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There were basic theories of taxation both in Chinese and Western societies of the middle ancient period. In China, the basic taxation theory derived some specific theories.The basic theory was an in-depth theory, whereas those specific theories were a kind of surface theory; in general the former determined the latter?s properties, whereas the latter reflected the former?s characteristics.If the basic theory was absolute, then specific theories were generally absolute too; if the basic theory was democratic, then specific theories were generally democratic.
Influenced by the lord-vassal system, a king of medieval England had dual identities: supreme lord and monarch.As a supreme lord, the king should"live on his own, "that is, he should live on his ordinary income derived from crown lands.But the ordinary income was often hard to sufficiently satisfy his needs.Hence, the king levied personal taxes on his subjects on the pretence of "common good"and "common need"so as to meet with ever increasing administrative and military expenditures.The Parliament seized the power to authorize moveable taxes by acting as the judge of "common good", thus facilitating the constitutional development of medieval England.
The principle that"The King Shall Live of His Own"was important in English theory of taxation.In the late medieval period and early modern period, among others, it served as a weapon to curb Kings' levying taxes.Some scholars, seeing certain changes in the tax system, hold that Tudor Kings broke such a tradition.This paper is intended to prove that Tudor Kings still conformed to the principle that "The King Shall Live of His Own"through quantitative analyses of the revenues from taxes granted by the Parliament and the war expenditure.
Compared with medieval European taxation, Chinese taxation in the monarchical society was quite different in its foundation of legal theory as well as in its formation.The Western taxation took private propriety as the foundation of its legal right, and at last a constitutional regime developed in which state taxation was controlled by common people with a representative system.In China, however, the foundation of taxation since the Qin Dynasty onward lay in that the imperial power was the final owner and dominator of all persons and their possessions.Such a legal notion not only led to a radical difference of Chinese monarchical society from European society in its institutional orientation, but also directly or indirectly molded a series of important characteristics of Chinese institutions.
According to the medieval Western theory of taxation, a king could levy taxes only with the consent of taxpayers.On the contrary, an ancient Chinese emperor levied taxes and corvee, dispensing with people's consent.In order to effectively reign over society, however, monarchs, officials and men of letters in all dynasties made a lot of explanations and illustrations to demonstrate legitimacy of emperors' levying taxes, thus constructing a basic theory of taxation endemic to China.that is, a theory about an emperor's possession of all land and people under the heaven.The great difference between Chinese and Western theories of taxation was caused by their own social conditions, including a contrast of tax-gatherers' and tax-payers' status and power, and different Chinese and Western cultures and social universal ideas.
As a historical cultural formation, the Buddhist development is not a self-evolution of Indian culture, but results from confluence of diverse Asian cultures including Chinese culture and West Asian cultures. Through a critical examination of some original Buddhist scriptures and texts in this paper, it can be realized that such confluence finds expressions not only in the merging of Indian Buddhist culture into China, but also in the spread of Chinese native culture into India so as to influence Indian Buddhist culture and in tum flow back to China as a form of Buddhist culture.
In his essay of Klu-sgrub-dgongs-rgyan Dge-vdun-chos-vphel expresses his distinct impression and insight on Madhyamika's ideas.Starting from the relationship between opinion and truth, he radically denies the possibility and reality of human beings' recognition of absolute truth in their empirical scope.As a result, theoretically he denies an omniscient observer and thus advocates a pluralistic methodology in the Tibetan Buddhist theory.
As a famous monk in early Chinese Buddhism, Hui Yuan and his thought had an important and farreaching influence upon later Chinese Buddhism. This paper primarily explores two issues. One is that since Hui Yuan accepted Sarvastivada's abhidharma teachings, especially the idea that every dharma was real-bhava, he believed that dharma-nature was real-bhava or unchangeable entity. This thought was different from dharma-nairamya of Nagarjuna's Madhayamaka in India, so he was criticized by Kumarajiva at that time. The other is that Hui Yuan quite appreciated the idea of self in Tri-dharmika-vastra, considering "ego" ("shen", in his words) as something transcending the spiritual and the physical so as to oppose the then doctrine of extinction of soul.
