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    An Ethical Investigation of “Hiding Rites in Artifacts” in Confucianism and Its Modern Significance
    Wei Zhang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (1): 17-23.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.01.003
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    The concept of “Hiding Rites into artifacts” is essential to Confucian ethics of science and technology, functioning as the basic principle of creation and manufacture of artifacts in ancient China. Under the influence of this concept, “artifacts” become the indicator and reinforcer of “rites”. Indeed, the relationship between “rites” and “artifacts” is bidirectionally constructed. On the one hand, artifacts are materialized rites, so the design and use of artifacts should follow the provisions of rites, and rites are manifested in the artifacts in the materialized form; on the other hand, artifacts react on rites and strengthen them, playing an important role of “non-verbal” moral education. As a resource of ethics of science and technology with unique cultural characteristics of China, the concept of “hiding rites in artifacts” is of great reference value to the construction of Chinese discourse system of ethical governance of science and technology. After creative transformation and innovative development, it will still be instructive for the ethical governance of science and technology today.

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    Modernization with Chinese Characteristics in Urban Community Governance:Theoretical Logic,Model Transformation and Future Trend
    Wei Xu, Bowei Liu
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 114-124.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.011
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    Under the context of modernization with Chinese characteristics, the community ushers in a new stage of development and change with “the last one kilometer” policy. The model of community governance has also realized the transformation from “governance by community” to “governance in community” at the micro level. The model of “governance by community” with the main feature of the “interconnection of three social organizations” integrates community autonomy and social power, and revitalizes community social resources in the new era of community development. However, it also shows its shortcomings in terms of work ability and undertaking ability. Therefore, under the new situation, we should play the field role of “governance in community”, which is characterized by multiple elements’ participating in governance and fine management, and then explore the future trend of modernization with Chinese characteristics in urban community governance. To realize the transformation and upgrading of the community governance model from “governance by community” to “governance in community”, it is necessary to take the guidance in Party building as the fundamental guarantee, take the people-centered as the basic compliance, take the resilient governance community as the best path, and take digital and intelligent governance technology as the important way. We will continue to improve the urban governance community model of people, modernity and sociality and ultimately realize modernization with Chinese characteristics in urban community governance according to China’s own situation.

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    The Unavoidability of “Covering”:A Hermeneutical Analysis of Xunzi’s “Uncovering”
    Yafei Yu
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 63-71.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.006
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    Xunzi’s idea of “uncovering” (jiebi) as removing unreasonable prejudices in understanding mainly embodies in the chapter of “Uncovering” in the book of Xunzi. Xunzi regards both the emotional and intellectual prejudices in human nature as the “covering”, judged according to the practical effects of rituality, loyalty, faithfulness and monarchism. He advocates the elimination of the “covering” of human nature by “transforming one’s nature and initiating conscious activities” on the one hand, and the removal of the “covering” of knowledge by keeping “vacuity, unity and quiescence” on the other. However, there is still a “covering” in Xunzi’s “uncovering”. His “uncovering” is to replace the preconceptions of other various intellectual schools with Confucian benevolence and righteousness. In this way, he attempts to establish Confucianism as the only reasonable preconception. While he has become successful due to his “covering”, Xunzi is limited to the “covering” of his own understanding and consequently denies the positive significance of the “covering” of other schools and hinders the equal dialogue and communication of ideas. In this sense, Xunzi’s “uncovering” constitutes a mode of dogmatic hermeneutics.

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    Opensource Knowledge Production in the Age of Large Language Models:Opportunities,Challenges,and the Future
    Lihao Gan
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 31-41.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.004
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    With the rise of Large Language Models, the field of opensource knowledge production will witness a new transformation. Large Language Models have positive impacts on opensource knowledge production while they also bring potential challenges. On the one hand, Large Language Models significantly improve the efficiency of opensource knowledge generation and dissemination by adapting to Cunningham’s Law of the opensource community, providing round-the-clock newcomer knowledge training support, and correcting the systematic bias of knowledge production through domain-based construction strategies; on the other hand, Large Language Models have brought about the phenomenon of hallucination, copyright risk, digital exploitation, and the intensification of the trend of “dead internet”, which poses a serious threat to the verification, legitimacy, values, and ecological environment of opensource knowledge. Thus, we should strengthen the core role of human cognitive experience in guiding the technology development of Large Language Models, and explore solutions through practice, in order to realize the harmonious coexistence and common progress of knowledge production of Large Language Models and opensource knowledge production.

