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    Burgundy in the Late Middle Ages and the Construction of a French Nation State
    Ming ZHU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 35-47.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.005
    Abstract92)   HTML5)    PDF (786KB)(535)      

    Traditional opinion is that the Hundred Years’ War between England and France in the late Middle Ages consolidated the national consciousness of Western European countries and facilitated the formation of two nation states, i.e., England and France. However, the construction of the Burgundy state indicates that a homogeneous French nation-state was far from being formed during this period, and Valois France did not complete its national construction. The Duchy of Burgundy, located in the eastern part of France, not only gained independence from the Kingdom of France through marriage and expansion, but also strengthened regional national identity through construction of institution and capital city, almost becoming an independent kingdom that included regions such as northern and eastern parts of France and Belgium. The Duke of Burgundy made efforts to expand and integrate his feudal territories, laying the foundation for national construction and leaving behind longue-durée influence. In the late Middle Ages, the territorial states derived from feudal territories facilitated the transformation of urban and regional spaces, reflecting the complexity and diversity of the Western transition from feudal times to the era of modern states.

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    Analysis of the Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in Armed Conflicts
    Guo-qiang LUO, Jin-lan XU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 65-80.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.008
    Abstract116)   HTML4)    PDF (854KB)(316)      

    According to the Pufendorf’s system of Natural Law Theory, international law is a set of absolute natural obligations to others, and state relations are based on a balance between the free exercise of natural rights and the observance of moral obligations. The trade-off between military necessity and humanitarian considerations on the part of parties and combatants in armed conflicts is one manifestation of this. They are not only bound by international humanitarian law, but also rely on natural law to guide their actions. The relationship between international humanitarian law and international human rights law is an important issue when the legal vacuum comes out. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine further reflects the urgency of this issue. In situations of armed conflicts, to choose the hostilities paradigm or the law enforcement paradigm to apply with priority based on a comprehensive consideration of the various elements of the facts is the key to using the principle of “lex specialis derogat legi generali” to distinguish between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. In most cases, there is no real normative conflict between international humanitarian law and international human rights law, and the two can be applied in parallel. Which can become the lex specialis to be applied preferentially, then needs concrete analyses. In addition, the principle of “lex specialis derogat legi generali” can also provide an operational and objective analysis framework for military commanders who need to make values trade-offs and policy choices in practice. According to the above-mentioned theory, China can put forward reasonable proposals from three aspects, i.e., legal compliance, accountability and improvement of norms, in order to deal with the humanitarian crisis and humanitarian consequences brought about by armed conflicts.

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    On the Mechanism of Decriminalization of Misdemeanor Cases:Practice,Logic and Path
    Wen-jun DU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 81-94.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.009
    Abstract165)   HTML9)    PDF (784KB)(284)      

    Misdemeanor legislation fundamentally promotes major changes in the criminal structure, and constructing a mechanism of decriminalization for the special attributes of misdemeanors is the core issue to adapting to the modernization of crime governance. It is important to seek legislative solutions to solve problems, but it is even more critical to respect reality and explore existing normative systems. Since the current misdemeanor legislation has been formed, it is necessary to rationally realize that the promotion of the establishment of the mechanism of decriminalization of misdemeanors is supported by firm policy logic, sufficient practical logic, and internal theoretical logic. Therefore, in terms of governance concepts, it is necessary to complete the transformation from positive justice to negative justice, from guilt thinking to not-guilt thinking; in terms of substantive norms, we shall activate the existing normative crime function, and strengthen the role of rules such as saving clause and conviction but Exemption from Punishment causes in the governance of misdemeanors; in terms of procedural settings, we shall take the reform of the existing system as an opportunity to deeply explore the value of independent decriminalization such as discretionary non-prosecution.

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    From Thought-world to Photo-fiction:On François Laruelle’s Theory of Photography
    Shi-chang NIE
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 86-95.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.008
    Abstract121)   HTML10)    PDF (782KB)(271)      

    After his constructing of “non-philosophy” system in a series of works, French philosopher Fran?ois Laruelle extends his critique to the theory of photography. Aiming at nullifying philosophy’s domination over photography with his “non-photography”, Laruelle questions the concept of the “world”, on which most theories of photography rely, and invoked the so-called “immanent practice of photography” to eliminate philosophy’s negative influence upon photography. In addition, Laruelle utilizes the model of “generic fractal theory” expounded inTheories of Identities to enhance the rigor of “non-photography”. Nevertheless, there still exist numerous intractable issues within non-photography theory. Furthermore, these problems are not exclusively confined to on-photography theory. Therefore, after deep reflection on his early way of thinking, Laruelle replaces “generic fractal theory” with “generic quantum theory”. The latter’s inherent logic of paradox provides him with extensive theoretical space for “fiction”. One experimental accomplishment resulting from this revision is “photo-fiction”, which enables Laruelle to redefine his non-photography within the framework of generic quantum theory. Thus, Fran?ois Laruelle’s theory of photography not only provides us with not only a new path for reconsidering photography but also a perfect index for understanding his philosophy.

