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    15 March 2026, Volume 58 Issue 2 Previous Issue   
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    The Emperor’s Smiles:The Expression Politics of Emperor Zhezong in the Song Dynasty
    Minsheng Cheng
    2026, 58 (2):  1-12.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.001
    Abstract ( 66 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (778KB) ( 48 )   Save

    Emperor Zhezong in the Song Dynasty smiled a lot, with 41 cases of smiles in the historical records during his 15-year-reign. Moreover, all the cases were recorded in his six years of independent rule during Shaosheng and Yuanfu periods, with an average of 6.8 cases per year, which was the highest among the emperors in the Song Dynasty. Zhezong was unsmiling by nature, but he smiled more at the ministers around him, which was obviously required by “ruling the world with scholar-officials”. The emperor’s smiles can be roughly divided into approval smiles, refusal smiles, appeasement smiles, compound smiles, confident and proud smiles, ambiguous smiles, joyful smiles and sarcastic smiles. Among them, the smiles of approval are the most, followed by the smiles of refusal, which shows that the growth process of the young emperor is highly dependent on the assistance of ministers. Emperor Zhezong got along with his ministers with smiles, endorsed or rejected the ministers’ opinions with smiles, which was actually the expression embodiment and proof of the Emperor’s belief of “ruling the world with scholar-officials” in the Song Dynasty. This shows the wisdom of the flexible operation of monarchical power, and to some extent, it could be regarded as the soft power of the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, providing an interesting reference sample for examining the diversity of ancient political culture in China.

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    Revisiting Zhang Taiyan’s Theory of “Truth Seeking” and “Practical Application”
    Rui Wang
    2026, 58 (2):  13-22.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.002
    Abstract ( 15 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (774KB) ( 12 )   Save

    During the wave of revolution in the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Taiyan, known as “a revolutionary with profound learning”, explicitly advocated that scholarship should be fundamentally oriented toward “truth seeking” rather than “practical application”. This stance directly targeted Kang Youwei’s theory of “applying classical studies to practical purposes”, which used New Text Confucianism to endorse the Qing court’s reform efforts. However, Zhang Taiyan held a broader and deeper understanding of “practical application”. He emphasized the significance of historical research in inspiring nationalism and patriotic sentiment, and he deeply concerned himself with social morality, the evolution of customs, and the rights and interests of the common people, viewing these as crucial to China’s future development. Thus, he vigorously praised the scholarship that contributed to enhancing public virtue and served the interests of the common people. In Zhang’s theory, “truth seeking” and “practical application” are not simply opposed to each other; on the contrary, they are intricately interwoven with each other in the context of his political practice of anti-Qing revolution and his profound reflections on the future of Chinese culture and society. This reflects his unique path as “a revolutionary with profound learning” in combining academic truth-seeking with social transformation.

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    On Feng Qi’s Philosophy of Language
    Chuanhua Peng, Hehua Lin
    2026, 58 (2):  23-35.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.003
    Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (663KB) ( 6 )   Save

    Within his “doctrine of wisdom” and from the perspective of a broad epistemology, Feng Qi’s philosophy of language systematically explores the nature, characteristics, and functions of language, as well as its relationship to thought and reality, and offers a creative response to the issue of how to express the ineffable. Integrating Jin Yuelin’s instrumentalism of language with the Marxist view of practice, Feng emphasizes the cognitive function of language by both describing and prescribing the given. He also stresses its nature as a material, historical, and social practice of humankind. Regarding the relationship between language and thought, he distinguishes theoretical thinking from imaginative thinking, revealing the dual role of language in abstract expression and flavor transmission. On the relationship between language and reality, he maintains a materialist stance, asserting that language, as the material form of thought, indirectly reflects objective reality. Concerning the ineffable, Feng advances both “mysterious speech” characterized by the combination of manifestation and concealment and “dialectical synthesis” as the modes of expression, thereby inheriting and further developing ideas from Jin Yuelin and traditional Chinese philosophy. His theoretical contribution lies in bridging philosophical resources from both Chinese and Western traditions, enriching the intellectual connotations of Chinese philosophy of language while bearing significance for world philosophy. Nonetheless, his thought exhibits certain limitations, such as insufficient attention to the practical dimension of linguistic expression.

