutionalism, that is, limiting state power and guaranteeing citizen's rights.However, there was a general deviation of Chinese constitutions from the spirit of constitutionalism before 1949, and they had become tools to save the nation from doom and ensure its survival and to legalize warlords' dictatorship.It is significant for improving our socialist democracy and fulfilling the ideal of constitutionalism to reflect the causality of the lack of constitutionalism in modern Chinese constitutions.
It has become an attractive scene that Taiwan's businessmen come to Mainland, making investment or doing business.However, law disputes, among others, the dormant investment dispute related to Taiwan's businessment are increasing rapidly.Due to the lack of legislation and insuffcient legal researches, how to identify the legal effect of dormant investment has remained an outstanding and difficult judicial problem.This paper makes an analysis of the definition, features and causes of existing dormant investment, explores some shortcomings in the nineteenth regulation of the Supreme Court's draft on regulations of trying cases about company disputes, and puts forward some principles and ways to identify legal effectiveness of Taiwan's businessmen's dormant investment in Shanghai.
The administrative reconsideration is an important institution by which a relative party may obtain aid, and in it there is no principle of forbidding an unfavorably modified decision in our country.This paper makes a compartative study on foreign institutions of administrative reconsideration, and also a survey of the legislative orientation and theoretical pattern on the law of administrative reconsideration, thus exploring the reason why an unfavorable modification still exists in our administrative reconsideration and its existing way in the current situation.
With the publication of the complete translation of Joan Haste, the then literary circles made a great noise and even had disputes on its factual identifications and evaluations.The controversy focused on what on earth were deleted and whether the deletion was deliberate in Yang Zilin & Bao Tianxiao's half-done translation of Joan Haste, compared with Lin Shu's complete translation version.Also, this is an important issue about how to make an objective appreciation of such two translations.For years researchers have failed to pay great attention to Yang and Bao's version, thus leading to increasingly distorted understandings.
According to the actantial model of narratology, the chief enemy of all kinds of factors which caused Dou E's tragedy was Tao Wu, prefecture chief of Chuzhou, who condemned death to Dou E.By stating Tao Wu's word that"One should pay for one's suit"instead of his act of accepting money, and by narrating Tao Wu's story of his partiality for Zhang Lv'er during a trial, The Injustice to Dou E typically employed a basic method of stereotype in facial makeup to present its ideological orientation.Therefore, it is not true to the work to argue that Tao Wu was an "honest and incorruptible but mediocre"government official, and that the primary reason of Dou E's wrong death was"the technical limitation of collecting evidence"or "the judge's limited knowledge".
The Poems for Imperial Reading is a rarely extant collection of the Tang writings. Its complier was Linghu Chu who had a considerable station and influence in political and literary circles during the turn of middle and late periods of the Tang Dynasty. He was commissioned to complile The Poems, shich should have a special position and value in the history of literature. Starting from an analysis of its selections of poetic genres, poets and poems, this paper makes a relatively exact orientation and interpretation of the style of those poems. What the collection advocated was not a heedless and empty mood pervaded during the reign of Dali, though it embraced largely works written by the poets living in reigns of Dali and Zhenyuan. Its pursuit, as a special and significant case, showed the vogue of poetic writing during the reign of Yuanhe.
Akutagawa Ryunosuke's novel, The General, the first of his anti-war series in his late years, was an elaborated description of Japanese troops' suicide squads and their blindness, rare option and madness, in contrast with the anti-Japanese Chinese people with noble minds who were calm and unyielding in defense of justice, and even faced death unflinchingly.All this was uttered at the time when Japanese militarism was still growing and at the center of Japan's native land, by the Japanese novelist Akutagawa Ryunosuke.His anti-war awareness was opposed to Fukuzawa Yukichi's thought of singing praises of war.Judging from this novel alone, Akutagawa Ryunosuke can be regarded as a keen-sighted, sincere, anti-militarist idol writer in modern Japanese literature.