Capital can be aesthetically read, and its aesthetic implication stands out as its structural form.The structure of Capital consciously sticks to the aesthetic principle of "art integration"in its dealing with the relationship between part and whole, finding expressions not only in its narrative orientation of "from absolute to concrete", but also in its narrative technipue of "diversion-progression".The most striking structural feature of Capital lies in its logical procedures full of dialectics; its logical starting-point, categorical transition, connection among principles, and joint of several volumes, all show the law of passing from one form to another and from one connected order to another.The structure of Capital aims at expressing the subject's style as well as the objective law.What it explores is not merely a kind of economic law just as 2+2=4.Its structural form implies aesthetic elements.As an intellectual production, Capital pursues an objective of political economics in its theoretical content and puts into effect the idea of creation according to the laws of beauty in its structural form.
Many scholars have always been disputing whether there is a significant change in Einstein's philosophy of science.Some of them hold that Einstein changed his thought from empiricism to rationalism.Some argue that such a change did not exist.Still others think that Einstein's philosophy is imbued with a pluralistic tension.However, further studies from relevant logic and historical facts have proved that the transformation did happen.When making a study of a scientist's philosophical thought of science, we should distinguish between his own expression of his thought and his practice.The role of his philosophical thought of science upon his scientific activities is limited.
With the ongoing process of globalization, the social space of a metropolis in China has witnessed profound changes, one of which is the residential differentiation that has appeared in various geographic scales.The reasons of residential spatial differentiations in China differ from those of other countries.The primary reasons of accelerating differentiation lie in the social stratification triggered by the gap of income and the concept of "city management" held by government.These two factors have contributed to segregation and congregation of different social classes, which has consequently exerted influences on disadvantaged groups in terms of provisions of public goods.The mixed-income housing is a solution to alter residential differentiations.However, separated residence for different social classes is an inevitable trend in consideration of commercialized urban real estate markets.Therefore the effectiveness of mixed-income housing depends on certain economic and political bases, in particular government's active leading role.
The population density is so high in metropolises in the eastern region of China that it is imperative to redistribute urban residents.Accompanied with a quick redistribution process comes the problem of location conflicts within a metropolis and hence the contradiction between inner(or central) city and its suburbs.Such a contradiction is attributed to an impetuous mood in the urban expansion, an absence of governmental vertical and horizontal communicative mechanisms, and a lower level of public participation.Effective solutions to this problem depend on advanced guiding ideas about urban development, a series of specific institutional reforms, and the realization of citizens' right of participation.
How to control the size of rural migrants has always been a hot topic in a metropolis during recent years.Since the flow of rural migrants is mainly determined by labor market factors which are out of governmental control, there are wide disputes on whether the city government should and can control the inflow of rural migrants.This paper argues that both the role of government and market economy are essential in adjusting and controlling the size of rural migrants.The macro adjustment and control of rural migrants not only means a control of size and a setup of population entry system but also a coordinated development process between rural migrants and cities.
Adopting analyses of relevant statistics and GIS and based on the fractional theory, this paper attempts to explore a general role of population suburbanizing in Shanghai by using Shanghai's censuses from 1982 to 2003.The fractal dimensions (box fractal dimension and correlation fractal dimension) of population distribution in Shanghai are calculated and the relationship between fractal characteristics and changes of population distribution is discussed here.The research concludes that from the 1980s to 2003 the fractal characteristics are good guidelines for reflecting suburbanizing of Shanghai, showing lower population growth in its down-town area, compared with higher population growth in its suburbs.
Corporate governance has a positive correlation with corporation competitiveness.Such a relation between them is essential and logical to corporation competitiveness.As an endogenous variable, corporate governance is interconnected and interplayed with other variables.Therefore, it plays a role in forming, changing and developing corporation competitiveness.From a view of practice, we should start with establishing and perfecting corporate governance in order to get stronger corporation competitiveness.According to this perspective, Chinese corporations need to establish a modern corporation scheme and perfect corporate governance if they want to win in the global market.
