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    The Retrospect of Contemporary Linguistic Theories
    Bao-jia LI
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2021, 53 (6): 77-95.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.06.008
    Abstract1382)   HTML55)    PDF(pc) (1119KB)(17972)       Save

    Western semantics history could be summarized as historical orientation, psychological orientation and contextual orientation. In other words, Western semantics of the 19th century has been successively overlapped with biology, psychology and sociology. All “new theories” in modern times we are worshipping, including psychology, subjectivity, sociality, form and function, statics and dynamics, context and situation, metaphor and metonymy, and meaning domain and prototype theory, are beneath previous masterpieces. Owing to the three trends of formalism in the 20th century, three cracks formed in Western humanistic view of language. Not until the 1960s, did a return to traditional humanistic view of language in contemporary Western linguistic study emerge. Based on dozens of previous original works of German, French, English and Russian languages, this paper traces the origins of these “new theories” in order to promote the research of the linguistic and intellectual history.

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    From “Structure-oriented” to “Relationship-oriented”:Reconstructing the Globalization Theory Facing an Era of Uncertainty
    Jun WEN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2021, 53 (5): 159-173.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.05.011
    Abstract1815)   HTML39)    PDF(pc) (1087KB)(11527)       Save

    In today’s world, the spread of the uncertain trend of global development not only gives birth to brand-new social facts, but also impacts the intellectual foundation and theoretical soil on which globalization research is rooted. Facing the realistic tension brought by a series of global shocks and continuous uncertain development, we must critically reflect on and reconstruct globalization theory at the theoretical level. At the epistemological level, the existing globalization theory is still limited to empirical deduction and circular demonstration of “meta-problems”, representing the dualistic mindset of “structure-action”; while at the ontological level, it still stays in the formal debate and repeated game of meta-logic, representing the dualistic opposition of “time-space”, which eventually leads to the methodological falling into the shackles of “structure-oriented” speculative logic and research. In order to effectively cope with the new trend of global uncertainty, we can try a new path of paradigm transformation and theoretical research from “structure-oriented” to “relationship-oriented” in the theoretical research of globalization.

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    Embodied Consumption and Emotional Interaction:Chinese Radio Drama from the Perspective of Soundscape
    Xiao-ye HAN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (6): 26-35.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.06.003
    Abstract1464)   HTML100)    PDF(pc) (771KB)(9720)       Save

    Radio drama, also known as “drama to be enjoyed with ears”, has gone through an evolution from boom to bust in the changes of media. However, in the era of mobile Internet, it has realized a new development through the momentum of media integration. Nowadays, the rise of Internet radio drama has improved the interactivity and immersion of the audience’s listening experience. As a sound art of “accompanying audio”, “embodied consumption” and “emotional interaction”, it constructs a unique “soundscape”. In the process of “auditory turn”, the audience obtains emotional recognition and extends it in the virtual space, replacing “body” with “embodiment”. In this context, radio drama not only needs to pay attention to “what sound”, but also to “how to listen”, and then to the “sound needs” of different groups of people. Moreover, we need to pay attention not only to the construction of soundscape, but also to the significance of soundscape to the shaping of life and life community.

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    On Scholars′ Paintings:“Implication in Rock Paintings” for 700 Years from SU Shi to ZHENG Ban-qiao
    Zhong-yi XIA
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (5): 63-79.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.05.007
    Abstract1458)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (1202KB)(9282)       Save