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    Cigarettes and Urban Women’s Life Politics Wandering between Risk and Fashion:A Case Study of Shanghai
    Dun-fu ZHANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 85-95.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.009
    Abstract117)   HTML26)    PDF (1071KB)(256)      

    Analyzing the issue of urban women’s smoking from the perspective of life politics may shed light on the image construction of smoking women in the specific consumer culture context and the essence of their consumer identity. The mass media attempt to frame urban women smoking as “fashionable” or “sexy”, empirical data of Shanghai interviews and observations show that in the daily practice women smoke for leisure and recreation, and alleviating work anxiety or life pressure. Urban female smokers have to seek subtle balance between personal preferences and the legal, policy environment, between public expectations and the stigmatized atmosphere, eventually leading them to be thoughtful and cautious consumer citizens.

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    Living in Peace and Working in Contentment:On Factors Influencing Migrant Young Talents’ Settlement Intention in Metropolises
    Kai-ze WU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 162-175.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.014
    Abstract185)   HTML14)    PDF (981KB)(253)      

    Based on the data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2014, 2016, and 2017 (CMDS 2014, CMDS 2016, and CMDS 2017), this paper develops an attraction-repulsion model from the perspective of immigration cities, focusing on the impact of occupation type, housing type, and living cost on the settlement intention of migrant young talents in China’s metropolises. The results indicate that migrant young talents who work in an in-system unit, or are engaged in management and professional technical work are more likely to settle down. Those who own property or live in the public rental housing also have strong settlement intention, whereas living in unit’s dormitories has a significant negative impact on their settlement intention. This study also finds an inverted U-shaped correlation between housing price-income ratio and settlement intentions among migrant young talents in metropolises. The settlement intention of migrant young talents differs among cities, while the influence of occupation status and housing type remains stable, the impact of relative housing prices exhibits significant heterogeneity across cities. To conclude, living in peace and working in contentment are crucial factors influencing migrant young talents’ settlement intention, and governments should take measures to ensure affordable and stable housing for young people to retain young talents.

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    Entrepreneurial Leadership,Challenging Stress,and Employee Innovation Behavior:The Moderating Role of Team Identification
    Ling-feng YI, Teng LI, Qin LIN, Jie SONG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 143-154.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.014
    Abstract286)   HTML18)    PDF (721KB)(241)      

    Based on the job demands-resources (JDR) theoretical model, this paper conducts a questionnaire survey and analysis on employees of high-tech start-ups in the Yangtze River Delta. The results show that: (1) entrepreneurial leadership positively influences employee innovation behavior; (2) entrepreneurial leadership positively influences employee challenging stress; challenging stress positively affects employee innovation behavior; challenging stress has a significant mediating role in the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and employee innovation behavior; (3) team identification positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and employee innovation behavior. These findings enrich the empirical research on the impact mechanism of entrepreneurial leaders on employees’ innovative behavior in the context of modern China. Meanwhile, the uncovering of the intermediate effect of challenging stress and the moderating effect of team identification has provided practical insights for enterprise stress management practice.

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    Translating in Translation:On the Relationship between the Interpreters and Their Local Writers in the Late Qing Dynasty
    Huai-qing DUAN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 48-60.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.006
    Abstract103)   HTML15)    PDF (782KB)(240)      

    As the most important translation method in the Eastward transmission of Western sciences and the translation history in the late Qing Dynasty, the interpreting and writing translation model was initially mainly carried out through bilateral cooperation between foreign interpreters and local writers or assistants. This approach, on the one hand, historically reflects the specific form in the translation practice of the late Qing Dynasty, and on the other hand, it also reflects the daily practice of cross-cultural communication between China and the West at that time. In this translation mode or practice, the relationship between foreign interpreters and local writers actually forms “translating in translation”. The interpreter’s “free translation” or “interpretation” requires the writer’s “understanding” and “written transmission”, which are related to or subject to the relationship between the local writer and the interpreter. This relationship is essential to the study on the most important way of translation in the late Qing Dynasty.

