住房保障制度是否促进了家庭共同富裕？——基于CHFS数据的实证研究

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2024.06.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

住房保障制度通过再分配机制向中低收入家庭提供住房福利，是中国高效实现民生、发展、稳定协调互促的基础保障制度。那么，住房保障制度作为发挥社会再分配功能的福利性支出，是否促进了居民家庭实现共同富裕呢？针对这一问题，运用中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）数据进行实证研究发现：中国住房保障制度因其再分配功能缩小了社会各阶层家庭资产差距，对居民家庭实现共同富裕具有促进作用，但这一影响在人口规模大的家庭以及高物价和高房价地区等居住成本较大的家庭中有所减弱。进一步而言，从结构特征看，住房保障制度对物质富裕和精神丰实具有正向影响，而对社会共享没有明显影响，其原因在于地方财政住房保障水平的差异。这些结论对于今后如何调整中国住房保障制度，以进一步发挥其对家庭共同富裕的正向作用，具有较强的政策意义。

关键词: 住房保障制度, 再分配机制, 居民家庭, 共同富裕

Abstract:

The housing security system provides housing benefits to low-income families through redistribution mechanism, which is the basic security system for China to efficiently realize people’s livelihood, development, stability, coordination and mutual promotion. Does the housing security system, as a welfare expenditure that plays the role of social redistribution, promote the common prosperity of households? Based on the data of China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this paper makes an empirical study and finds that China’s housing security system has narrowed the asset gap among households of all social strata due to its redistribution function, and has promoted households to achieve common prosperity, but this impact has been weakened in large families with large population size and families with high living costs in areas with high prices and housing prices. Furthermore, from the perspective of structural characteristics, the housing security system has a positive effect on material wealth and spiritual wealth, but has no significant impact on social sharing, which is due to the differences in the financial expenditure level of local governments on housing security. These conclusions have a strong policy significance for how to adjust China’s housing security system in the future in order to further play its positive role in common prosperity.

Key words: housing security system, redistribution mechanism, resident family, common prosperity

石薇, 王诗勇. 住房保障制度是否促进了家庭共同富裕？——基于CHFS数据的实证研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2024, 56(6): 159-176.

Wei SHI, Shiyong WANG. Does the Housing Security System Promote the Common Prosperity of Families?：An Empirical Research Based on CHFS Data[J]. Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 159-176.

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维度	变量	变量描述	变量释义
被解释变量	CP	共同富裕	共同富裕指数
	CP1	物质富裕	基于物质层面的共同富裕指数
	CP2	精神丰实	基于精神层面的共同富裕指数
	CP3	社会共享	基于社会层面的共同富裕指数
核心解释变量	policy	住房保障制度	虚拟变量：获得住房保障=1；未获得住房保障=0
中介变量	rd_pod1	资产相对剥夺1	区县层面Podder指数
	rd_pod2	资产相对剥夺2	省份层面Podder指数
	rd_pod3	资产相对剥夺3	城市层面Podder指数
控制变量	age	年龄	受访者年龄
	male	性别	虚拟变量：受访者为男性=1，女性=0
	marry	婚姻状况	虚拟变量：受访者已婚或同居=1，其他状况=0
	educate	学历	小学以下为0年，小学为6年，初中为9年，髙中、职业髙中、中专、技校为12年，大专、高职为15年，大学本科为16年，硕士研究生为19年，博士研究生为22年
	health	健康状况	虚拟变量：非常健康或很健康=1，否则=0
	member	家庭人口规模	家庭总人口数量(单位：人)
	job	就业状况	虚拟变量：家中有人失业=1，否则=0
	ldebt	家庭负债	对数化处理：家庭负债总规模
	house_loan	房贷	对数化处理：家庭房贷规模
	insurance	家庭保险	虚拟变量：家庭是否缴纳社会保险
	lpergdp	地区人均GDP	对数化处理：所在省份的人均生产总值
	lhp	地区房价	对数化处理：所在省份的房价水平
	cpi	地区CPI	所在省份的CPI指数