    In this paper, the “rock” (modeling element) in the traditional flower and bird paintings is aesthetically divided into two categories, that is, “implication in rock paintings” and “rock worship and pleasure” regarded as an instrumental symbol to mark the distinction between “scholars′ paintings” and “literati′s paintings”. This is significant in three aspects. First, from SU Shi of the Northern Song Dynasty to DONG Qi-chang of the Ming Dynasty, the paintings of men of letters that express their feelings and interests are known as “scholars′ paintings” and “literati′s paintings”. However, in the painting world after DONG Qi-chang, the title of “literati′s paintings” vaguely “cover” “scholars′ paintings”. The “implication in rock paintings” refined in this paper is to prove that “scholars′ paintings” are different from “literati′s paintings” because the former pays more attention to the artist′s moral feelings than the interest in brush and ink skills. Second, from the perspective of “implication in rock paintings”, the history of Chinese paintings from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty can be divided into “scholars′ paintings” and “literati′s paintings”: the former from SU Shi to ZHENG Ban-qiao, and the latter from MI Fu to CHEN Hong-shou. This is the life roles of the ancient sages represented by rock paintings. Third, from the “Dongpo′s grotesque rock” and “Banqiao′s bamboo, orchid and rock” in the “implication in rock paintings”, we can not only know the ancient inheritance of exemplary persons′ poetry and philosophy, but also learn that the “rock” in the eyes of the worthy has not been a cold object in nature since ancient times, but a symbol of the spiritual foundation of the worthy when they deal with the turbid world.

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    Cold War History Studies in the English Academic World in Recent Twenty Years:Retrospect,Critique and Prospects
    Ya-feng XIA
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (1): 82-94.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.01.008
    Abstract1643)   HTML41)    PDF(pc) (826KB)(9084)       Save

    Three correlative traits stand out in the Cold War history studies in the English world in the first 20 years of the 21st Century. First, with the “decentration” in the Cold War studies, the relationship between the Cold War and the Third World becomes a hotspot issue. Second, renewed attention is paid to the Cold War history in Europe, putting Europe in the central place rather than treating it as an object in great-power confrontation. Third, there are still lots of influential works on U.S.-Soviet Cold War History, in particular, on the peaceful end of the Cold War. Although scholars continue to debate on some of the very basic issues regarding the Cold War, Cold War studies will be an eternal field of inquiry. It will be remembered and studied like such historical events as World War I and World War II.

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    The Dual Dimensions of Mechanism and Value:Research Progress and Prospects of Population Spatial Equilibrium
    Chen CHENG, Jin-hong DING, Gao-xiang GU, Yang TIAN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (6): 93-104.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.06.009
    Abstract1111)   HTML20)    PDF(pc) (832KB)(8820)       Save

    To focus on population spatial equilibrium is to simplify the complexity of population equilibrium according to the outstanding problems in China’s population equilibrium development at the present stage. This study mainly includes the following factors: the population spatial equilibrium from the perspective of the market factors of macroeconomics, the equilibrium of social and economic structure, the spatial equilibrium of population and other factors under the influence of the regulation of natural geographic space, and the population spatial equilibrium of the residential system in the process of urbanization. The spatial equilibrium of population in Chinese context is discussed from the value dimension. This paper also discusses the practical exploration of population spatial equilibrium in China from the aspects of main problems, cause analysis, definition and measurement methods of population spatial equilibrium development in China and other regions. The future study of population spatial equilibrium should return to the essence of equilibrium, and make a scientific and academic exploration of this concept with strong application value from the micro-individual migration behavior. New research methods and analytical tools should be introduced to construct scientific evaluation criteria of population spatial equilibrium. A bridge should be built between the two discourse systems of value and mechanism, and a comprehensive concept of population spatial balance should be established that can link these two dimensions.

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    National Security Governance Strategy in the New Era:Its System,Idea and Path
    Hua-fu JIANG, Jun LIU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (6): 105-111.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.06.012
    Abstract4268)   HTML53)    PDF(pc) (543KB)(7713)       Save