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    Language Planning for an Age-friendly Society in the Construction of Information Accessibility Society
    Qi SHEN, Jun-yi GU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 54-62.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.005
    Abstract130)   HTML16)    PDF (843KB)(239)      

    In the context of a rapidly aging population and advancing digital construction, ensuring the sharing of digital life for the elderly is an important symbol of adhering to the positive view of aging and highlighting the construction of national spiritual civilization. Based on the four main types of elderly language problems, this paper makes a content framework for the age-friendly language services in the construction of the digital society, and puts forward the implementation path from the three levels of “resource integration”, “service orientation”, and “information support”. In this way, we expect to provide reference for the age-friendly language services planning and construction.

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    Between Life and Death,Disaster and Ritual:A Case Study of May 12th Wenchuan Earthquake
    Xi ZHANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 111-118.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.010
    Abstract105)   HTML9)    PDF (821KB)(230)      

    Behind the successful “Wenchuan experience” of post-disaster reconstruction, it still takes time to heal the spiritual and psychological trauma to the community in the disaster area due to the huge number of people killed by the disaster, and many rituals still maintain the original social relationships between the living and the dead. However, due to the centralized burial of the victims’ bodies and the local sealing of the victims, the original dialogue relationship between the living and the dead that can be completed by graveyards and tombstones cannot be established, so the non-religious mourning and memorial ceremonies of the victims in the regional community are strengthened, and therefore the re-discussion of various memorial ceremonies for the victims has become very important.

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    The Dual Dimensions of Mechanism and Value:Research Progress and Prospects of Population Spatial Equilibrium
    Chen CHENG, Jin-hong DING, Gao-xiang GU, Yang TIAN
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (6): 93-104.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.06.009
    Abstract53)   HTML4)    PDF (832KB)(222)      

    To focus on population spatial equilibrium is to simplify the complexity of population equilibrium according to the outstanding problems in China’s population equilibrium development at the present stage. This study mainly includes the following factors: the population spatial equilibrium from the perspective of the market factors of macroeconomics, the equilibrium of social and economic structure, the spatial equilibrium of population and other factors under the influence of the regulation of natural geographic space, and the population spatial equilibrium of the residential system in the process of urbanization. The spatial equilibrium of population in Chinese context is discussed from the value dimension. This paper also discusses the practical exploration of population spatial equilibrium in China from the aspects of main problems, cause analysis, definition and measurement methods of population spatial equilibrium development in China and other regions. The future study of population spatial equilibrium should return to the essence of equilibrium, and make a scientific and academic exploration of this concept with strong application value from the micro-individual migration behavior. New research methods and analytical tools should be introduced to construct scientific evaluation criteria of population spatial equilibrium. A bridge should be built between the two discourse systems of value and mechanism, and a comprehensive concept of population spatial balance should be established that can link these two dimensions.

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    How Modern Individuals Can Be Mutually Sympathetic:Hume and Rousseau on Sympathy
    Pei-tao JIA
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 38-47.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.005
    Abstract165)   HTML18)    PDF (812KB)(204)      

    In the discussion about how the self and others can coexist harmoniously, Hume and Rousseau provide two internally consistent and synergistic conceptions of sympathy. As typical modern theorists, their focus on sympathy and their common emphasis on moral sentiments reflect modern ethical life’s introspective exploration of humanity and morality and affirmation of everyday life. Starting from this common problem awareness, these two secular and equalized sympathy views emphasize the modern human’s ability to exert the power of moral emotions based on the natural construct of the mind, maintain the natural virtues of sympathy, and adhere to a universalism-inspired sympathetic attitude beyond positions and interests, focusing on the care of humankind. Furthermore, in terms of specific sympathy mechanism, Hume’s sympathy embodies “fellow-feeling” for all the feelings of pleasure and pain, praise and blame, while Rousseau’s sympathy embodies “putting oneself in the other’s shoes” in the face of others’ pain; the former underlines a dispassionate and compassionate observation of sorrow, while the latter emphasizes a passionate self-concerned action, which jointly leads to the issue of justice. Contemporary interpreters need to distinguish between the transformative implications of these two sympathy views and explore how to use sympathy to improve society.

