华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2001, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 35-49.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.003

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“母权论”质疑

王家范   

  • 收稿日期:2001-07-06 出版日期:2001-09-01 发布日期:2025-12-19

Questioning the "Matriarchal Theory

Jia-fan WANG   

  • Received:2001-07-06 Online:2001-09-01 Published:2025-12-19

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摘要：

“母系制”, 从血缘继嗣按母系确认的本义上说, 人类学的经验事实并不支持它具有普遍性。但即便在按母系继嗣的群体中, “母系制”也不能推导出“母权制”。女性特有的生育以及哺育后代的功能, 因关系到种族的繁衍, 使女性受到尊重敬爱, “母子之情”便具有了社会意义。但明显的事实也说明, 这种“母子之情”的社会地位, 决非仅仅为“母系制”所独有。“母权论”者忽略了一个相关事实: 即使在父亲血缘身份清晰认定存在一定困难的条件下, 原始女性还是会以我们想象不到的方式去设法指认“父亲”, 以寻求男性帮助其监护和教育后代。但对“母权论”更具挑战性的反驳, “母系制”却非女家长制。虽然继嗣是通过母系推算, 但女性长者的社会职能仍限于与家庭或“基地”的管理事务相关, 她们在该继嗣群中实际上并不行使权力, 而仍是由男人行使权力。只不过这些男性, 只是通过她们来推算继嗣的妇女的兄弟, 并非她们的丈夫。“母权论”者思维方法的最大失误, 就是他们不懂得, 造成女性特殊社会地位的生育、哺育后代的生理优势, 一开始就得失相兼, 同时也是一种潜在的“劣势”。她们为此必然也必须放弃在狩猎、采集以及后来农业经济生活中与男性“平等竞争”的机会, 农业由妇女发明一说也难以成立。男女社会地位随着经济、军事、政治情势等等的变异，确实有越来越向男性倾斜的趋向，说明影响两性社会地位的变数很多。在这方面，男性变动的余地明显比女性大得多。女性前述的优势一定条件下会变成劣势，并不是女性减少了什么，而是男性增加得太多。

关键词: 母权论, 质疑

Abstract:

The theory of matriarchal authority can not be derived from the matrilineal system. Although the "affection of mother and child" had a certain social meaning, its social position was never simply possessed by the matrilineal system alone. Those who advocated the matriarchal authority ignored such a relevant fact: even if there was a certain difficulty for clearly identifying the blood relationship with father, the primitive mother would still seek to designate a "father" so as to guard and educate children with the help of male. Moreover, the matrilineal system was not a matriarchal system. The social role of older female was merely confined to family. The group authority was still exerted by men. Those female physiological advantages such as childbearing and child nursing, from the beginning, were meanwhile a kind of potential "disadvantages". Women had to give up their opportunities of "equally competing" with men.

Key words: the matriarchal system, question