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    Empire’s “Blue Highways”:Space Imagination in Commentary on the Waterways Classic
    Xiaofei Tian
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (1): 38-56.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.01.005
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    To elucidate its meaning and significance, a reconstruction of the textual ecology of Li Daoyuan’s Commentary on the Waterways Classic (Shuijing Zhu) from two angles will be conducive: the first is highlighting the commentarial nature of Li’s work, which draws attention to the constraints faced by the commentator as well as to the creative potential of a commentary relating to the primary text; the second is putting Li’s work in conversation with contemporary southern poetic writings on landscape to illuminate its special mode of space perception and representation. Li constructs an infrastructure of rivers based on an imperial vision. Although the empire was largely imaginary at this historical juncture, the riverine system is a powerful emblem of the medieval Sui and Tang polities, whose great canals supplemented the rivers.

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    Digital Transformation of Service Industry and High-quality Development of Service Trade:A Case Study of Shanghai
    Jianzhong Huang, Yinghua Meng, Ling Zhao
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (4): 144-154.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.04.013
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    How to drive the digital transformation of service industry and enable the high-quality development of service trade is one of the core propositions for the high-quality development of Shanghai's economy and society in the new era. It is the key to adapting to the trend of world economic development and seeking strategic initiative in global competition, and the only way to seize the “commanding heights” of the right to speak in international economy and governance. The mechanism of promoting the high-quality development of service trade by the digital transformation of service industry is manifested in trade creation effect, investment creation effect, channel expansion effect and inclusive growth effect of service trade. Shanghai is a leading digital economy zone with abundant application scenarios for digital transformation and high-quality development of service trade. However, Shanghai’s digital transformation of service industry and high-quality development of service trade also faces a series of constraints, and there are still obvious deficiencies in scale and structure, breadth and depth, talents and enterprises, and systems and mechanisms. Therefore, Shanghai must seize the advantages of multiple strategies such as the National Pilot Free Trade Zone and new area, Pudong Development Zone and leading area, the Expo and the integration of the Yangtze River Delta, face the opportunities and challenges of global digital technology, digital economic development and the reconstruction of digital economic and trade rules, and vigorously promote pioneering reform and leading opening up in an all-round way. We should further promote the digital transformation of the service sector and the high-quality development of trade in services.

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    The Multiple Connotations and Evolution of the Concept of the Mandate of Heaven during the Periods of Zhou and Qin
    Naihe Xie
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 72-84.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.007
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    During the periods of Zhou and Qin, the concept of the mandate of Heaven had multiple connotations such as the mandate of ghosts and gods, the mandate of law and the mandate of the heart-mind and nature. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the concept of the mandate of Heaven was based on the mandate of ghosts and gods and meanwhile emphasized the governance of the state. However, it also contained some elements of the mandate of law and the mandate of the heart-mind and nature. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the mandate of ghosts and gods continued its influence in the sphere of national region. However, as the power structure of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved from royal government to hegemony and then to unification, the mandate of law and the mandate of the heart-mind and nature in the sphere of social ideology gradually became dominant. Moreover, philosophers in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty conducted theoretical construction to interpret the pluralistic connotations of the concept of the mandate of Heaven inherited from previous times, which had made a profound impact on ancient Chinese political philosophy.

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    The Subject Status,Rights,Responsibilities and Obligations of Intelligent Robots
    Weiping Sun
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.01.001
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    The rapid growth of intelligent robots in terms of intelligence, especially their autonomous behavior, contains huge uncertainties and risks. It has directly shaken the sole subject status of human beings, and there has been explicit or implicit competition between human beings and intelligent robots in certain fields for subject status, governance and dominance. Intelligent robots may demand new “identities” and claim rights previously reserved for humans. At the same time, they should also assume the responsibilities and obligations that match their “identities” and rights. Facing the revolutionary and subversive new issues such as intelligent robots’ subject status, rights, responsibilities and obligations, we must thoroughly reflect on and clean up the existing positions, theories and methods, and take advantage of the rapid development and rich application scenarios of intelligent technology to seek a substantive solution to the problems through critical and revolutionary theoretical innovation.