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    Multiple Representations of Facts:Theoretical Challenges and Contemporary Developments of Jin Yuelin and Feng Qi’s Views on Facts
    Kai Ruan
    2026, 58 (2):  36-45.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.004
    Abstract ( 9 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (604KB) ( 6 )   Save

    The theory of knowledge is devoted to reflecting reflect on the fundamental issues of human knowledge, while scientific knowledge is the representative form of human knowledge. Jin Yuelin and Feng Qi’s theory of knowledge not only demonstrates a sustained engagement with the scientific practices of their time, but also provides original Chinese philosophical resources for understanding human knowledge. In their theory of knowledge, the examination of facts occupies a central position. As human cognitive methods and scientific practices have evolved, however, their views on facts faces new theoretical challenges, particularly in three following aspects: the relation between fact and cognition, the relation between fact and theory, and the new epistemological issues due to the involvement of AI in fact finding. To address these challenges, this paper reexamines the theoretical significance of Jin Yuelin’s distinction between the object and the content of knowledge. By distinguishing objectively existing fact from cognitively processed fact, it proposes a conception of fact as multiple representations. This work will not only show the theoretical value of Jin and Feng’s theory of knowledge, but also serve as an example to promote the contemporary development of their theory.

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    On the Poetic Quality of Feng Qi’s Philosophy
    Ling Ye
    2026, 58 (2):  46-57.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.005
    Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (677KB) ( 6 )   Save

    Feng Qi’s philosophy is imbued with a rich poetic quality. First, Feng Qi claims that “reason is not a dry light”, which theoretically endows wisdom with concreteness and reason with poetic color. Second, the ideal personality he advocates, namely the ordinary free individual, is poetic sine it aims to integrate rational and irrational factors, unify cognition, emotions and will, and combine truth, goodness and beauty. Third, poetic feature can be found in his study of the history of philosophy. Different from the mainstream paradigm of the history of Chinese philosophy which focuses on epistemology or logical thinking, Feng Qi also pays attention to the aesthetic aspect of Chinese philosophy. He reveals the unity of art and philosophy and the dialectics of imaginal thinking in Chinese philosophy, especially the doctrine of expressing aspirations and that of aesthetic realm, which is characterized by the integration of reason, fact, and emotion, and elucidates. In addition, Feng Qi’s early literary and artistic experiences, as the source of his poetic temperament, permeates his lifelong philosophical thinking and writing, giving his philosophical works the poetic quality similar to Bai Juyi’s poetry, which is “understandable even to an old woman”. As a free-thinking poetic individual, Feng embodies the ordinary free personality in his own life.

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    Industrial Revolution and the Actualization of Historical Materialism
    Luping Zhou
    2026, 58 (2):  58-69.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.006
    Abstract ( 7 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (580KB) ( 5 )   Save

    Historical materialism, as a new worldview to understand the world, is grounded in the social reality of the Industrial Revolution. While the Industrial Revolution provides four contextual dimensions for the actualization of historical materialism, it also introduces new task of transcending the perspective of the Industrial Revolution since under the dominance of capital logic, the Industrial Revolution has become a technological means for capital to exploit labor. By examining the interactive relationship between the Industrial Revolution and historical materialism, Marx provides us with a critical starting point to critically examine modern capital. On this basis, Marx proposes three key critical themes in The Capital, transforming historical materialism from a theoretical framework for interpreting history into an actual vision of critiquing capitalist society and achieving human liberation. The perspective of the Industrial Revolution establishes an essential connection between the study of The Capital and the actualization of historical materialism, leading to the conclusion that in future society, the Industrial Revolution will no longer serve as a technological reinforcement of the logic of capital. Instead, it will become a technological guarantee of the free and comprehensive development of individuals and the establishment of a social union based on the reconstruction of individual ownership, and it will be integrated into the actualization perspective of historical materialism. Therefore, historical materialism is no longer an abstract or general philosophy of history after it has acquired its highly practical and concrete content through the study of the Industrial Revolution.

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    Character Innovation and Lexical Correspondence in the Sinographic Sphere
    Wei Zheng
    2026, 58 (2):  70-79.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.007
    Abstract ( 11 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (786KB) ( 6 )   Save

    The exploration of the historical interplay between writing systems and languages within the sinographic sphere should not be limited to only a few countries such as Japan, Vietnam, and Korea that once adopted Chinese characters. Instead, it is essential to include the Chinese-character-based writing systems developed by ethnic groups in Southwest China and Southeast Asia, as well as historical texts from different eras and regions. Through specific examples, this article illustrates how these Chinese-character-based writing systems innovated upon the structural principles of Chinese characters. Moreover, by examining basic numerals, cyclical terms, and body-part nouns, it analyzes the historical details of mutual influence between Chinese and cross-border language families or groups, including the Kam-Tai, Austronesian, Miao-Yao, and Austroasiatic languages, in terms of both basic vocabulary and cultural terminology. It also points out that both the Chinese and the South China Sea language groups jointly shaped the linguistic landscape of early Chinese civilization.