The word"zuo wei"in contemporary Chinese may be distributed in ten sentence patterns, in which the "zuo wei"as a verb is distributed in the first six patterns and the prepositional"zuo wei"the last four patterns.The verbal"zuo wei"and the prepositional"zuo wei"performed great oppositions in their semantic meanings and syntactic functions.In the process of evolution the phrases led by"zuo wei"consistently shifted forward in the linear sentences, and at the same time its syntactic functions gradually degraded from predications to adverbial modifiers.Therefore, "zuo wei"finished its progress of grammaticalization, changing from a verb to a preposition.
The appropriateness of a verbal act is an important subject-matter in pragmatic and rhetorical studies, and what is more, many linguisticians have regarded the principle of appropriateness as the supreme principle of rhetoric since the 1990's.Then the question is whether this assertion is scientific or not.Has"the principle of appropriateness"been confronted with any difficulty in its theory and practice?If so, is there any higher principle than"the principle of appropriateness"?A clearer recognition may be acquired by means of defining rhetoric.
The tradition that "political situations can be observed through poems" was restored and developed under the Tang Dynasty. The reasons lay in that the implementation of the system of presented scholar created a condition for poets who could participate in political activities, emperors' accepting admonitions and a system of remonstration promoted the development of the spirit of frank criticisms, and under a loose literary circumstance politics might be remarked on by poets. Du Fu, Yuan Jie, Bai Juyi and the like all emphasized the poetical role of political education.
A review and comment on the history of study on modern fiction enables people to know well its century-old research outline and weak points, and enables scholars to realize what are emphases and methodological improvements of further studies.The book of On the History of Study on Modern Chinese Fiction has done some valuable work in this respect.The slogan, "Rewrite the History of Literature", has been put forth for more than twenty years, and writings on the literary history have been published one after another.But there is no essential methodological difference among various writing modes, if viewed from the angle of research history.It shows that the first task is to reconstruct the foundation of literary history, including a study on the research history of literature.
The Collection of Ancient Poems, edited by Zhang Zhixiang of the Ming Dynasty, included poems written during the period of Han, Wei and Six dynasties. Its completed time was before Zhang's another compilation of The Collection of Tang Poems. The whole book was divided into 44 parts according to the content of those poetic works, so that it was often mistaken as a classified book. In fact, its distinct editorial way just followed a previous compiling style of some collections of poems and essays, which facilitated later generations to study a certain kind of poems.
New Commentaries on the Book of History was an improtant book written by Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty. It influenced imperial examinations for 60 years and represented Wang's political ideas and scholarship. In his interpretations of The Book of History, Wang Anshi set up a general and close connection between "the Way of heaven" and "human affairs" so as to participate in political practices and push the reform forward.
Some 20th century Chinese philosophers were unsatisfied with the theory of knowledge in modem Western philosophy which restricted epistemology solely to the examination Of knowledge. They argued that epistemology should also take care of metaphysical wisdom. This can be taken as a metaphysical approach to expand epistemology. Since the mid 20th century, therehas been an important line of thought in Western philosophy which argues that inadequacy of traditional epistemology lies in the fact that it focuses only on knowing that and is blind to knowing how. Thus some philosophers have explored a pragmatic approach to expand epistemology by putting on the agenda an analysis of knowing how. There are substantive interconnections between the two approaches; for example, with respect to the problem of the articulation of human cognition, the pragmatic approach turns out to be complementary to the metaphysical approach.
FENG Qi claims that any concept has a dual function of describing and prescribing reality, and that those basic logical rules embody a unity of a posteriority and a priority.Considering the problem of the justification of logical theory, FENG's such a theory requires that the construction of a logical theory adhere to the unity of a posteriority and a priority.The justification of the argument theory in modern logic takes a more universalistic and a prior approach; however, informal logic tries to justify itself from the perspective of a unity of a posteriority and a priority, and of universality and contextuality.
In China FENG Qi develops a school of his own in the field of aesthetics.First of all, it has a high level of philosophy and a depth-in level of theory.Specifically, it has a logical access from abstract to concrete, which is of a great sense of history.Through a review of 20th-century Chinese aesthetic schools of thought, we find that there is a profound intellectual connection between FENG Qi's aesthetics and practical aesthetics.They both can justify each other's rationality.