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    How to Improve the Quality of the Service for the Elderly with Cognitive Impairment under the Mode of Intelligent Health Care Service
    Renyao ZHONG, Weibo MA
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 164-174.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.015
    Abstract234)   HTML10)    PDF(pc) (740KB)(103)       Save

    As the aging process accelerates, the number of elderly people with cognitive impairment continues to rise, making the provision of high-quality, specialized care service a significant social issue. The intelligent health care, as an innovative eldercare service model, shows great potential in improving the care for and life quality of the elderly. It also offers new directions in the prevention and early screening of cognitive impairment, clinical diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, and home care for elderly people with cognitive impairment. However, as far as intelligent health care service providers are concerned, there are still development bottlenecks such as undeveloped intelligent technology, lagging service benefits, insufficient market dynamism, inadequate exploration of deep-seated needs, lack of humanistic care, potential infringement of privacy rights, and difficulties in ensuring data security. As for the demand side, issues such as disease characteristics hindering service acceptance, economic burdens limiting consumer enthusiasm for service, and technology anxiety restraining service popularization pose challenges. In light of this, it is imperative to enhance the breadth and depth of technological and corporate innovation, deepen sharing and cooperation among multiple parties, establish industry standards and service norms, and improve regulatory and feedback mechanisms. Relevant parties should increase the security of technology to protect the rights and safety of elderly people with cognitive impairment, enhance the user-friendliness and approachability of intelligent care products, foster digital literacy among elderly people with cognitive impairment and their families, leverage the professional roles of medical and nursing staff, unlock the consumption potential of the cognitive impairment group, and stimulate the vitality of the intelligent health care market, thus accelerating the intelligent care process for elderly people with cognitive impairment in China.

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    The Dao of Thoughtlessness:The Original Essence of Chinese Chan and the Secret of the Chan-enlightenment
    Mingdong Gu
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 102-113.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.010
    Abstract233)   HTML54)    PDF(pc) (774KB)(168)       Save

    Chan Buddhism occupies a unique position in the intellectual history of the world, and its originality comes from Huineng’s Platform Sutra. However, there seems to have been a trend in the development of Chan Buddhism, which is characterized by a significant reduction of Huineng’s originality and an institutional effort to attribute Huineng’s Chan to Chinese Buddhism. Hence, it is necessary to trace back to the origin of Huineng’s Chan and restore its revolutionary feature. Adopting an approach that integrates historical research with psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, this paper closely examines Huineng’s interpretation of The Diamond Sutra and his innovative ideas and methods of cultivation in the Dunhuang version of The Platform Sutra in comparison with Laozi and Zhuangzi’ Daoism so as to discover the originality and universal appeal of Chan and the secret of Chan-enlightenment. It concludes that Chan, whose essence lies in thoughtlessness, is originated from Daoist Nothingness rather than Buddhist Emptiness, and Chan-enlightenment is not Buddhist satori.

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    Becoming a Sutra of The Sixth Patriarch Platform Sutra and the Innovation of Chan’s Concept of Classics
    Kai SHENG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 93-101.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.009
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    The formation of The Sixth Patriarch Platform Sutra was a process of continuous supplement, and its editorial style was modeled on translated Buddhist sutras. However, at the very beginning when it was called “Platform Sutra”, Huineng might have borrowed the name from the Buddhist and Taoist ritual texts in the Tang Dynasty. Teaching the non-phase precepts and preaching dharma are two different religious practices, since the former is characterized by internal transmission while the latter by publicity. Hence, there are two different titles of The Platform Sutra, that is, The Sixth Patriarch’s Dharma Treasure, and The Platform Sutra of Preaching Dharma. After The Platform Sutra was called as a “sutra”, Huineng and Shenhui used the it to comprehend preaching dharma, realizing true dharma, and the transmission from the master to disciples. Shenhui’s disciples were criticized by the Buddhist community because they used the “secret book” of registration to maintain the internal transmission of The Platform Sutra. The fact that The Platform Sutra’s becoming a “sutra” is one of the most significant events in the Sinicization of Buddhism, and it is also an iconic event in the southern turn of Chinese Buddhism as well as in the transformation from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty.

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    The Misconception and the Future Perspective of the Emergence Theory of AI Consciousness
    Feng Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 1-7.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.001
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    Does AI have consciousness? Or is it possible for AI to have consciousness in the future? This is a question that seems a bit difficult to answer. The emergence theory seems to provide a positive answer. However, an examination of the conceptual structure of the emergence theory shows that the emergence theory of AI consciousness is more of a misunderstanding caused by the continuous transformation of concepts and fails to confirm any true emergence of consciousness. The emergence theory is beneficial in the sense that it encourages our society to embrace AI more tolerantly, viewing it as an organic existence rather than a simple machine. What the emergence theory deals with is not an ontological problem, but a practical problem that includes the perspective of future speculation. Whether the future recognizes the existence of AI consciousness can only be determined by the people who are closest to the future. So, the emergence theory of AI consciousness is not only a matter of technology and substantive objects, but also a matter of cultural concepts.

