华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2017, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 42-47.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.004

• 多维视野中的启蒙运动 • 上一篇    下一篇

贝卡里亚启蒙思想的苏格兰渊源——以《论犯罪与刑罚》为中心

张智   

  1. 复旦大学历史系副教授, 上海 200433
  • 出版日期:2017-05-15 发布日期:2017-05-20
  • 作者简介:张智,历史学博士,复旦大学历史系副教授(上海,200433)。
  • 基金资助:
    教育部基地重大项目“概念的形成与思想的谱系：西方近代概念史研究（17—19世纪）”（项目编号：16JJD770016）

The Scottish Origins of Cesare Beccaria's Enlightenment Thought: Focusing on His On Crimes and Punishments

ZHANG Zhi   

  • Online:2017-05-15 Published:2017-05-20

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摘要： 除法国启蒙思想家之外，贝卡里亚还受到了苏格兰启蒙思想家，尤其是哈奇森和休谟的影响。和休谟一样，贝卡里亚肯定商业社会的文明价值，并从法律的角度进行了思考。他的思考受到了“人的科学”的影响。而在立法、法律和刑罚等问题上，他则从社会效用的角度出发，借鉴了哈奇森的思想，发展出了自己的话语。他反对酷刑和死刑，认为立法的原则之一是最大多数人分享最大的幸福。但随着思想的发展，贝卡里亚逐步摆脱单纯的功利主义式的幸福和效用，而强调正义和人道主义。对贝卡里亚思想与苏格兰启蒙运动之间联系的考察，不但能加深对于其个人思想的理解，而且能展现欧洲启蒙思想的丰富性和交互性。

关键词: 贝卡里亚, 《论犯罪与刑罚》, 苏格兰启蒙运动

Abstract: Besides French Enlightenment, Beccaria is influenced by Scottish Enlightenment, especially Francis Hutcheson and David Hume. Just like Hume, Beccaria emphasizes the value of a modern commercial society and tries to discuss this topic from the perspective of law. Influenced by the "science of human", his consideration involves some metaphysical themes such as justice and morality. Beccaria develops his own discourse by learning from Hutcheson when he considers the themes of legislation, laws and punishments from the perspective of social utility. He opposes the death penalty and torture, arguing that one of the principles of legislation should be "the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of individuals". With the development of his thought, Beccaria gradually attaches the importance to justice and humanism instead of happiness and utility. To study the relationship between Beccaria and Scottish Enlightenment can not only deepen our understanding of Beccaria but reveal the richness of and the interaction in European Enlightenment as well.

Key words: Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, Scottish Enlightenment