Abstract:

The print media thrived in Shanghai during the last decade of the late Qing dynasty, and most of them were run privately. They broke the prior official monopoly of mass communications, and not only brought profound influence on the systematic construction of public spheres but also established a new mouthpiece - indoctrinating pattern for the whole society's opinion expression. Compared with traditional patterns, this pattern made it very natural for those newspapers and magazines to advocate the spirit of independence and self - determination, the care for public affairs and a sense of criticism.

Key words: print media, private, public sphere, public opinion, mouthpiece- indoctrinating pattern