In the year of 1900 there emerged an awareness of Southeast China in Shanghai newspapers and periodicals' essays on the current political situation, which tended to present their arguments in the perspective of Shanghai, Southeast or South China, expressing Shanghai and Southeast gentlemen and businessmen's concerns for the national situation and destiny.As a representative of upper-level businessmen in areas of Jiangsu and Southeast China, ZHANG Jian also showed his consciousness of Southeast.In particular, he put forward a theory about coexistence of "Northwest" and "Southeast", which was a profound view of the current situation and has provided a fresh perspective for people's exploring ZHANG Jian's thought.
Political science can provide a given national political system with regional political knowledge.With the nation-state building in modern China, Chinese political science has gone through four stages.First, it came into China as an outer political theory.Second, politics emerged and stemmed from traditional Chinese knowledge with the building of local political science genealogy.Thirdly, as an approach to interpret political thought, especially with the spread and interpretations of the democratic republic thought, political science acquired its ideological formation.And finally, in China political science developed from a kind of thought to an academic discipline when those who obtained political Ph.D.in USA or Europe came back to China, founding departments of political science in universities, writing their political works and establishing their theories.
In 1991 India started to carry out market - oriented reforms after its explorations lasting half a century.Its remarkable economic achievements have been regarded as an unusual phenomenon which consists of a series of development institutions and structures. To some extent India's road is called the Indian model that is deemed to be better and more potential than the Chinese model. Owing to its political democracy established before its economic freedom, India was confronted with a sharp conflict between economic growth and allocation of social welfare in transition, which weakened effectiveness of India's democracy in practice. When its ability to govern the state did not have an effective elevation, India's political democracy could not provide an effective motive force for economic growth. Understanding India's lessons and experiences is meaningful for us to modify and perfect the Chinese model.
The social and economic development involves the two aspects of policy designing and value appraisal.The former deals with some "actual" issues and the latter some "obligatory" issues.Any economic activity is for people instead of possessions outside people.The final pursuit of economic expansions is human life and harmonious developments of livelihood.It is urgent to grasp the value orientation of current economic developments, adhere to the people-centered economic developmental model, and set up and make economic policies in accordance with the vast people's essential benefits.
Any speech action is a process to use symbols to express the speech-maker's knowledge and make his or her auditors accept them.In order to realize its intention, a speech action should conform to certain rules, and the "objective content" is the most important constructive rule in a verbal action about news.The objectivity of news verbal action is not only referred to not fabricating false news, but also includes three aspects such as knowledge transmission, symbolic possibility, and mental acceptability.
The character of the Lisu bamboo writing is one of minority ethnic characters, which was created by an individual in the 1920s. Through comparisons with the Naxi Dongba writing and the Shui writing, the nature of the Lisu character can be showed that it is a kind of primordial syllabic character, The emergence of character - formation is very complex.
The component is the most important foundational element for a character system. In its long history, the components of inscriptions on bronzes had obviously different forms at different times. With a support of the property database of character forms, this paper explores some issues such as methods and values in the evolutionary process of the component formsof inscriptions on bronzes.
Under a flexible inflation targeting regime, should policymakers avoid any reaction to movements in the foreign exchange market? Using data about four advanced open-economy countries explicitly carrying out an inflation targeting regime, this paper makes a positive examination of whether a real exchange rate disequilibrium systematically affects operations of monetary policy.Although there are some significant differences among those countries, the estimates indicate that exchange rates are generally not crucial to systematic monetary responses in inflation targeting and open economies.However, the exchange rate, as an information variable, is found to be valuable in the monetary policy-making process.
China's asymmetric capital control during the process of opening its capital account, as well as insufficient liberalization of its economy, is reflected in the Mundel-Flemming model with the slope of BP line in M-F model bigger than LM line.Therefore, effects of monetary policy, fiscal policy and exchange rate policy will be weakened under a fixed exchange rate regime in terms of their adjustment to balance of payment.An adoption of a flexible exchange rate regime, however, will greatly enhance those effects.As a result, China is advised to proceed with opening its capital account and speed up liberalization of the interest rate and exchange rate system so as to heighten effectiveness of adjusting to its balance of payment.