变量	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值	观测值
CP	0.539 1	0.125 3	0.125	0.959 4	54 947
CP1	0.240 3	0.062 8	0	0.312 5	57 793
CP2	0.175 2	0.071	0	0.398 5	54 947
CP3	0.123	0.059 8	0.062 5	0.250 1	57 793
policy	0.028 3	0.165 9	0	1	57 793
rd_pod1	0.991 5	1.292 1	0	14.000 7	57 776
rd_pod2	0.377 7	0.949 2	0	10.796 5	57 776
rd_pod3	0.625 5	0.947 4	0	12.178 7	57 776
age	45.77	14.511 3	18	70	57 793
male	0.490 7	0.499 9	0	1	57 793
marry	0.804 4	0.396 7	0	1	57 793
educate	10.582	4.087 7	0	22	57 793
health	0.585 1	0.492 7	0	1	57 793
member	2.705 4	2.170 4	1	10	57 793
job	0.843 1	0.363 7	0	1	57 793
ldebt	4.439 8	5.535 3	0	15.914 8	48 829
house_loan	0.066 6	0.249 3	0	1	57 793
insurance	0.716 2	0.450 8	0	1	57 793
lpergdp	10.991 1	0.391 9	10.227 1	11.680 1	57 793
lhp	8.948 4	0.493 5	8.352 6	10.221 8	57 793
cpi	1.903 9	0.478 1	1.1	3.2	57 793

变量	被解释变量：共同富裕
变量	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
policy	0.030 2^***	0.013 1^***	0.010 8^***	0.014 0^***	0.011 1^***
	(0.003 2)	(0.002 9)	(0.003 2)	(0.003 0)	(0.002 4)
age		0.000 8^***	0.000 4	0.000 2^***	0.000 4^***
		(0.000 4)	(0.000 4)	(0.000 4)	(0.000 3)
male		−0.011 9^***	−0.010 5^***	−0.011 2^***	−0.010 5^***
		(0.000 9)	(0.000 9)	(0.000 9)	(0.000 8)
marry		0.027 5^***	0.011 1^***	0.011 4^***	0.011 9^***
		(0.001 3)	(0.001 4)	(0.001 4)	(0.001 2)
educate		0.013 3^***	0.011 0^***	0.011 9^***	0.011 1^***
		(0.000 1)	(0.000 1)	(0.000 1)	(0.000 1)
health		0.013 2^***	0.012 0^***	0.017 7^***	0.017 4^***
		(0.001 0)	(0.001 1)	(0.001 0)	(0.000 8)
member			0.000 9^**	0.000 9^***	0.001 2^***
			(0.000 3)	(0.000 3)	(0.000 2)
job			−0.018 2^***	−0.015 1^***	−0.015 4^***
			(0.001 4)	(0.001 4)	(0.001 1)
ldebt			0.001 8^***	0.001 1^***	0.001 0^***
			(0.000 1)	(0.000 1)	(0.000 1)
house_loan			0.009 7^***	0.015 3^***	0.014 2^***
			(0.002 0)	(0.001 9)	(0.001 6)
insurance			0.074 6^***	0.079 2^***	0.074 8^***
			(0.001 2)	(0.001 2)	(0.000 9)
lpergdp				−0.061 5^***	−0.070 1^***
				(0.002 2)	(0.008 0)
lhp				−0.003 6^*	0.006 9
				(0.001 8)	(0.006 0)
cpi				−0.026 8^***	−0.042 9^***
				(0.001 2)	(0.009 8)
_cons	0.540^***	0.336^***	0.362^***	1.094^***	1.152^***
	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.015)	(0.035)
N	57 064	57 064	48 515	48 515	48 515
R²	0.002	0.169	0.248	0.319	0.541

变量	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）	（5）	（6）
变量	城市	区县	年份	1%缩尾	5%缩尾	剔除部分样本
policy	0.011 5^***	0.010 9^***	0.009 9^**	0.012 1^***	0.011 8^***	0.006 6^***
	(0.003 1)	(0.003 2)	(0.003 1)	(0.003 1)	(0.003 1)	(0.003 3)
control	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
id	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
city	YES	NO	NO	YES	YES	YES
county	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO
year	NO	NO	YES	NO	NO	NO
N	43 803	43 900	43 803	43 987	43 212	22 458
R²	0.574	0.584	0.574	0.527	0.462	0.553

*Policy*	ATT	稳健标准差	t值	观测值	重复次数
一对一匹配	0.024 8	0.009 4	2.64	14 260	500
一对二匹配	0.018 7	0.008 2	2.27	14 260	500
一对三匹配	0.022 0	0.007 8	2.80	14 260	500
一对四匹配	0.020 4	0.007 6	2.67	14 260	500
卡尺匹配	0.024 8	0.009 4	2.64	14 260	500
核匹配	0.025 9	0.005 3	2.58	14 260	500