华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2019, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 100-108.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.01.012

• 西方思想史研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

西方思想史上的两种公民观念

唐玉1, 高力克2   

  1. 1. 浙江省社会科学院政治学研究所, 杭州, 310007;
    2. 浙江大学社会学系, 杭州, 310058
  • 出版日期:2019-01-15 发布日期:2019-01-22
  • 作者简介:唐玉,浙江省社会科学院政治学研究所副研究员(杭州,310007);高力克,浙江大学社会学系教授(杭州,310058)。

Two Concepts of Citizen in the History of Western Thought

TANG Yu1, GAO Li-ke2   

  • Online:2019-01-15 Published:2019-01-22

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摘要： 西方思想史上的公民观念有共和主义与自由主义两种传统。共和主义的公民，是一个分享公共权力的政治共同体的成员，一个献身公共事务和追求美德生活的爱国者。自由主义的公民，则是一个追求个人财富、享有自由权利的市民和享有选举权的选民的混合体。二者分别是城邦和自由社会的产物。这两种公民观的对立，表征着公共性与私人性的冲突。在西方思想史上，"公民"的形象经历了深刻的变迁。在从柏拉图到卢梭的一元模式的公民社会中，公民是履行公共职责和享有政治自由的政治公民。在洛克市民社会与国家分离的二元模式的公民社会中，公民是追求财富和享有个人权利的有产市民。而在托克维尔的市场、国家和社团三元模式的公民社会中，公民则是积极公民和消极市民的混合体。托氏以公民社团弥补代议制政体的参与匮缺的共和自由理想，融合自由主义与共和主义两种公民遗产，而寻求在现代自由民主社会的社团生活中复兴共和主义公民理想。

关键词: 公民, 公共性, 共和主义, 自由主义

Abstract: In the history of Western thought, the concept of citizen has two different traditions, that is, republicanism and literalism. A citizen in terms of republicanism is a member of political community sharing public power and a patriot who pursues a virtuous life, whereas a citizen in terms of literalism is a citizen who pursues personal wealth and enjoys freedom and rights on the one hand and a member of community that has the right to vote on the other. These two concepts are the results of the city-state system and literal society respectively and the contrast between them represents the conflict between publicity and privateness. The Western intellectual history has witnessed profound changes of the concept of citizen. In the unitary-mode civil society from Plato to Rousseau, a citizen means a political citizen who takes public responsibilities and enjoys political freedom. In Locke's dual-mode, where the civil society and the state are separate, a citizen is the one who has property, pursues wealth and enjoys personal rights. In Tocqueville's trinity-mode with market, state and community, a citizen is the combination of positive and negative aspects. With the ideal of publican freedom, Tocqueville tries to overcome the disadvantage of less participation in parliamentarianism with civil community. Bringing together the two civil legacies of literalism and republicanism, Tocqueville seeks to revive the civil ideal of republicanism in the community life in modern society of freedom and democracy.

Key words: citizens, publicity, republicanism, literalism