Shakespeare was close to the political arena of his time, and his political awareness and conscience played an important role in his playwriting.Compared with Hamlet and his other tragedies, Macbeth is a more thorough and detailed treatment of the "political heart"of the hero as a "political animal".Most Shakespearean scholars have not duly appreciated Macbeth's identity as a political tragedy for the important reason, among many others, that they have unknowingly equated political struggle with the everlasting war between good and evil.Macbeth suggests some major subversive messages against feudal politics that can be characterized with blood and hypocrisy.Its unique discourse labeled ambition as evil and thus doomed Macbeth.
The development of financial statement has experienced more than one hundred years.In early days the balance sheet was the only financial statement.With expansions of social economy and technology the income statement and the cash flow statement, respectively, became the second and third financial statements.And the extensive business reporting language (XBRL) is coming into being, which is employed to display the financial statement on the Internet.
The real results of introducing foreign direct investment (FDI) into China have been attracting many domestic and foreign scholars' attention for a quite long time.China is always carrying out various favorable policies towards the inflow of FDI.However, the results brought by the FDI inflow are quite complicated; some are positive and some negative, and what is more, they are dynamic.With changes of economic situations and environments, our country's use of FDI has entered into an area of latent inflection points, in which the negative influence of FDI in China is gradually appearing.If there is no adjustment at the right moment, the negative FDI effect may surpass its positive effect.We should take some active measures to promote the positive effect and overcome the negative.
Taking FDI and discharged investment on controlling waste gas, wastewater and industrial residue as research variables, and using methods of Granger causal test of time series analysis and DF/ADF stationariness test, this paper makes a positive study on causal and fluctuant relations between foreign direct investment and environmental regulations.An analytical result shows that there is a certain causal relation between them.The foreign direct investment is a cause of environmental regulations.The environmental regulations in their first and second lag periods do not influence inflows of FDI; however, in their third lag period there are some influences on the FDI inflow.In a long term there is no similar trend to the FDI movement and the environmental regulation action.Their relations and dynamic trends should not be ignored when the government works out policies for investment and environment.
By expanding the proxy of human capital, this paper focuses on the relationship between the technology absorptive capability and human capital through FDI.The proxies of human capital include the average schooling, returned oversea students rate, the rate of employed by foreign firms and government expense rate in education.The regressions display there are significant coefficients between the economic growth and the human capital through FDI, especially in returnd oversea students rate and the rate of employed by foreign firms.Therefore, China should pay attention to use the spillovers of FDI, to encourage human capital moves from oversea and foreign firms.
Developing countries are always facing a dilemma: to perform their international divisions and trade just in accordance with their initial comparative advantages or their potential comparative advantages.According to the former, developing countries are not bound to obtain trade gains, and according to the latter, those products possessing strong learning effectiveness in the specialized production can gain dynamic trade benefits.Although the model of trade within industry under external effects still depends on elemental endowments, the comparative advantage of a national product is dynamic, since it depends on whether the selected product has a powerful effect of "learning through doing"or not.Under the circumstances of external payment increase and trade within industry, whether the Rybczynski formula and Stolper—Samuelson formula can be proved correct depends on the magnitude of output resilience with the increase of external payment.Meanwhile, gains in trade within industry also depend on the flexible range of external payment increase in both parties' trade industry.
By comparing the concept " locus " of " dhātu-vāda " with the central idea dhātu of tathāgata-garbha-theory and vijnaptimatrata-theory, can argues that the concept of dhātu and its associates are very different from the concept of locus. Consequently, the theory of tathāgata-garbha and vijnaptmatrata are not " dhātu-vāda ".The paper highlights three basic meanings ofthe concept of locus, namely, locus as the monistic substance underlying the phenomenal world, locus as permanent self, and locus as t he monistic cause of the phenomenaly world.
Chinese Buddhism is composed of both Geyi Buddhism (hermeneutic Buddhism) in the pre-sectarian period and Zhengyi Buddhism (existential Buddhism) in the period when sectarian Buddhism took shape.The Japanese Buddhism, as a kind of post-sectarian Buddhist thought, fails to do justice to the role played by the thought of Tathāgata-garbha and inner-Buddha (Original Enlightenment) in the formation of sectarian Buddhism in China, due to its inadequacy in historical understanding and textual interpretation.Particularly, it does not pay enough attention to Fa Zang and others' contribution to the interpretation and construction of Paticcasamuppada of Tathāgata-garbha in Tang Dynasty.