    National security governance is related to the long-term governance of the Party, the long-term stability of the country, and people’s life and work in peace and contentment. The strategic system of national security governance in the new era is a set of systematic institutional arrangements for maintaining and shaping national security, and it is the specific application of the national governance system in the field of national security. The strategic concept of national security governance in the new era is mainly reflected in the trinity of XI Jin-ping’s overall national security concept, with the purpose of people’s security, political security as the foundation, and national interests as the criterion. As for the practice path, we should adhere to safe development, promote the dynamic balance between high-quality development and high-level security, adhere to overall warfare, and coordinate traditional and non-traditional security, stick to the path of peaceful development, and promote the coordination of our own security and common security. To exactly grasp the strategy of national security governance system, follow the strategic path of national security governance system and promote national security governance in a comprehensive way is significant for us to realize the goal of the second century and achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

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    Travel,Masculinity and Femininity:The Gender Perspective on “Studies of Travel Writings” in Britain and America
    Xiao-lan CHEN, Ling-yi ZHOU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (5): 80-89.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.05.008
    Abstract1344)   HTML24)    PDF(pc) (812KB)(6170)       Save

    In Western cultural tradition, travel is usually supposed as the privilege of men and a ritual journey of cultivating masculinity. Ancient epics, legends and colonial writings tend to display the hero′s physical, cultural and psychical masculinity in the narrative of his adventure and struggle in an exotic world. According to this general cultural disposition, travel makes a man a man. However, what does it mean for a woman? Female British writers in the 19th century, who left their domestic sphere and travelled in unfamiliar foreign countries, subverted the conventional prescription of their femininity, and thus reshaped the self-representation of women. Within this trend, they played a role in the imperial knowledge production and in the construction of the culture Other. This paper is concerned with the 19th-century British women′s travel writings in the context of colonialism, and argues that the gender perspective sheds some lights on the complicated relationship between gender liberation and imperial enterprise and between the woman as an individual and the state.

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    An Alternative Philosophical Interpretation Concerning AI
    Mao-tang DAI, Hong-mei Zhao
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 13-24.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.003
    Abstract1307)   HTML105)    PDF(pc) (763KB)(6111)       Save

    As to overcoming the imperfection of human beings, technology is the most direct and useful instrument which can meet the goal, so it is positive in this sense. If AI is treated only as technology, it will be regarded as an instrument which meets some goal, only a machine apparatus with high intelligence and a technological unit at higher and stronger level, which exhibits extraordinary technological advantage. However, logically speaking, the intelligence level of AI is impossible to be higher than that of human beings. Technology is a sword with double blades, with its positivity and negativity. While the technology of AI is “overcoming” the imperfection of human beings, new imperfection of human beings will be lighted, which will harm the dignity of human beings and makes man worry about future. The more AI technology wants to help human beings embrace and win “future”, the more the man will lose some kind of ability and even “the future” when he gets the help. The seed of alienation is hidden in the instrumental nature of technology. The most prominent expression of the negative side of technology in this point is that the technology which is developed by human hands will bring the growing-up of human beings into the fate of self-negation. The AI is the metaphor of the life of Sisyphus: the significance and victory of the life is exhibited by the way of self-negation.

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    “Annotations” of Notes:Annotations and Related Issues of Annotated Versions of Shiji in the Past Dynasties
    Ke-he ZANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2021, 53 (5): 146-158.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.05.010
    Abstract2708)   HTML37)    PDF(pc) (3058KB)(5998)       Save

    Annotations have always been a key issue in processing a Chinese historical corpus. There are various and complicated types of annotations shown in Chinese texts in the past dynasties, which has to do with the classical Chinese academic tradition and its forms. The annotation types of different times are an organic part of the rich materials of Chinese language history, as well as a basic subject to be examined and analyzed in the typology of a Chinese language historical corpus. The formalized marks of the basic content of different types of notes are called “annotations”. The contents of the annotations and the terms used for “annotation” in the past dynasties shared a roughly agreed form of “regulating the past by the present”. The form of these annotations constitutes an important category with a unified standard when processing annotations in a corpus of Chinese character history today. ShijiThe Historical Records) is a model sample of a Chinese language historical corpus, and the notes in its various versions in the past dynasties show the interpretation and understanding of important scholars in different periods. By examining and comparing the age of the usage of some certain characters and terms and the intermediary relations among them as well as the phonetic differentiation in Chinese language history, we can restore their internal relations, reveal the latent clues, and identify the annotations that truly match the attributes of the corresponding era. This kind of annotation processing is of chronological significance and has the reference value for judging the approximate age of an inherited text.