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    Structure Dimensions and Model Construction of Internet Platform Enterprises’ Social Responsibility:An Exploratory Research based on the Rooting Theory
    Gui-sun CHENG, Zhong-cheng ZHANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 155-168.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.015
    Abstract275)   HTML24)    PDF (1147KB)(197)      

    With the rapid development of China’s Internet platform enterprises, the resulting problem of lack of social responsibility and governance of platform enterprises has become a social focus issue, and the key to solving this problem lies in fundamentally clarifying the structural dimensions and boundaries of social responsibility of Internet platform enterprises. Based on the social responsibility reports released by 12 local Internet platform enterprises, such as Alibaba, DDT and Meituan, this paper uses Nvivo 12.0 software to conduct open coding, spindle coding and selective coding on the original data, and takes advantage of the rooting theory analysis method to inductively extract the social responsibility of China’s internet platform enterprises. The results show that China’s internet platform enterprises’ social responsibility contains nine structural dimensions, namely, economic responsibility, political responsibility, legal responsibility, environmental responsibility, employee responsibility, user responsibility, partner responsibility, charity and public welfare responsibility, and industry ecological responsibility. Based on these dimensions, a pyramid model of internet platform enterprises’ social responsibility is constructed from the perspective of responsibility to stakeholders. The model contains three main levels, that is, bottom-line social responsibility, safeguarding social responsibility, and expectation social responsibility. This provides a new theoretical basis for further research and definition of the structural dimensions and system of social responsibility of internet platform enterprises. It also provides a theoretical reference for internet platform enterprises to improve their social responsibility system in practice.

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    The Dialogue between Analytic Theory of Knowledge and Kuki’s Philosophy:Focusing on “Contingency”
    Ying-jin XU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 13-25.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.002
    Abstract114)   HTML64)    PDF (996KB)(194)      

    According to the mainstream of analytic theory of knowledge, subjects must acquire genuine knowledge without substantially appealing to luck in order to ensure that knowledge acquired is “safe” enough. In this sense, the preclusion of contingency has become a main feature of analytic theory of knowledge. In contrast, Kuki Shūzō, a philosopher of the Kyoto School, re-assesses the status of contingency in the constitution of knowledge in his theory of contingency. He identifies three layers of contingency: categorical contingency on the top, hypothetical contingency in the middle, and the disjunctive contingency on the deepest level. In Kuki, though the first two types of contingency can be reduced to necessities of this or that sort, such reduction cannot be successfully applied to disjunctive contingency, which has a metaphysical significance in Kuki’s system. Kuki’s theory would help us to re-assess the famous “fake barn case”, which frequently appears in epistemological literature, as well as Prichard’s definition of “epistemic safety”, and thereby reveals the difficulty of defining “safety” in a contingency-free manner.

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    A New Examination of the Needham Puzzle:Any Other Prerequisites for the Birth of Science?
    Xiao-nong ZHU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 37-53.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.004
    Abstract174)   HTML10)    PDF (986KB)(194)      

    In his previous paper on the Needham Puzzle in 2015, the author offered a conclusion that science could not originate spontaneously in China due to the lack of logic and the subject-predicate structure in antient Chinese sentences. This paper further explores the following issue: Are there any other prerequisites for the birth of science? The answer is uniformitarianism and positivism. The generation of uniformitarianism is in high correlation with the necessity of subject in a sentence. Positivism did exist in the practice in Chinese history, but it was absent in epistemology. In this way, this paper argues for three prerequisites for the emergence of science: uniformitarianism, logic and positivism. Moreover, why science did not emerge in Indian, Arabic, native American and other cultures? The reason is that they lack one or more of the three prerequisites for science. The Needham Puzzle is asked in a negative form for a specific phenomenon, i.e., “Why did something not emerge in somewhere?” This tends to induce ad hoc hypotheses. The question should be asked in an affirmative form: “What are the general conditions for the emergence of something?” Only this question will lead to scientific research.

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    SARS and Pandemic Studies:Five Critical Perspectives
    Chun-chun WANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (4): 119-128.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.04.011
    Abstract126)   HTML7)    PDF (756KB)(190)      

    As the first pandemic in the 21st century, SARS has been an ongoing focus for both life sciences and social sciences. It offers a privileged case study to investigate both the long-term social memory of past pandemics as well as the hiatus dividing collective narratives from the individuals’ everyday experiences. Based on a systematic literature review of studies devoted to the social impact of SARS, this paper identifies five major perspectives that have shaped the attempt to theorize SARS in social sciences: a critique on modernity and governmentality, stigmatization and everyday life, the pandemic as an event, the pandemic as a source of individual experiences and memories, and social sciences as action. All of these constitute the whole image of narratives about the pandemic. Taking SARS as a fundamental case, this paper aims to construct a theoretical and experiential framework for future research on pandemic studies.

