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15 July 2016, Volume 48 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Broken Mirror Joined Together: the Sino -DPRK Relations during 1965-1969 SHEN Zhi-Hua 2016, 48 (4):  1-14.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００１ Abstract ( 618 )   HTML ( 287 )   PDF (2506KB) ( 1254 )   Save Brezhnev adjusted domestic and foreign policies, and strengthened economic and military assistance to DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) after he took office, so Kim Il-sung relaxed his attitude towards Soviet Union. Later, the “Cultural Revolution” broke out in China and the ultra-left foreign policy criticized the Workers’ Party of Korea as revisionism. Meanwhile, the Red Guards and rebels made a series of conflicts on the border between China and North Korea. This infuriated Kim Il-sung and the Sino-DPRK relations reached rock bottom. However, Mao Ze-dong himself never criticized DPRK and Kim Il-sung did not want to deteriorate the relation with China. Under the sudden tension on Korean Peninsula during 1968-1969, the U.S. adopted tough policies towards DPRK. Hence, DPRK needed strong support from China. Meanwhile, with the armed conflict on Zhen-bao Island which turned the Sino-Soviet relations into the ice point, China intended to eliminate the tensions with neighboring countries and urged to repair its relations with DPRK. Choe Yong-gon received an invitation to visit China unexpectedly on September 30, 1969 and appeared at Tiananmen Rostrum afterwards. China and DPRK gradually resumed friendly relations. However, the disputes between China and DPRK were just postponed rather than solved. Related Articles | Metrics

文学研究

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From YAN Zi-ling to HUANG Gong-wang: The Cultural Images of Fu-chun River as well as the Prehistory and Connotation of the Painting of Dwelling in the Fu-chun Mountains HU Xiao-Ming 2016, 48 (4):  15-28.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００２ Abstract ( 339 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (13913KB) ( 698 )   Save Why did HUANG Gong-wang paint Fu-chun River? Why did the painting of Dwelling in the Fu-chun Mountains take up so many years? According to HUANG Gong-wang’s another annotation written in the same period, the connotation of “Fu-chun River” in HUANG’s mind is related to the tradition of poetry. From the two important collected literary works, that is, The Collected Works of Yanling in the Song Dynasty and The Collected Works of Diaotai in the Ming Dynasty, we can see that the legend about the eminent person YAN Zi-ling starting from the East Han Dynasty became the long-lasting core value in the writings of Fu-chun River, the landscape literature represented by XIE Ling-yun, SHEN Yue, MENG Hao-ran and LI Bai condensed images, established traditions and created the “textual landscape”, which triggered later generations’ enriched discourse seeking for truth in beauty and embodying principles in poetry, and FAN Zhong-yan’s new statements about YAN Zi-ling represented the self-consciousness of the moral subject and the understanding of landscape from a perspective of Neo-Confucianism. In the new situation of being ruled by aliens, HUNAG Gong-wang provided a new interpretation of the image of Fu-chun River with his masterpiece: with the dissolution of the ethical subject, scholars and literati’s traditional anxiety of getting along with rulers was transformed into the new issue of their getting along with themselves and the universe. With the discard of rulers and scholars and literati on the one hand and the dissolution of self and others on the other, the image of Funchun River achieves a super realm of Dao. It is not the point whether HUANG’s painting is really about YAN Zi-ling; rather, it is the spiritual similarity between the painting of Dwelling and YAN Zi-ling, i.e., Dao’s being more significant than worldly power, that secure the honor and dignity of scholars and literati. In this way, we can understand better the value of the painting of Dwelling in the cultural history of China, and it is also in this way that we can see the intellectual connotation of literature and art. Related Articles | Metrics

