华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2014, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 82-87.

• 历史 • 上一篇    下一篇

永恒与历变：李维《建城以来史》的历史观

王悦   

  1. 华东师范大学历史系，上海，200241
  • 出版日期:2014-03-15 发布日期:2014-04-01
  • 通讯作者: 王悦
  • 作者简介:王悦

Eternality and Historical Change: Livy’s Understanding of History in Ab Urbe Condita

WANG Yue   

  • Online:2014-03-15 Published:2014-04-01
  • Contact: WANG Yue
  • About author:WANG Yue

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摘要： 罗马史家李维以其文辞晓畅、叙事宏富名动当时奥古斯都时代的文化圈，也因其《建城以来史》对古罗马历史无可比拟的史料价值而名垂后世。各代学者从不同角度对李维的史学思想多有研究，英国历史哲学家柯林武德在《历史的观念》中却称李维笔下的罗马一成不变---罗马独特的军政制度和典型的民族精神从罗马建立时起始终不变。而经考察《建城以来史》早期诸卷的历史叙事，为柯氏所诟病的元老院、军团制、占卜仪式都依随时代的变迁而多有变化。除却这些政治、军事、宗教领域的变化，罗马人在不断吸纳各阶层、各民族的过程中形成，共和国与王政时代体现出一脉相承的联系，共和制度中各级官职、会议、法律随等级斗争的推进而不断完善等，都体现出李维视历史为生生不息的变化发展过程。实事求是地说，李维记述罗马崛起时的历史性与阐扬民族精神时的永恒性又是并存的，罗马人的传统美德在李维心中具有永恒的价值。

关键词: 李维, 史学思想, 历史性, 柯林武德

Abstract: Collingwood, a prominent philosopher of history, claims that a defect in Greek and Roman Historiography is substantialism, which is based on the concept of substance in Plato and Aristotle. According to Collingwood, substantialism has determined the way to describe Rome in Livy so that it remains eternal from the very beginning of its foundation with distinctive institutions and unique spirits. However, Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita shows how Rome changed from her beginning to Livy’s own age. Augury, senate, legion and other institutions were in the course of evolution, and Roman virtues declined with the accumulated wealth from abroad. In effect, Livy understands history in an evolutional way.