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    Keeping Integrity and Innovation:The Development of Cultural Heritage Theory in the New Era
    Lizhi Huang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 1-10.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.001
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    In the time relation of culture, the fulcrum of Xi Jinping’s thought on culture is “keeping integrity and innovation”. Only with right integrity and innovation, cultural self-confidence can be fully conscious. From oral transmission in family and society to simple transmission of aesthetic symbols, cultural inheritance is unconscious when it originates from the initial historical stage of cultural development. Marx’s theory of cultural inheritance overly emphasizes that cultural traditions break down with the rupture of social and economic foundations. Although his cultural policies protected traditional culture, Lenin did not believe in the existence of a unified national culture in theory. Influenced by the New Culture Movement, Mao Zedong criticized traditional culture and then formed a clear theoretical expression, namely “critical inheritance”. In the new era, the cultural image of China has become a prominent problem to be solved urgently with its rise. Xi Jinping’s thought on culture conforms to the needs of the times. On the one hand, the idea of “keeping integrity and innovation” confirms the conscious inheritance of tradition, and acknowledges that cultural confidence is higher than political and theoretical confidence; on the other hand, it replaces “critical inheritance” with a clear value of “keeping integrity”, and then explicitly proposes to innovate the modern civilization of the Chinese nation, inheriting the innovative spirit of the New Culture Movement.

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    Supply Chain Reshaping in the U.S. and Industrial and the Supply Chains’ Resilience of China’s Foreign Trade
    Guobing Shen, Yiping Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (4): 155-177.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.04.014
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    Based on HS 6-digit product trade data, this paper conducts a statistical analysis on the resilience of China’s foreign trade industrial and supply chains (ISC) under the supply chain reshaping in the U.S. It shows that the import sources of midstream products in China’s foreign trade ISC are relatively concentrated and have poor resilience; the export demand side of downstream products is highly concentrated and dependent on the U.S. market and prominently fragile. For the key industry products’ industrial and supply chains reviewed by Biden government, the upstream import supply side of China’s agricultural and food production industries and the upstream import supply side and upstream export demand side of the pharmaceutical industry are relatively vulnerable. Moreover, the results derived from Triple Difference Measurement Model show that the U.S. supply chain review significantly promotes trade transfer of China’s key ISC products to the third parties and increases resilience, while it has no significant effect on the geographic diversification of China’s foreign trade. This means that the improvement in China’s key ISC resilience after U.S. supply chain review is mainly reflected in deepening trade links with third-party trade partners in the short term, rather than promoting the geographical diversification of foreign trade. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the key industry products under the U.S. supply chain reshaping strategy, actively build a regional production and supply chain cooperation system, and expand the diversification of foreign trade structure. We should enhance our capacity for independent innovation, overcome the “stuck neck” technical problems on the import supply side, and strive to enhance the toughness and safety of China’s foreign trade production and industrial and supply chains, so as to promote the high-quality development of China’s foreign trade.

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    Anthropomorphic Imaginations and Hybrid Property:On the Evolution and Social Impacts of AI
    Hua Jiang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 20-30.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.003
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    Since the concept of AI was proposed, it has been endowed with many anthropomorphic imaginations. AI Designers not only pursue the physical similarity of AI to humans, but also try to make AI behave in a way close to humans. However, AI is inherently different from human intelligence: the former is past-oriented, while the latter is future-oriented; the former is based on logical operations, while the latter originates from the activities of consciousness; the former “possesses” the soul, while the latter “has” the soul. AI is a hybrid of humans and technology based on their relationship. Its anthropomorphic nature will have important social impacts: human-like AI based on the “digital revolution” will cause the re-stratification of human beings and lead to unexpected social consequences; the unrestricted use of human-like AI will cause humans to sink into the realm of “common sayings of ordinary people” and “knowing without thinking”; from an existential perspective, there will be communication dilemmas of “frequent interaction” and “loneliness dilemma” when human-like AI intervenes in human interaction. These social impacts will change the human condition to a great extent and need to be taken seriously.

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    The Present Status,Challenges,and Countermeasures Pertaining to the Development of Elderly Human Resources in Shanghai
    Qiang Li, Wenyu Guo
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 150-163.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.014
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    “Productive engagement in later life” serves as a proactive approach to addressing the challenges of an aging population in China through strategies deeply rooted in the local context. Shanghai has a large population of the early-old aged who are well-educated and in good health. This group represents a considerable potential for the development of human resources. The population aged 60-69 has swelled from 1,151,000 in 1990 to 3,414,000 in 2020, accounting for more than 60% of elderly people. Back in 1990, only 9.6% of people aged 60-64 had received a high school education or beyond, but by 2020, this figure had soared to more than 50%. Both the life expectancy and healthy life expectancy of the elderly in Shanghai are in the leading position in the country. The remaining life expectancy of 60-year-old men has increased from 21.35 years in 1990 to 24.71 years in 2020, and the healthy life expectancy has increased from 18.55 years to 21.61 years in the meantime. However, the employment rate among the elderly has dropped from 5.45% to just 3.46%, with 296,000 working older adults in 1990 and 197,000 in 2020. Additionally, the range of their social engagement has been somewhat limited. Although the idea of “productive engagement in later life” is deeply rooted, it is still facing some difficulties in terms of social cognition, rights protection, job opportunities, and so on. Multiple measures should be taken to promote the deepening and practice of this concept. The promotion of the idea “productive engagement in later life” in the wide acceptance of the society, the establishment of a sound legal protection system, and the improvement of the diversity of participation forms constitute effective measures to activate and develop senior talent resources, and then create silver economic growth.