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    The Framework Construction and Problem Identification for Assessing the Level of the Global Development of the Chinese Language
    Yiming Hu
    2026, 58 (2):  80-92.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.008
    Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (869KB) ( 4 )   Save

    The global development of the Chinese language has become a strategic task for China in accelerating its own development and actively engaging in global development. Therefore, a critical question arises: How can we effectively assess the level of Chinese language development? Existing approaches to evaluating language development primarily include frameworks with respective advantages such as “language vitality”, “language functional status”, and “language integration into national education systems”. However, language is not only a symbolic system or behavioral process but also a form of social institution. The institutionalization of language as a governance process involves multiple parameters, including actor participation, institution forms, spatial distribution, and language-speaking population. By constructing a new system of indicators that incorporates these dimensions, it may be possible to gain deeper insights into the embedded status and development potential of the Chinese language within the global linguistic institutional framework.

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    The Fronting of Back High Vowels and the Vowel Rephonologization in Chinese in the Pre-Middle Ages
    Yong Zhao
    2026, 58 (2):  93-103.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.009
    Abstract ( 7 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (691KB) ( 4 )   Save

    In the Pre-Middle Ages, a phenomenon of back high vowels fronting occurred in the history of the phonology of the common Chinese language, involving the rhyme groups Zhi, Wei1 and Wei2. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, after the merging of the rhyme groups Wei1 and Wei2, the vowel of the rhyme group Wei began to front influenced by the ending with [+anterior] feature. Later, the ending disappeared and the vowel of the rhyme group Zhi also began to front. The vowel fronting started earlier than the vowel raising shift. The relationship between the fronting rule and the lengthening rule was incorporating. The vowel fronting, together with the vowel raising shift, led to a series of rephonologization, which directly affected the forming of the rhymes Hai, Hui, Hou, Jie, Zhi, Zhi, Wei, You and Qi. The rhyme groups Zhi and Wei evolved independently, only merging later to form the structure reflected in the Qieyun. There was no chain shift during the vowel fronting.

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    Theoretical Logic and Action Path of County-Level Urban-Rural Integration from the Perspective of the Urban-Rural Territorial System
    Chuankai Yang, Yuemin Ning
    2026, 58 (2):  104-115.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.010
    Abstract ( 13 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (919KB) ( 9 )   Save

    Urban-rural integration is an inherent requirement of Chinese-style modernization. As the basic administrative unit of governance in China, the county lies at the forefront of urban-rural interaction and serves as a crucial entry point for advancing urban-rural integration. From the perspective of the urban-rural territorial system, county-level urban-rural integration encompasses four dimensions, that is, urban system development, rural system development, urban-rural system disparity, and urban-rural system interaction. Its core features include a high level of urban development, a high level of rural development, the orderly flow of urban and rural factors, and a relatively small urban-rural development gap. At present, county-level urban-rural integration in China faces several pressing challenges, such as the weak radiative and driving capacity of towns, the fragile foundation of rural development, significant urban-rural disparities, and the incomplete establishment of two-way channels for the flow of urban and rural factors. In the future, promoting county-level urban-rural integration requires adopting a systemic perspective based on the urban-rural territorial framework, scientifically coordinating urban and rural development layouts, and improving both urban and rural development capacity. Particular attention should be paid to enhancing the radiative and driving role of towns in supporting rural development and facilitating two-way flows of production factors between urban and rural areas. Through these measures, counties can gradually narrow urban-rural disparities and achieve deeper and more sustainable urban-rural integration.

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    Cultural Foundation and Practical Tensions in the Construction of Rural Civilization
    Na Zhang
    2026, 58 (2):  116-126.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.011
    Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (639KB) ( 1 )   Save

    Civilizational concepts can be instilled into rural areas from the outside. However, if separated from the cultural foundation of rural society, they can hardly be integrated into daily life scenarios and behaviors so as to form a stable and lasting civilized rural atmosphere. Local culture serves as a compatible cultural system for the construction of rural civilization. The “localization” of such construction inherently requires grounding in the context of indigenous culture and relying on the cultural networks and organizational resources nurtured by local culture. In this sense, local culture constitutes the cultural foundation for the construction of rural civilization. Nevertheless, the construction of rural civilization is not a simple restoration of local culture. It does have distinct modern goals and value orientations. Under specific circumstances, there will be certain practical tensions between local culture and modern civilized ethos, mainstream values, and generalized trust mechanisms. To effectively mitigate such tensions, the construction of rural civilization should be regarded as an important dimension for the creative transformation of local culture, providing value guidelines, goal orientation and practical fields for its transformation and renewal. This will continuously consolidate the cultural foundation for the construction of rural civilization and build a new form of rural civilization with both local characteristics and modern spirit.