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    The Influence of Cultural Equity,Brand-Nation Connection and Perceived Brand Globality on Brand Attitudes
    Jia-xun HE, Jing-yi HU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 118-133.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.012
    Abstract121)   HTML6)    PDF (881KB)(186)      

    In the context of brand globalization and anti-globalization, taking Chinese consumers’ attitudes towards Japanese brands as the research object, we empirically analyze the influence mechanism of cultural equity, brand-nation connection on brand attitudes through the perceived brand globality. The results show that cultural equity have a significant positive impact on consumer brand attitudes through the variable from nation association to brand. In addition, cultural equity also positively affects the perceived brand globality through the variable from brand association to nation, and then influences consumer brand attitudes. The above results theoretically promote the research on the mechanism of brand-nation connection. In practice, it has direct strategic enlightenment for Chinese leading enterprises in how to carry out brand construction under the new “double circular” development pattern, that is, to develop into a strong brand with national status, and further realize brand globalization on this basis. The establishment of national brand status can be achieved by inheriting and developing excellent traditional Chinese culture, making it the cultural equity of the brand, and actively promoting the strength of brand-nation connection.

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    Sou Shen Ji and the Narratives of Disasters and Alchemy in “Official History”
    Qing-hua WANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 48-56.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.006
    Abstract107)   HTML5)    PDF (723KB)(185)      

    By analyzing the similarities, connections, and intertextuality between Sou Shen Ji and related text genres, we can resort the historical and cultural context and grasp the textual ofSou Shen Ji. When Sou Shen Ji was written, it summarized the narrative traditions and writing modes of official history, miscellaneous biographies, works of ancient philosophers, and novels, forming a diversified text nature. Sou Shen Ji and “official history” collected materials from each other, which concentrate in the Record of Five Elements and the Biography of Alchemists, typically reflecting the disaster narratives system and the writing mode of alchemy. It was related to the mainstream ideology of catastrophe theory and the study of mathematics and alchemist activities. With the development of the theory of catastrophe, numerology culture and “official history”, people in the Song Dynasty began to regard Sou Shen Ji as a novel of ghost stories that was separate from political culture.

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    A New “Brand” Story:On Value Creation Mechanism in the Rapid Internationalization Process of Digital Enterprises
    Hui XU, Yi SUN, Qi ZHOU, Xin-yu ZHU
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (5): 134-153.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.05.013
    Abstract213)   HTML9)    PDF (1419KB)(184)      

    In the process of rapidly expanding into the international market, digital enterprises have shaped competitive advantages in the global market by forming unique value creation methods, narrating a brand-new corporate story. This article focuses on the rapid internationalization process of social digital enterprise “TikTok” and transactional digital enterprise “Shein”, and explores the value creation mechanism of digital enterprises from the perspective of LLL theory. It shows that firstly, connectivity is a key entry point for digital enterprises to quickly expand into international markets, forming a prerequisite for value creation. The differentiation of business attributes determines the goals and types of connectivity. Social digital enterprises are centered around relational connectivity, while transactional digital enterprises are centered around resource connectivity. Secondly, different types of connectivity affect the logic of value creation actions in digital enterprises. Among them, digital enterprises with relational connections as the entry point are based on the “leverage learning” action logic of massive user participation, with a focus on attracting overseas users to interact and participate, forming scalable digital relationships, and shaping a diverse value network; the digital enterprise that takes resource connectivity as the entry point is based on the “learning leverage” action logic of platform model innovation, with a focus on upgrading platform models through experiential learning, which can support the implementation of composite leverage strategies and achieve simple innovation value creation. The theoretical framework ultimately formed in this article can contribute to the theoretical gap caused by insufficient exploration of value creation paths in the rapid internationalization process of digital enterprises in existing literature, and further extend the application scope of LLL theory.

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    The Inheritance and Transformation of ZHANG Tai-yan’s View of Literary Language by the May 4th Literary Revolution
    Xiao-hui WANG
    Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)    2023, 55 (3): 61-73.   DOI: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.03.007
    Abstract81)   HTML17)    PDF (1065KB)(181)      

    The popular “ancient vernacular” thinking during the May 4th Literary Revolution absolutized and universalized the phenomenon of “the unity of spoken and written languages” in the developmental history of Chinese language mentioned by ZHANG Tai-yan, resulting in forcibly transforming some classical Chinese works into “ancient vernacular”, which deviates from ZHANG’s vernacular thinking based on philology. At the same time, the “the style of abolishing allusions”, “the view of applied literature” and “the debate strategy of deeply grasping errors in writing” in new literature learned from ZHANG’s view of “natural and unadorned writing”, but discarded the fundamentals of textual research in his doctrine. When the May 4TH literary revolution transformed ZHANG’s view of literary Language, ZHANG also pondered over the literary revolution, emphasizing the dependence of vernacular on classical Chinese and showing the difficulty in “the unity of spoken and written languages”.

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