In modem times there emerged a stream of thought both in the Chinese Buddhist circle and the Japanese Buddhist circle which were critical of the thought of Tathāgata-garbha that had profound influence on Chinese Buddhism. On the Chinese side, the representatives were Ouyang Jingwu and Lvcheng in Nanjing, and Master Yinshun in Taiwan. On the Japanese side, it began with an examination of the texts of Da Cheng Qi Xin lun and Leng Yah Jing, and finally reached its pinnacle as "critical Buddhism" in 1990's. In fact, all theses proposed by this stream of thought that Tathāgata-garbha is "substance" or "locus", and that the thought of Tathāgata-garbha is influenced by "Brahman" and "aatman'" are untenable. Further, the claim that the thought of Tathāgata-garbha was an independent "third persuasion" of Mahayana does not accord with historical facts.
Critical Buddhism in modern Japan has investigated Buddhist doctrines, putting forward two propositions, one is that Tathāgata-garbha is not Buddhism, another inner-Buddha is not Buddhism.This article conversely investigates above two propositions from two possible channels, one is that how the theory of pratītya-samutpāda can be the criterion of Buddhism, the other whether Tathāgata-garbha and inner-Buddha run counter to the theory of pratītya-samutpāda when we admit the pratītya-samutpāda criterion for the time being.the result of the converse investigation finds that all the above two propositions of Critical Buddhism are mistaken.At last we compare the dogmatism in Critical Buddhism and the humanism in Chinese Buddhism.
It has become a stream of thought to criticize the doctrine of Tathāgata-garbha and the doctrine of inner-Buddha (Original Enlightenment) since the 20th century.The two most radical representatives are Lücheng in ZhiNaNeiXueYuan in China and the Japanese critical Buddhism.Lücheng was converted to the doctrine of Yoga Consciousness-only.He imputed the Chinese Buddhist classics influenced by the doctrine of Tathāgata-garbha and doctrine of inner-Buddha to be fake classics.Critical Buddhism argues that the doctrine of Tathāgata-garbha and the doctrine of inner-Buddha are a kind of substantialism which is anti-Buddhist in spirit.The author claims that in response to the criticism, one should not only argue for the legitimacy of the coctrine of Tathāgata-garbha and the doctrine of inner-Buddha, but also look at the issue in the perspective of the historical process of modernizaton.At the meantime, the self-reflection of Chinese Buddhism should also be a part of the response to the criticism.
"To transform theory into virtue"is one of the main theses of Feng Qi.His elaboration on this thesis constitutes an important part of his philosophy.In this paper, the author attempts to analyze the thesis in the perspective of the theory of virtue, aiming at a better understanding of its meaning, characteristics, and the theoretical and practical preconditions which make it possible.
Feng Qi's unique conception of the history of philosophy, which was formed in his researching into the history of modern Chinese philosophy, underlines the following three aspects.Firstly, it emphasizes that philosophy should be concerned with the issues of the times.Secondly, it differentiates the modern tradition from the ancient tradition of Chinese philosophy.Thirdly, it highlights the connection between philosophy and ideas in other fields so as to expand the scope of the study of modern Chinese philosophy, This conception of the history of philosophy has great methodological significance for the study of the history of philosophy in the 19th and the 20th centuries.
By means of critically inheriting the traditional Chinese and Western aesthetics, Feng Qi formulates his systematic thinking on aesthetics.His aesthetics deals primarily with the following three issues, namely, art, works of art and artist, which are the main topics on the agenda of contemporary aesthetics.The author attempts to display the relevance of Feng Qi's aesthetic thinking to the contemporary discussions.
Zhanghui Novel is a type of traditional Chinese novel with each chapter headed by a couplet giving the gist of its content. It is interesting to note that many Zhanghui novels in Jiaqing-Daoguang period do not fit the traditional scheme of classification. The reasons for this phenomenon seem to be the innovation of the content of the novels, the combination of different types of novels, and the mutual permeation of novels with other hterary forms. This reflects the fact that the authors of this period attempted to break through the established aesthetic norms and reform the traditional modes of Zhanghui novels. It also explains that the types of novels in this period occupy an important and special position in the history of Chinese novels.