城镇化与城市发展

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The Settlement Willingness of New Generation of Migrant Workers in the Third- and Fourth-tier Cities as well as Its Influential Elements: Base on the Data from Dynamic Monitoring of the Floating Population in Yangtze River Delta WANG Wei & CHEN Jie & AI Wei-yi 2016, 48 (4):  30-37.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００３ Abstract ( 192 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1483KB) ( 545 )   Save The urbanization of migrant workers is key to China’s social transformation from traditional agricultural society to modern urban society. To explore how personality, economic and professional mobility features, housing and social security, urban features and other elements influence new generation of migrant workers’ willingness to settle in the third- and fourth-tier cities of China, this paper makes cross-tabulation comparison and applies logistic regression model based on the micro-level data from the 2014 Dynamic Monitoring of the Floating Population in Yangtze River Delta, which is compiled by the NHFPC (National Health and Family Planning Committee) of the PRC. The result shows that: married migrants, aged 28 to 35 years old, with decent wages and business foundation, already owning homes and supported by social security to some extent, are more willing to settle in the local cities; industrial structure in the third- and fourth-tier cities of Yangtze River Delta is not attractive enough to trans-provincial migrants; domestic urban division system has made the new generation of migrant workers reluctant to settle in small cities. These findings will provide a new perspective to understand how government shall guide the new generation of migrant workers to settle in the third- and fourth-tier cities and help them realize their “urban dreams”. Related Articles | Metrics

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Rental Housing and Urban Settlement Willingness of Migrant Workers: Based on Empirical Study of Shanghai HU Jin-Xing,ZHU Xi,GONG Yun-Long 2016, 48 (4):  38-45.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００４ Abstract ( 201 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1483KB) ( 689 )   Save Rental housing is the main way to meet the housing needs of migrant workers in the new urbanization process. In Shanghai, migrant workers solve the housing problem through market rental housing and affordable rental housing. These two types of rental housing are totally different in principal investors, rental housing management, tenants, rent pricing, location and government support. The statistical analysis based on the dual logistic regression model shows that rental housing has a significant impact on migrant workers’ willingness to stay in the city. Specifically, many factors such as educational level, the time in the city, the stability of housing, the rental housing conditions and the satisfaction perceived on the commuting time significantly influence their settlement willingness. This suggests that in order to promote migrant workers’ willingness to settle in urban areas, the government shall increase investment on the education and training of migrant workers, give more policy support to the migrant workers who live long time in the city, ensure the stability of the rental housing lease, make rental housing facilities and service standards, improve the ability of rational planning on the affordable rental housing location and improve the management level of affordable rental housing. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Factors Influencing Housing Choice of the New Generation of Migrant Workers: An Empirical Test Based on CGSS Data LONG Cui-Hong,CHEN Peng 2016, 48 (4):  46-54.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００５ Abstract ( 148 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1519KB) ( 1012 )   Save This paper analyzes the housing sources and housing quality of the new generation of migrant workers in their service sites through the General Social Survey data (CGSS2013). Based on the ordered logistic model and multinomial logistic model, this paper also examines the influential factors of housing choice of the new generation of migrant workers. The result shows that women and people with higher education prefer to live in a community with good quality, and the element of age has a positive influence on house purchasing and renting. Also, the new generation of migrant workers whose children are migrated together are more likely to settle in their service sites and buy the houses with high quality. Social endowment insurance, which can help workers resist the risks of uncertainty, is positive to housing choice. The new generation of migrant workers is more likely to buy or rent houses in their service sites if they have better occupations. Therefore, promoting the reform of the household registration system, perfecting the social security system of pension, education and medical treatment, and realizing the urban-rural integration of housing security gradually – all these practices will help to effectively solve housing problems of the new generation of migrant workers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transaction Cost, Urban Development and the Adjustments of New Townspeople Housing System SUN Bin-Yi 2016, 48 (4):  55-61.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００６ Abstract ( 83 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1255KB) ( 635 )   Save When materials and population, especially new townspeople with different institutional brands, are centralized in the given space in a city, the agglomeration of interaction is increasing day by day. With the deepening scope of transaction and the increasing transaction frequency, urban transaction cost has been changed and all kinds of urban problems arise. One of the problems that become more and more serious is the new townspeople housing problem. Appropriate internal and external institutions, which reduce urban transaction cost, can have positive incentives to the new townspeople and encourage various forms of innovation with trial and error. It will effectively solve housing problems of new townspeople and promote the healthy development of the city to reform rural land ownership, reform household registration system, let go lending restrictions on all kinds of financial institutions, cancel all types of business, employment restrictions, cancel various housing market conditions and make other system adjustments. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Solution to Migrant Workers’ Housing Problem: Its Precondition and Basic Way MENG Xing 2016, 48 (4):  62-66.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００７ Abstract ( 104 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (911KB) ( 736 )   Save It has drawn a heated discussion that the central government suggests solving the problem of real estate inventory in the third- and fourth-tier cities through the citizenization of migrant workers. The government focuses on the housing problem of migrant workers mainly from the perspectives of the implementation of the new urbanization strategy, the decline in economic growth and the imbalance of real estate market. To solve migrant workers’ housing problem and expand domestic housing demand through migrant workers’ house-purchase, it is required to diversify property income channels of migrant workers, which will help to strengthen their purchase willingness and purchase capacity. Consequently, the basic way to solve migrant workers’ housing problem lies in the marketization of rural housing and residential land and the deepening housing system reform which aims to improve migrant workers’ income and housing condition. Related Articles | Metrics

