华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2018, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (1): 15-65.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.01.003

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民初政治的挫窒和中国人的反思——约法、议会、政党的因名而起与以实而败

杨国强1,2   

  1. 1. 华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所、思勉人文高等研究院;
    2. 上海社会科学院 上海 200241
  • 出版日期:2018-01-15 发布日期:2018-01-26
  • 作者简介:杨国强,华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所、思勉人文高等研究院教授;上海社会科学院中国现代史创新型学科团队成员(上海,200241)。

The Frustration in Politics and the Reflection of Chinese People in the Early Years of the Republic of China: The Notional Rising of the Constitution, the Congress, Political Parties as well as Their Actual Failure

YANG Guo-qiang1,2   

  • Online:2018-01-15 Published:2018-01-26

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摘要： 从19世纪中叶开始，中国人已在远看泰西而留意于彼邦的代议制度，并在此后七十年的时间里以中国人的经验、中国人的推度、中国人的眼光阐说这种出自中国历史之外的东西，先见其上下之间的"无隔阂之情"；次见其"东西各国之强，皆以立宪开国会之故"；再见其以国会为"强大的监督机关"始能"安社稷、利国家"，一路用中国人的问题为之作演绎，由赞赏而向慕，由向慕而效法。积此七十年阐说演绎，遂使辛亥革命之后的中国在"共和"的名义之下大变二千年，非常容易地实现了由君主制度到代议制度的转化。然而，这种移来的制度一旦进入中国，则仿照西法而派生的宪法（约法）、国会、政党、议员自始已被置于剧烈的政争之中，并在极短的时间里以其彼此厮斗造成天下的重重震荡，径直走到了七十年阐说和演绎的反面。对于身在其间的中国人来说，曾经久被附会的代议制度与中国问题之间的重重扞格和不相对称，便成了一种直观可见的事实。而后是被民初一代人移来的代议制度又成了民初一代人省思和反思的对象。与之对应而见的，则是在这种大幅度思想转向之中，曾为西潮淹没的中国历史和中国国情，在中国问题与代议制度相衬比而显示的矛盾之中进入中国人的视野，促成了曾经倾力倡说代议政治的人物一个一个由执信而怀疑，又由怀疑而脱身而去，于是而有后一段历史和一种路径的继之而起。

关键词: 代议制度, 国情, 帝制意识, 共和政治, 以党治国, 社会结构

Abstract: Since the mid of the 19th century, Chinese people had started to observe the Western system of representation from distance, and then elaborated on this alien system with Chinese experience and from Chinese perspective for 70 years and gradually found out that there was no gap between the superior and the inferior in the West, the success of powerful countries in the West and East was due to constitution and congress, and then only congress as a "powerful supervisor" can "stabilize the society and benefit the nation". Chinese people appreciated such a system, admired it and then decided to establish it in China. After 70 years' elaboration and interpretation, China witnessed the most dramatic change in 2,000 years under the name of the republic after the Revolution of 1911, easily transforming from monarchism to the representative system. However, since the transplantation of the foreign system into China, the constitution, the congress, political parties and congressmen coined from the West had been in fierce political conflicts. In chaos, the situation became the opposite side of what had been interpreted for 70 years in a short time. For Chinese people in the conflicts and struggles, the collision and asymmetry between the representative system and China's situation became much obvious. Later, the representative system transplanted by the generation in the early years of the Republic of China became the object of their reflection. Correspondingly, in the great change of thought, Chinese history and Chinese situation once covered by the Western trend of thought came to the vision in the form of contradiction between Chinese problems and the representative system, which caused political figures who used to advocate the representative system to doubt the system and finally abandon it, raising the curtains of the following scenes where new paths would be found.

Key words: representative system, situation of the nation, monarchy complex, republican government, ruling the nation by party, social structure