The country cooperation enterprise in China in the first half 20th century was basically implemented by governmental force with the capital imbursement from bank.Due to the absence of the background of accepting the Western European style of economic system of cooperation, the capital structure of Chinese cooperation was in an unbalanced state.Consequently, the cooperativer turned out to be the agent of bank capital in the countryside, a political organization which controlled the rural area, managed economy and integrated ideology on behalf of government, and "the new group usurer"controlled by the country authoritative groups.All these contradicted not only the principle of "managing together"and "seeking collective interest", but also the spirit of helping the poor and the unprivileged.The deterioration of country cooperation reflected the bad social system of rural China, the stagnation of agriculture and the week governance at the grassroots level.
After Kuomingtang established the system of allocution in 1927, the principle of parallelism between party and government was adopted to regulate the relationship between party and government at local level.However, this gave rise to the marginalization of the local party branches before the anti-Japanese war broke out.The reasons for the marginalization lied firstly in the system of allocution and the party's ideology, and secondly in the low quality of the party members and various defects of the party branches themselves.Consequently, it brought about the downfall of the attraction of the party and its influence, and damaged the party's image and authority, and undermined the legitimacy of the Kuomingtang government.
For the Chinese Communist Party, the founding of PRC means that it must carry out the campaign of political socialization both in the countryside and in the cities.As a token of new life in rural society, emancipation played an important role in CPC's building up its legitimate authority.After CPC took over Shanghai, it exerted itself in making the Shanghai citizens have a sense of emancipation.Through the efforts of the municipal government, a ubiquitous feeling of emancipation took shape among the citizens, which eventually led the citizens to identify themselves with and love the new government.It turned out that a sense of emancipation was also very important for a metropolitan city like Shanghai.
Hongkong Chinese is a synthesis of social, regional and functional variations.It is based upon standard Chinese, and has been long multi-orientationally influenced by Cantonese, English and classical Chinese.Thus it has vivid Hongkong speciality and is a transitional written interlingua.This paper deals with the formation of "Hongkong Chinese", its character and its speciality, with focus on its variation means.The study of this field will shed light on issues like the mingling of and the interplay between Mandarin, the dialects and the foreign languages, colloquial language's impact on and penetration into written language, and the formation of language variations, etc.
There are two temporal forms in language, namely, the reflecting time and the referential time. The reflecting time is original; it reflects the temporal scheme of a linguistic construction in a specific context. The referential time is derivative; it is extracted from the reflecting time. The reflecting time can be transformed into the referential time by means of various marked or unmarded methods. These two concepts are useful in establishing a macro-framework for the study of the category of time and relevant linguistic phenomena. They are of great linguistic significance.
Guartgyun is the representative of Chinese phonology in middle ancient times. It is also the phonetic basis for notating the pronunciation of the Chinese characters. The pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Hanyudazidian is notated according Guangyun. However, in checking Hanyudazidian in the perspective of Guartgyun, we find various mistakes in its phonetic notation. Some of them even have to do with with the principles and the criteria of the notation of pronunciation.
This paper contributes to the empirical finance-growth literature by examining the relationship between financial depth, banking sector development, stock market development and economic growth in China.We apply Granger (non-) causality tests and weakly exogeneity test for non-stationary variables to examine short-run and long-run causality between economic growth and financial development.We find positive relationships between financial depth, banking sector development and growth.And the influence of stock market development on GDP appear to be much stronger than that of the banking development in long-run.
By applying the event study methodology to the sample companies this paper expounds that apparent short term CAR emerges in the listed companies during the course of asset restructuring.The amount of the sample companies' CAR is influenced by its own business performance and the scale of the float.Roughly speaking, the companies with poor business performance and small float caps respond more strongly and end up with greater CAR fluctuation.
This paper develops a new analytic framework by modifying the game theory framework about currency crisis, i.e., the Metz model.With this new framework, the author puts forward some proposals in order to remove the appreciative pressure on RMB confronting China.Since the financial system in China is fragile and the pressure exists contemporaneously, China's capital account opening should be prudently managed.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