地方史研究

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Fishery and Salt Resources and the Livelihood of People in the Coastal Region in Medieval China LU Xi-qi & SONG Xiang 2016, 48 (4):  67-80.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００８ Abstract ( 181 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3024KB) ( 857 )   Save The fishery and salt are people’s main living resources in the coastal region. The fishery and salt resources and the utilization of them during the Middle Ages was mainly in coastal waters and regions located in the Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay, Haizhou Bay, the Yangtze River Estuary, Hangzhou Bay, the gulfs belong to Zhejiang and Fujian, as well as the Pearl River Estuary and the Northern Gulf. Such distribution pattern, of course, was restricted by the distribution pattern of the fishery and salt resources on Chinese coast, but the more important reason was that the exploitation and utilization of fishery and salt resources must be linked to the national transportation network. The economy of coastal region based on exploiting and using the fishery and salt resources was not self-sufficient and suffered from structural shortage, so it must obtain food and other daily necessities from the external environment by means of trade and others. The lack of self-sufficiency contributed to the important feature of the economic openness in the coastal region. At the same time, the production of fishery and salt resources required a strong technical condition, particular productive tools and cooperation with different industries, and consequently the inter-dependency of different peoples in the coastal region was reinforced. Therefore, the economy in the coastal region was characterized by the communication in the coastal region, the communication between the coastal region and the external environment and the necessity of trade. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Writing of Chaste Females, Female Virtues Discipline and Local Order: A Case Study of Yueqing County Annals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties LI Shi-Zhong 2016, 48 (4):  81-91.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．００９ Abstract ( 111 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2759KB) ( 1142 )   Save Examining the differences in content and narrative strategies in various versions of the Biographies of Chaste Females in Yueqing County Annals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties as the core material, this paper attempts to analyze the transformation of the connotations of female virtues and the gentry’s intentions about female virtues discipline in different times. There are three conclusions. Firstly, since the middle Qing Dynasty, there had been a trend of diversification in the connotation construction of female virtues: besides the “loyalty and chaste”, which was the only orientation in the Ming Dynasty, “virtuous mothers” such as OUYANG Xiu’s mother with “Di training” were included in the middle Qing Dynasty, and “talented women” in the late Qing Dynasty. Thus, it is necessary to rethink the dominant understanding in the academic circle that the connotation of female virtues tended to be “narrowed down” towards the single orientation of the “loyalty and chaste” after the Ming Dynasty. Secondly, two phenomena in the construction of female virtues since the middle Ming Dynasty, that is, advocating virtuous mothers and criticizing the women who were addicted to Buddhist and Taoist beliefs and adopted children from a different clan, have to be understood in the context of social environment. Thirdly, female virtues discipline did have its practical concern since the writing of chaste females played an important role in maintaining social, political and cultural order in local society. Since the New Culture Movement, we have been used to attacking the concept of chastity merely at ethical level and consequently failed to explore its material foundation and explain why the ancient people in general advocated female virtues. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Establishment of Binxing Funds and the Power Expansion of the Lower Gentry in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty: A Case Study of Wenzhou CHEN Ming-Hua 2016, 48 (4):  92-100.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１０ Abstract ( 134 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2309KB) ( 805 )   Save The Binxing ( with the literal meaning of talent selection) Funds, which imbursed the trips to the imperial examination at the provincial level were largely established in the form of civil financing in Wenzhou during the reign of Emperor Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty. A system of Binxing Funds had come into being at the level of town and county before the imperial examination was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty. Some lower gentry got a chance to take part in local public affairs by collecting donations of Binxing Funds and engaging in their daily management. They also won the real control of the funds. Educational public property represented by Binxing Funds served as governable resources for the gentry in handling local affairs and provided a material base for them to get power, which was well demonstrated in resisting the attack of Jinqian Association during Taiping Movement. After Taiping Movement, with the expansion of Binxing Funds to towns, more lower gentry took part in donation collecting and management, which brought convenience to their active participation in local social administrations afterwards. Related Articles | Metrics