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    On the Perfecting of the Compulsive Isolated Drug Rehabilitation in China—— from the Comparative Perspective
    WANG rui-shan
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph    2015, 47 (3): 57-62.   DOI: 10、16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.03.006
    Abstract652)   HTML1126)    PDF(pc) (1091KB)(5938)       Save
    Although, the new ideas of the drug rehabilitation have been established in the Drug Law, but there are some problems in the compulsive isolated drug rehabilitation, such as the compulsive isolated drug abuse treatment place in the charge of the public security department do not help the clients, and the drug abuse treatment assumed partly by the public security department and the Justice Bureau type is resource-wasting, and the drug rehabilitation organ evaluating its own is unfair, and the facilities in the drug rehabilitation places is not enough for its goal, etc.. There are some advices as follows by referencing the the California Rehabilitation Center. Firstly, the government cancels the compulsive isolated drug rehabilitation place in the charge of the public security department. Secondly, the place increases the medical conditions and other facilities. Thirdly, the government build the third-part drug test authority.
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    Philosophy of Practice and Theory of Practices
    Yong-liu ZHENG, Lu-xia CHEN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2021, 53 (6): 32-43.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.06.004
    Abstract1264)   HTML50)    PDF(pc) (799KB)(5800)       Save

    Although both philosophy of practice and theory of practices share the concept “practice”, there are few works that systematically explore the relationship between these two traditions. There is no unified tradition of practical philosophy in the West, and after Hegel, there is a division between traditional and modern practical philosophy. In terms of understanding the elements of practice, modern practical philosophy shows its affinity with Aristotle. Theory of practices directly inherits and develops modern practical philosophy, while its relationship with traditional practical philosophy is indirect and mediated by modern practical philosophy. Theory of practices develops the basic claims of modern practical philosophy in terms of fundamental philosophical positions, dualism, practical normativity, and future dimensions of practice into various fields such as sociology, anthropology, cultural theory, linguistics, philosophy of science, and even feminism, organizational studies, and consumption studies, thus providing a discipline-specific account for understanding various aspects of vivid social life. Modern practical philosophy and theory of practices may be unified in the future.

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    Unraveling the Mystery of the Classification of Words:The Research Trajectory from Ancient Greek Grammar to Universal Grammar
    Baojia Li
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2024, 56 (6): 80-94.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.06.007
    Abstract1036)   HTML18)    PDF(pc) (856KB)(5729)       Save

    This paper attempts to trace the trajectory of research on “parts of speech” (λ?γου μ?ρη) from ancient Greek grammar to universal grammar, based as much as possible on Western original texts. After 250 years of successive efforts by three schools of thought, the Greek word classes have evolved from three divisions, four divisions, and five divisions to six divisions, ultimately forming a system of eight divisions. Although Greek word class templates were introduced, Latin word classes went through more than 300 years from four to eight. Afterwards, speculative grammar adopted an overall eight divisions. Universal grammar has nine divisions, five divisions (indicating the hierarchical relationship between nouns, adjectives, and verbs), four divisions, eight divisions (indicating the independence of adjectives), and so on. The results of literature review and sorting indicate that meaning or signifying is the cognitive essence of word classes, while form and function are all recognition methods based on analogy. We should maintain an open attitude towards the classification of word classes, as different systems can coexist. The division of word classes and the analysis of sentence components can coexist without excluding relative mapping. The coordination methods between word classes and sentence components are diverse.