Eight variables such as exchange rate, interest rate, GDP growth rate, trading volume, turnover ratio, P/E ratio, trading volume of funds and tradable market value theoretically related to the index are chosen here as possible explanatory variables, and the modeling strategy is guided by the average economic regression principle in which a model involving only one explanatory variable is first established and more explanatory variables will later be added into the model as long as they do not deteriorate the statistic quality of the model. Linear models and logarithmic linear models that can pass various econometric tests such as ADF, ARCH, and RAMSEY and have no problem of multi - collinearity and self - correlation, are built and compared with respect to goodness of fit. By doing so, it is proved that Shanghai Composite Index is poorly correlevant to macro- economic variables such as exchange rate, interest rate and GDP growth rate, but highly correlevant to micro- market variables such as trading volume, turnover ratio and the like. This conclusion cannot deny the connection between macro economy and stock market. On the contrary, it reflects some structural limitations of Shanghai stock market before its recent reforms.
In a perspective of behavioral analysis of consumers this paper focuses on China's commercial banks' brands, and puts forward a theoretical model of magnetic effect.A positive analysis of a brand's cognitive factors including image design, branch network, product utility, service quality and promotion measure effectively verifies the existence of magnetism effect and its functional mechanism.This paper concludes an interior link and influential rule between consuming mentality and bank's brand.
At present our country's situation of the work related to letters and calls of complaints from the people is quite serious and is confronted with a series of institutional difficult positions.For example, it interferes in independence of procuratorial organizations and courts, weakening their authority.The main causes for this institutional predicament involve court, litigant, judicial institution and lawsuit system.Through improving judicial independence and procedural institutions in lawsuits, and constructing a terminal mechanism dealing with letters and calls of complaints, the predicament can be completely extricated.
The criminal juridical consultative system includes a consultation between accused and public procurator and a consultation between accused and injured.A study of the international criminal juridical consultative system is beneficial to establish our country's own system.The study and establishment of the system is helpful to solve the current problem about the relationship between fairness and efficiency in the Chinese context, to make up for the simplified procedures in juridical practice, and to sum up and remedy defects in existing laws.
Zhou Zuoren's research on ancient Greek literature was a result of his reflections and criticisms of modern Chinese thoughts.He chose mimes and myths as his study object.The choice itself represented his idea: human nature could be liberated from the repression of a nation-society system by a way of independent participation in national constructions.Furthermore, using Greece as a cultural strategy, Zhou Zuoren reinterpreted and reformed traditional historical culture, transforming it into an available cultural resource and an ideological tool of modern nationalism.Through his imaginational transformation, the tradition possessed a legal position of "cosmopolitanism", surmounting its original narrow local category.
ZHOU Zuo-ren is a pioneer and founder of studies on Japanese literature in China.His significant and inspiring contributions include: treating historical divisions of modern Japanese literature on the basis of historical facts and literary works; emphasizing the thought of "This Life" and aesthetic features in Japanese literature as a whole; his research approach stressing a cultural perspective and "seeking differences in similarities".
Some critics hold different opinions about the verse that "after A Journey to the West, comes the performance of Creation of the Gods", which appears in LU Xun's poem, To a Japanese Critic, written in 1931.Mr.NI Moyan puts forward an opinion different from mine in his Explanation of LU Xun's Classical Poems.As a response, further arguments based on some fresh historical materials are presented in this paper.
In fact the national problem was another potential cause for World War II.The Axis, consisting of Nazi Germany, Fascistic Italy and Japan, not only had implemented the measures of genocide in some invaded countries before the war and in wartime, but also repeatedly took advantage of national problems inside the related countries to instigate antagonisms among nations.It was a historical evidence of distorting and abusing the principle of national self-determination, which served their strategic targets.The matter is worth keeping in mind for ever.