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“Dragging Kerosene Tanks”: The Ritual and Politics of Rice Riots and in Wenzhou in Modern Times FENG Xiao-cai 2016, 48 (4):  101.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１１ Abstract ( 146 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (3011KB) ( 976 )   Save “Dragging kerosene tanks” was a ritual in the rice riots happened in Wenzhou between the late Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republic of China. Hoping to solve the food shortage, the protesters used this ritual to promote the strike and bring pressure to the government, gentry and food merchants. The rice riots were closely related to the decline of the system of selling rice in turn, the charge of “sea leaking” and food purchase pressure, and meanwhile were entangled with the struggles of different political powers in modern Wenzhou. The local government’s coping of the riots reflected the change of administration and that of the relationship between the official and the civil. In 1940s, the food policy adopted by the Kuomintang government was quite different from previous policies. With the strengthening of grain tax, rice riots happened more and more frequently and they became more and more organized and politicalized, so that “dragging kerosene tanks” was finally prohibited by the authorities. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Discovery of “Folklore Study” in China: The History of a Concept WANG Xiao-kui 2016, 48 (4):  114.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１２ Abstract ( 119 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1691KB) ( 841 )   Save As the embodiment of “the native” in the construction of nationalism, “folk custom” and “folklore study” have played an important role in the nationalist discourse in modern China. By analyzing the formation process of the two concepts in the context of the cultural theory of nation-state construction, we can understand better China’s folklore study as a discipline and the problems in its development. The cases of the development of international folklore tell us that intellectual elites in nation-states discover folk cultural resources which maintain the identity of nation-states from their own cultural traditions and search for the source of power to promote nation-states. As for the construction of China’s folklore study, “folklore study” as a “new study of Chinese ancient civilization” is also a product of construction instead of a transcendental being. Moreover, “folk custom” in the context of protecting intangible cultural heritage today has been reconstructing too. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Possible Promising Future of Quyi in the Technological World YUE Yong-yi 2016, 48 (4):  122.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１３ Abstract ( 109 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1587KB) ( 775 )   Save In the technological world dominated by science and technology, art that can be mechanically duplicated and that lays emphasize on forms and technology are prevailing. Meanwhile, warm Chinese characters festivals and cold number festivals coexist. However, quyi (Chinese folk art forms) that originally connects Chinese rural life and festivals is forced to detach itself from the original rural context and present itself on stage and be videoed, which has both advantages and disadvantages. Facing the pressure from the technological world and the inducement of mechanically duplicated art, quyi shall solidify its foundation with an open mind, adhere to the spirit of serving neighborhood and paying attention to ordinary people, and respect its audiences and itself as well. In this way, quyi will renew itself rather than degenerate in urban China based on the technological world. Related Articles | Metrics

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Language and Resistance under the Dome of Internet: A Case Study of “Feeding the People Smog” LI Ming-jie 2016, 48 (4):  130.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１４ Abstract ( 174 )   HTML ( 16 )   Save Both urban and rural areas in China have suffered a lot from smog in recent years. Catchphrases of smog as popular expressions in the virtual public sphere have not only spread public sentiments at multi-levels, but also construct public’s social memories of current China with “covert text” as a “language for resistance”. Following the tradition traced back to the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, catchphrases of smog represented by “feeding the people smog” are typical examples of the “weapons of the weak”, which shall be treated seriously. A study of this linguistic fact as well as cultural phenomenon is conducive to our understanding of the variation and development of the folk motif “language and resistance” in the internet age on the one hand, and the social transformation in current China and the folk basis of ideology on the other. Related Articles | Metrics