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    The Dialogue between Analytic Theory of Knowledge and Kuki’s Philosophy:Focusing on “Contingency”
    Ying-jin XU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 13-25.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.002
    Abstract1326)   HTML78)    PDF(pc) (996KB)(5719)       Save

    According to the mainstream of analytic theory of knowledge, subjects must acquire genuine knowledge without substantially appealing to luck in order to ensure that knowledge acquired is “safe” enough. In this sense, the preclusion of contingency has become a main feature of analytic theory of knowledge. In contrast, Kuki Shūzō, a philosopher of the Kyoto School, re-assesses the status of contingency in the constitution of knowledge in his theory of contingency. He identifies three layers of contingency: categorical contingency on the top, hypothetical contingency in the middle, and the disjunctive contingency on the deepest level. In Kuki, though the first two types of contingency can be reduced to necessities of this or that sort, such reduction cannot be successfully applied to disjunctive contingency, which has a metaphysical significance in Kuki’s system. Kuki’s theory would help us to re-assess the famous “fake barn case”, which frequently appears in epistemological literature, as well as Prichard’s definition of “epistemic safety”, and thereby reveals the difficulty of defining “safety” in a contingency-free manner.

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    Culture Reproduction and Social Reproduction: An Illustration of Bourdieus Sociology of Education
    ZHU Guo-Hua
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph    2015, 47 (5): 173-189.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000--5579.2015.05.018
    Abstract1109)   HTML552)    PDF(pc) (3410KB)(5612)       Save
    As a theory of symbolic violence, Bourdieus sociology of education is based on the theoretical hypothesis of culture arbitrariness. Its main point is that the secret purpose of culture reproduction is to push social reproduction. Through the concepts of teaching activities, teaching authority, education work and education system as well as their logical connections, we can grasp the internal texture of Bourdieus sociology of education. The nature of education in each stage is related to its location in social space. The education system justifies social divisions by transforming social divisions into academic divisions. The education system monopolizes special capital, mainly the production, distribution and transferring of diplomas, and exerts symbolic violence to the society. The field of power penetrates deeply into the field of education and further threatens educational autonomy. Bourdieus sociology of education and its experimental research arouses heated debates and is worth further considering.
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    The Dialectical Relations between Science and Technology and Humanities:On the Opposition and Complementarity between Distant Reading and Close Reading
    Ning WANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (4): 88-97.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.04.009
    Abstract1901)   HTML43)    PDF(pc) (812KB)(5560)       Save

    In many people’s view, science and technology and humanities are naturally in a state of opposition, so they have a prejudice against digital humanities. There is no doubt that digital humanities, as a new research paradigm, will bring us a lot of research convenience, with which we get rid of the cumbersome data tracking and retrieval so as to save more time and energy for in-depth thinking and theoretical interpretation of the research object. For the study of world literature, the big data method can give us a general picture of the historical development of world literature in a short time, which has been proved by the distant reading method proposed by American Italian scholar Franco Moretti. Nevertheless, everything has its two sides: the application of “distant reading” method has its own strengths, but in-depth study of world literature classics and their authors should be supplemented by the close reading method. Therefore, the two methods can form a complementary relationship. In short, digital humanities do not definitely exclude humanities, especially those irreplaceable excellent literary works and humanities works with high cultural and aesthetic content created by excellent writers or scholars. Similarly, machine and AI translation cannot replace advanced literary and humanities translation. The ideal literary research should combine the methods of distant reading and close reading so as to form a complementary relationship. Effectively, there is complementarity between science and technology and humanities.