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    The Studies of A Dream in Red Mansions in the Late Qing Dynasty
    Dakang Chen
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (1): 24-37.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.01.004
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    The invasion of foreign powers in the late Qing Dynasty made the country to face the abyss of decline, various social contradictions tended to become incandescent, and the introduction of Western culture also caused fierce collision and integration. In this context, new changes appeared in the studies of A Dream in Red Mansions. Although there were few traditional studies of A Dream in Red Mansions, the newly emerged newspapers and magazines in modern times contained rich content, diverse forms, and widely spread forms. There were fierce debates about the evaluation of A Dream in Red Mansions. Under the new situation, various novel genres took A Dream in Red Mansions as a creative model, and various continued works of A Dream in Red Mansions had a new feature of being closely integrated with reality.

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    Narrowing Urban-rural Income Gap and Moving towards Common Prosperity in the New Era
    Zhengtu Li, Kejie Liu
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (2): 143-156.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.02.013
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    The urban-rural income gap forms in a natural historical process. Narrowing the urban-rural income gap has become an inevitable choice of governing the country. The fundamental way is to follow objective laws to raise the bottom of the gap and trim the top of the gap. While to raise the bottom means to reduce or eliminate absolute poverty, mainly to raise the income level of farmers and eliminate absolute poverty in rural areas, both to raise the bottom and trim the top means to slow down polarization and solidly promote common prosperity. Narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas is positively related to poverty alleviation and common prosperity. The empirical research shows that the bottom of the absolute income gap between urban and rural areas is gradually rising and meanwhile China is gradually getting rid of absolute poverty, which is consistent with the implementation of the national targeted poverty alleviation strategy (2012-2020). We predict that the relative income gap between urban and rural areas will gradually narrow in the future and this will act as an important path to promote common prosperity on the new journey in the new era.

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    “Life” and “Human”:The Ethical and Political Dimensions of Lushi Chunqiu
    Zheng Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (4): 10-18.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.04.002
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    Lushi Chunqiu is a structural work with “life” and “human” as its value orientation and philosophical foundation. It believes that life is endowed by heaven, and the lofty of heaven gives life important value. From this point of view, it believes that the continuation and perfection of life should be realized by adjusting excessive desire in the process of self-cultivation. In ethical life, it holds that the development of each life should be respected and we should not hurt other people recklessly. In political governance, it believes that the world is shared by everyone, so the monarch needs to cultivate himself and appoint wise men. This emphasis on “life” and “human” enables Lushi Chunqiu to integrate various philosophies and create its own philosophy, surpassing the Qin administration and having a lasting value. Its comprehensive philosophy based on “life” is instructive for the innovation of Confucian and Daoist philosophy after the Qin Dynasty.

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    A New Way to Destroy a State” and Modern Chinese Intellectuals’ Reflections on the World Situation
    Rui Wang
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (3): 56-68.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.03.006
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    In his “On a New Way to Destroy a State”, Liang Qichao recounts the history of the ruin of Egypt, India, Poland, Boer, the Philippines and others to demonstrate that the modern colonial expansion of the Western powers have long been no longer limited to the traditional siege of cities and territories, but made full use of financial, educational and other means to control non-Western countries. In the statement of “a new way to destroy a state”, “to destroy a state” is impressive, because those who care about the fate of China have always been worried about the possibility of the partition of China and its being destroyed since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. In addition, the statement of “A New Way to Destroy a State” is emphasizing “new”, that is, the new means and strategies of colonial expansion of modern powers. By virtue of the great influence of its initiator Liang Qichao in the public opinion, and its close connection with the issue of imperialism, “a new way to destroy a state” gradually became a popular concept to analyze the world situation and China’s crisis. It was either directly used, or slightly modified and re-circulated in a more popular form, or taken as theoretical ground. The borrowing and application of “a new way to destroy a state” continued from the late Qing Dynasty to the 1930s.

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