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Lanzhou Drum: The Inheritance and Predicament of Folk Art as Intangible Cultural Heritage YANG Yang & CHEN Qin-jian 2016, 48 (4):  138-144.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１５ Abstract ( 193 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1450KB) ( 697 )   Save Lanzhou Drum is one of the national intangible cultural heritages. In recent years lots of scholars have studied Lanzhou Drum from the perspectives of its history, the types of performance, music structure, lyric aesthetics, master-apprentice relationship, protection and development as well as government activities. However, in order to improve the dangerous living condition of this traditional art, it is important not only to sort old tracks, but also to grasp the regularity of evolution and inheritance of folk oral literature. Related Articles | Metrics

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From “Theoretically Studying Literature” to “Literarily Theorizing” LIU Yang 2016, 48 (4):  145-153.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１６ Abstract ( 164 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1745KB) ( 627 )   Save “Theoretically Studying literature” is the primary paradigm of literary theory that has been developed since 1960s in the West and influenced China. However, it has been more and more clear that it has the limit of deviating literature in literary interpretation by force and following the track of grand narrative. As a new paradigm in the international academic frontier, “literarily theorizing” will help to overcome the limit and promote the study of literary theory. Historically speaking, while “literature” in a narrow sense is a subject developed since the 18th century, which takes pure literature as its content, the original meaning of “literature” is a creative activity of language, which has been deepened from the perspective of modern theory of language and integrated into theories of humanities and social sciences as a living thinking way. Logically speaking, “literarily theorizing” is to develop what is useful and discard what is not in Chinese classical poetry criticism characterized by taste orientation and inspired thoughts on the one hand and to sublate modern ontological poetics that still presupposes fundamental power on the other. Methodologically speaking, while literary signifier integrated in theory includes unfamiliar details, cases and narratives, literary signified integrated in theory, which is brought out by signifier, overcomes speculative meta-narratives with implications on the one hand and emancipating meta-narratives with imagination and sympathy on the other. What is significant is that “literarily theorizing” can help us go out of the dual predicaments of literary crisis and reluctant interpretation with theory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Modern Literary Field on Traditional Bookstores: A Case Study of the Novel Sale on Consignment in Saoyeshanfang Bookstore WEN Juan 2016, 48 (4):  154-160.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１７ Abstract ( 107 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1441KB) ( 745 )   Save As a traditional bookstore in modern Shanghai, Saoyeshanfang Bookstore published over a hundred novels, whose subjects were relatively monotonous. Some of them emphasized folk and tradition and others followed its publishing purpose of “publishing rare works to benefit the academic circle”. However, the subjects of the novels that the bookstore sold on consignment were various and diverse. Especially after the establishment of the Republic of China, the bookstore started to sell on consignment muckraking novels and martial arts novels respectively in their prosperity. Moreover, the consignment of dramatic fictions and novel scripts was more market-oriented. The convergence with the trend of the times in the novel sale on consignment reflected traditional bookstores’ transmission and adjustment under the influence of modern literature field. It also reflected the blending and symbiosis between traditional bookstores in the literary field and the trend of the times outside the literary field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reveries of a Solitary Walker: On SHEN Cong-wen’s Travel Notes during His Stay in Kunming CHEN Yi-hua 2016, 48 (4):  161-166.  doi: １０．１６３８２／ ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．１０００-５５７９．２０１６．０４．０１８ Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1236KB) ( 637 )   Save In modern history of Chinese travel literature, SHEN Cong-wen’s travel notes are unique and characteristic. Compared with his travelogue in Xiangxi, the notes during his stay in Kunming are rarely discussed. In a homeless predicament, SHEN’s travel notes in this period include not only rich and vibrant elaboration of “the concrete”, but also the super organic thought of “the abstract”. Hence they create an aesthetic realm characterized by the fusion of poetry and philosophy. In the contact with nature and struggles in life, SHEN gradually got out of difficulties and finally committed himself to the divinity of life. His experience of the ontological exploration of life reveals the possible depth and altitude of modern travel notes. Related Articles | Metrics