Generally speaking, there were three main roles to be played by the United States during the rise and fall of the Sino-Soviet alliance: common threat, wedge driver, and balance keeper.As to the common threat, the threat from the U.S.was exaggerated.Neither China nor USSR had regarded the U.S.as a direct and imminent threat before the formation of the Sino-Soviet alliance.As a wedge driver, America's role was very limited.The collapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance was not consistent with the American government's wedge strategy.It was China's and USSR's different ideas and policies towards the U.S.that caused the collapse of their alliance.As a balance keeper, Nixon Administration simultaneously improved relations with both China and USSR.The so-called "China card" and "tacit ally" was exaggerated.
Since 1953 socialist countries launched a campaign of "economic offensive" to expand their economic ties with less developed countries.Having felt security threats from this offensive, the U.S.government began to make a series of intelligence estimates.Based on the collected information and analyses of those estimates, Eisenhower Administration moved to adjust its economic policy towards less developed countries, which created permanent impacts on related policies of U.S.government afterwards.
From 1955 onward China intended to develop nuclear weapons and till 1967 it conducted a thermonuclear test successfully.China made accelerated progress in its nuclear techniques.Even though the United States intelligence community made a clearly wrong judgment on the fissionable material of China's first nuclear test and underestimated China's capabilities of developing thermonuclear weapons, it outlined the Chinese nuclear weapon program on the whole.
Negatively, free will indicates a non-dependent state, and positively it is a state of autonomous selection and links up with human moral obligations.Kant assumes the existence of free will, but he fails to put such an abstract "postulation" of the subject's freedom into effect in man.Crucially, he fails to truly internalize the moral will and unite it with life's intelligent driving force.As to Wang Yangming, moral reason is identical with human inherent moral sentiments.Both the intelligent self-decision and the impetus of egoist will make conflicts between human body and mind and between knowing and doing coordinated and integrated.
Ji is a key category in the philosophy of Wang Chuan -shan. For him, ji firstly functions as a relationship characterized by identity or similarity (xiang -ji), difference (fen -ji), and interactivity (jiao -ji) at the same time. We can find in Heidegger some similar ideas in his discussion about Innigkeit. Ji is originally ji of heaven and human, from which Chuan - shan systematically explores heaven, human and ji. It is starting from ji that he develops his doctrines on exphcitness and implicitness, the transformation of qi, human nature, human emotion, poetry and language.
Yandi in Chinese history is not any individual's unique name, but a title for a specific head position and a general name for many chiefs who have held the post.The basic pattern of addressing Yandi is "Yandi + surname of the tribe holding the position of Yandi"; for example, Yandi Shen Nong, referring to the tribe of Shen Nong holding the position of Yandi, Yandi Chi You, and the like.Different terms of addressing Yandi embody different values.Both Yandi Shen Nong and Yandi Chi You are outstanding representatives of Yandi culture.
The fairy tale is by no means created by children.In the first place it is an adult narration, and what's more, its audiences are adults.The fairy tale stemmed from folks, and its story elements existed in various literary styles such as myth, legend and fable.However, it has gradually become an independent style with some misunderstandings of the implications of "fairy tale" and intellectuals' unknowing narrative "tactics" before and after Enlightenment.The independence of fairy tale indicates human beings' discovery of their "childhood", which has a far-reaching significance.
In a considerable degree the research quality of foreign literature is closely related to the researcher's visions and applied theories and methods.During our country's new period studies of foreign literature have achieved outstanding results in exploring external social historical-cultural conditions of literary works and writers' thoughts, feelings and experiences.However, there is almost a blank in expounding those works' internal forms and structures.According to Liu Xie, there is unchangeableness in changes of literary forms or there are changes in unchangeableness.Such a structural theory inspires us to combine structuralist explorations of universality with post-structuralist explorations of changeableness, which may be a scientific and effective approach.