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    On the Peer Effects of Corporate Carbon Disclosure Whitewashing:The Moderating Role of Multi-Stakeholder Attention Pressure
    Xixi Zhang, Yixin Li, Xiaolin Jia
    2026, 58 (2):  127-143.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.012
    Abstract ( 8 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (973KB) ( 1 )   Save

    Carbon disclosure is an important management tool and responsibility mechanism for achieving enterprises’ carbon reduction. However, market information asymmetry can induce enterprises to adopt carbon disclosure whitewashing strategies. Based on the theory of peer effect, this study empirically examines the driving factors and regulatory mechanisms of carbon disclosure whitewashing in Chinese listed enterprises from 2010 to 2022. The results show that peer effect exists in both industry and regional carbon disclosure whitewashing, and it is more often an avoidant imitation behavior that is adopted to conform to group norms. Based on the theory of stakeholders, the regulatory effect test reveals that policy and regulatory attention, media and public opinion attention, and public attention have different regulatory effects on the peer effect. The heterogeneity test results indicate that the peer effect still exists regardless of the regulatory disclosure intensity or market opening status. However, regulatory peer effect has a greater impact in industries with weak regulatory disclosure or when the carbon market is not open, while competitive peer effect has a greater impact in industries with strong regulatory disclosure or when the carbon market is open. Further research reveals that carbon disclosure whitewashing among enterprises in the supply chain also has a peer effect, and it is positively regulated by policy and regulatory attention, as well as negatively regulated by media and public opinion. These findings provide a new perspective for identifying the driving factors of carbon disclosure whitewashing, test the regulatory mechanisms within different groups of stakeholders, and offer empirical insights for further improving the carbon disclosure system.

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    Does Valuation Error Affect the Issuance Pricing of Urban Investment Bonds? With an Analysis of Machine Learning Applications in Optimizing Bond Valuation Models
    Qun Yan, Faqin Lan
    2026, 58 (2):  144-159.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.013
    Abstract ( 7 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1251KB) ( 1 )   Save

    The persistently high financing cost of urban investment companies has become a key constraint in resolving local government debt risks. Based on issuance data of Urban Investment Bonds (UIBs) from China’s interbank bond market between 2020 and 2024, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of a bond issuer’s valuation errors in the secondary market on the pricing of its new bond issuances in the primary market from a micro-market structure perspective. The findings indicate that: (1) A significant positive correlation exists between the issuer’s average valuation error of outstanding bonds and the issuance of new bonds, suggesting that increased valuation errors elevate UIB issuance costs; (2) this correlation is most pronounced for privately placed UIBs and those with credit ratings below AA+; (3) the observed regional heterogeneity is primarily driven by the issuer’s administrative level. This indicates that optimizing valuation methods and enhancing pricing accuracy constitute an effective pathway to controlling the financing costs of UIBs. Therefore, this paper further develops an XGBoost valuation model optimized with time-series frameworks, and empirical results demonstrate its effectiveness in significantly reducing bond valuation errors. This research provides a feasible pathway for applying artificial intelligence technologies to mitigate bond valuation biases and improve the bond market valuation system, while also offering empirical evidence and decision-making references for regulators to enhance financial market infrastructure and reduce local government debt financing costs.

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    The Impact of National Innovative City Pilot Policy on Urban Economic Resilience
    Jian Li, Huayu Xie, Mingyang Ju
    2026, 58 (2):  160-171.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2026.02.014
    Abstract ( 10 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (849KB) ( 1 )   Save

    Against the backdrop of geopolitical conflicts, tariff wars and trade protectionism, as well as technological blockades causing turbulence in the global economic and trade order, China’s urban economy is undergoing a period of profound adjustment. Enhancing the resilience of urban economies has become an important topic for high-quality development. In recent years, the central government has emphasized using the certainty of high-quality development to cope with external uncertainties, and scientific and technological innovation has become an important path to enhance urban economic resilience. Based on panel data from 274 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2004 to 2023, this paper uses a double machine learning model to empirically test the impact of the national innovative city pilot policy on urban economic resilience. The research shows that: (1) Pilot policy has significantly enhanced urban economic resilience, with policy effects becoming apparent in the fourth year of the implementation and continuing to strengthen, which has also been confirmed by the robustness tests; (2) national innovative city pilot policy enhances urban economic resilience through agglomeration effects, technological innovation, and industrial structure upgrading; (3) the policy effects exhibit significant heterogeneity: they are significantly positive in non-resource-based cities, developed cities, and cities in eastern regions, insignificant in resource-based cities, less developed cities, and cities in central and western regions, and even negative in cities in the northeastern region are even negative. Thus, this paper puts forward the following policy recommendations: extend the policy cycle and enhance medium- and long-term support to fully release the lagged effects of the policy, promote the deep integration of manufacturing and services to facilitate dual upgrading of the industrial structure, place technological innovation at the core of the policy to cultivate key leverage points for enhancing urban economic resilience, and expand the pilot coverage according to local conditions to improve the accessibility and equity of the policy.

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    2026-2 Abstract
    2026, 58 (2):  172-176. 
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