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    Globalization of Chinese Brand and the Brand Strategy of Embedding Chinese Elements: A Case Study on Li Ning
    HE Jia-xun
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph    2013, 45 (4): 118-124.  
    Abstract3326)   HTML308)    PDF(pc) (471KB)(5557)       Save
    The big challenge that Chinese multinationals face is how to build a global brand when they have already expanded their business on a global scale. For the enterprises, it is an important brand strategy to give consideration to Chinese and Western cultural differences and to blend the values and elements of the two cultures to build the global orientation of Chinese brands. With theoretical and practical analyses, this thesis elaborates on the important strategy of Chinese leading companies, that is, embedding Chinese cultural elements in the product design. This strategy has been successfully applied by Li-Ning since 1999. Chinese leading companies can learn more from Li’s practice in enhancing their value-added brand image in the world.
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    What Does Handicraft Mean Today?
    Gan-li XU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (4): 125-136.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.04.013
    Abstract1226)   HTML29)    PDF(pc) (794KB)(5266)       Save

    Most of the traditional handicrafts exist as the skills required for the manufacture of daily utensils. However, in many well-developed cities with advanced technology and large machine production, handicrafts rise suddenly, which must attribute to a profound motivation of the times. In the past, handicraft research mostly focused on the inheritance of handicraft skills from the perspective of intangible cultural heritage protection. Although the new trends in the development of handicrafts were occasionally discussed, the consumption of handicrafts by the urban new middle-class people and the rise of handicraft experience in the whole society haven’t been deeply analyzed yet. Today’s new changes in handicrafts not only reveal the huge impact of the important transformation of the current social environment in our country on traditional handicrafts, but also demonstrate the importance of handicrafts to the construction of a tasteful and subjective lifestyle for today’s Chinese people.

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    “Home”, “Nation”, “Manchu” and “Han”: On the Abdication of the Qing Emperor and the Big Compromise in 1912
    SHEN Jie
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph    2014, 46 (3): 41-50.  
    Abstract1444)   HTML18)    PDF(pc) (932KB)(5164)       Save
    The abdication of the Qing Emperor and the Big Compromise in 1912 was a dramatic change in China’s political culture, not only because it represents the transformation from a monarchy to a republic, but also because the compromise, to some extent, updated the “shifts of dynasties” in the traditional sense. In China’s political history, revolutions had been always cruel, in which “emperors died for the nation; officials died for the territory; literati died for the institutions”. “Death” has become a political protocol. However, in 1912, they decided to compromise: the emperor rather granted the nation to the common people than died for it; it was unnecessary for officials and literati to die for the emperor, embracing the new institutions of the “republic”. In various entanglements of home, nation and ethnical groups, “adhesion to the feudalism” lost its rationality and value foundation, while it was an appropriate choice to “compromise”. Western revolutions and modern transitions were usually achieved in the spirit of contract. This kind of compromises guided by the contract spirit is rare in China’s traditional politics. Therefore, if we regard the compromise as a principle of the parliament and constitutionalism, the Big Compromise in 1912 has more specific significance in the sense that it at least terminated the imperialistic politics and culture formally and initiated the modern transformation of China’s politics.
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    Schistosomiasis Control Campaign and Its Political Motivation Mechanism in the Early Period of New China
    Cheng-pu YU, Hui LUO
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2022, 54 (6): 124-135.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.06.014
    Abstract1361)   HTML32)    PDF(pc) (825KB)(5081)       Save

    To protect people’s lives and health and get rid of the contempt of “sick man of East Asia”, new China launched a schistosomiasis control campaign on a grand and spectacular scale in during 1949-1956 under the complex domestic and international background. With the imagination of a series of metaphorical concepts and the establishment of social mobilization mechanism, the practice of schistosomiasis control campaign has become a significant process for the establishment of a new individual and a new country of socialism. The application of technological politics of “mass science” in the campaign established the subjectivity of the people in a socialist country. The idea of “the people as the subject” runs through the whole process of the campaign and constitutes the basic operation logic of the four major health work guidelines. The concept of “the people’s health first” and the prevention and control method with “the people as the subject” are the important political core of the success of the schistosomiasis control movement. This health campaign suggests that the current public health construction should not only renewed emphasis on the concept of “prevention first”, but also adhere to the supremacy of the people’s health and give full play to the active role of the people in health and epidemic prevention.

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