As a research front of ecological aesthetics at home, "ecological ontological aesthetics" needs deepening in its research object, method and content.Ecological aesthetics regards the modern's existences and aesthetical activities as its major study object, and meanwhile should embrace "nature" as an important thinking dimension into studies on existential noumena art ontology.Ecological aesthetics takes phenomenological philosophy as its major methodological source, carefully analyzing and transforming various theoretical resources.The main content of ecological aesthetics includes systematic translations and interpretations of foreign ecological cultural theories, studies on existential noumena and art ontology, studies on the theory of nature faith, and explorations of ecological critical theories.
The factors conditioning a combination of event noun and classifier include the distance between event noun and classifier, the subcategory and the function of classifier.The research based on a large-scale corpus shows that the selection has various preferences, which depends on the semantic feature of classifier.According to [+timeliness], the action classifier and timeliness classifier can constitute a continuum of seven kinds at four levels.The nominal classifier can be divided into five kinds.To sum up, the event noun has a strong tendency of combination with the medium [+timeliness] classifier subcategory.
The intension meaning feature of noun can be divided into definitional feature and situational distinctive feature.This paper explores the influence of hierarchy and orientation on the semantic composition of noun groups in Mandarin Chinese, and tries to explain the principle of semantic composition and the rule of word-order.
The civil society is a fundamental issue in the modern Western social transition, and also an essential theoretical issue that contemporary China's social transition of "modernity" is confronted with.This issue is a kind of problem consciousness inviting Marx' philosophical reform, and this category is a prototype of Marx' concept of capitalism.The historical development of modern civil society provides a historical horizon for the occurrence of Marxist philosophy.Taking the study (criticism) of civil society as a basic problem consciousness in the study of Marxist philosophy can promote a transformation of the current Chinese research paradigm of Marxist philosophy and a change of its own inherent theoretical logic.
Through an analysis of the logical train of Marx' Critique of Hegelian Law-Philosophy, this paper clears up a long-term misunderstanding of Marx' essential thought that "civil society determines state" in domestic intellectual circles, pointing out that Marx himself had an important ideological transformation in his critique of Hegel's philosophy of law, that is, a fundamental change from political critique to social critique, thus completely changing his later intellectual way.
This paper makes an analysis of two major misunderstandings of Marx' theory of social development law.One is an analysis of the dogmatic formula of "five society formations" which has a misunderstanding of Marx' theory of social development law, restoring the Marxist truth about the dialectical union of law-governing social development and particularity of developmental paths.The other is an exploration of motives of Marx' concern about the oriental issue in his late years through an analysis of some disputes on this point, pointing out that the theory of the oriental social development road implies a thought of the dialectical union of general and specific laws of historical development.
The policy implementation is a process of transmitting public policy from ideas into realities, and a key to directly determine policy performance.The deviation of policy implementation resulting from conflicts of local government interests tends to lead to policy failure.The traditional policy theory, insisting that both governments and officials at various levels are pure representatives of public interests and natural altruists, has been challenged in current policy practices.To analyze local government's interest structure and study an institutional way to normalize local government's action of policy implementation is very important for upgrading efficiency of policy implementation and promoting social healthy development.
The government governance has a direct relation to social fairness and justice.The public policy is an important means by which government can help to bring about social justice.The public policy's effect on social justice may be good; however, it may produce a disadvantageous effect on social justice.Only those public policies which have fair and just values can promote social justice.The justice embodied in the public policy contains a sense of public, a sense of justice, a sense of democracy, and a sense of science.The values of the public policy are the requisites for the advance of social fairness and justice.
There are three forms of vertical relationship in a transnational corporation(TNC), namely, market transaction, vertical integration, and vertical restraint.The model indicates that the vertical restraint and vertical integration have more similar effects.A corporation can obtain an integration result by means of a non-integration form.A transnational corporation will select a certain form of vertical relationship at a given time and select another form in another period, even a combination of basic forms of vertical relationship, since every form has its own advantages owing to cost and various beneficial factors.
With an enlargement of MNCs' R & D investment in some developing countries more and more scholars begin to study influences of MNCs' overseas R & D investment from an angle of innovation capability of developing host countries.The relevant research materials mainly focus on evolutions of MNCs' overseas R & D institutional types, their interactions with local research institutes, and effects of their R & D investment on developing host countries' innovation capabilities.However, those researches need deepening; in particular, the study on mechanisms of influence and the empirical and positive research need strengthening.
The board governance is the core of company governance, and the evaluation of board governance is the key to the evaluation system of company governance.The paper constructs a standard system of board governance based on a study of some references concerned and the relationship between board governance and growth involving some listed companies.The result shows that the board governance is not a source of high growth in the current situation.It achieves a conclusion on the facet of policy that the companies listed in our country should perfect their mechanism of board governance so as to improve their performance.
To construct a new-type harmonious relationship between labor and capital is the most essential and central problem that has to be urgently solved in private enterprises, which is of importance to the healthy development of private enterprises and harmony of whole society.The primary contradictions and problems existing in the current private-economic labor-capital relationship consist of lower labor payment, not guaranteed laborers' rights and benefits, and insufficient social security.The basic guiding principles of constructing a new private-economic labor-capital harmonious relationship include: the unity of opposites between "harmony but not the sameness"and"not the sameness but harmony", taking people the first and giving preferential treatment to labors, and benefiting both labor and capital sides.The key measures to be taken include: to improve work contracts and increase the rate of signing agreements, to respect labors' equal rights and maintain their status' equality, and the like.
Nowadays China is under a historical transition from an identity society under small-scale peasant economy to a civil society under market economy.Meanwhile, we also see a transition from scholar (shi) to intellectual.As a scholar, a traditional scholar enjoys his privileges because of his identity.But as a citizen, a modern intellectual enjoys his rights and carries out his duties equally to all the people with different identities.The core of this transition is professionalization.Such a person is an intellectual with a profession of creating and diffusing knowledge and culture.Though there are some other big differences between traditional scholars and modern intellectuals owing to essential differences between a traditional society and a modern society, we still can see that they are in the same historical tradition in accordance with the spiritual descent and cultural heritage.Just as traditional scholars did before, modern intellectuals also make their choices between pursuing their spiritual goals and earning their living, between being perfect and achieving a success, between creating new things and following new things, and between being a superior man (jun-zi) and being an inferior man (xiao-ren).
In the development of modernity human beings are encountering with a problem of technological risk.The technology risk is a latency technology calamity, and the technology calamity is an embodiment of technology risk.The technology risk is not abnormal.The technological system's close combination and complex correlation determine inevitability of technological risks.The dualistic thinking confining to modernity will lead to an epistemological cycle, and the reflection on a technological risk in terms of assumptions of the conception on nature behind technological practice will open up a new vision.
Current studies on Hanshan poetry more confine themselves to interpretations of Zen's remarks and poems, and yet fail to make an integral analysis of the background of Hanshan poetry, that is, the intellectual history of Zen School and its specific developments. Through a study of mutual interpretations between Zen School's historical materials and poems, this paper concludes that as a generation Zen's literature, Hanshan poetry implicitly displayed the Tang-dynasty Zen School's two major sects' rise and fall.
Su Qing was a very popular "civil writer" in Shanghai in the 1940s.Her creative writing and use of folklore led her works to a best seller.In a historical perspective this paper makes a deep study of Su Qing's folklore creation from physical and mental folklore, attempting to explore her creation's epochal significance and literary value.
To adhere to the spirit of the time to scientifically answer those subject-matters put forward by the time is a centralized embodiment of the Chinese-style Marxist question consciousness.Such a kind of consciousness has its striking characteristics and multiple implications and dimensions.Viewed from the world outlook, it embodies a materialist stand.Viewed from epistemology, it presents a materialist and dialectical method.Viewed from methodology, it represents an attitude of seeking truth from facts.
The institutional virtue of goodness finds expression in justice.The institutional justice is requisite to building up a harmonious society.Besides that, it is necessary to cultivate citizens' virtue of goodness.First, a just social system is the foundation and guarantee of developing civil virtues; however, the system itself is to be made and carried out by particular persons with certain virtues.Second, the rigid, universal social system and individual, elastic civil virtue can be complementary to each other.When a society gains supports of institutional and civil virtues, it may reach a relatively good harmonious state.
This paper proposes that there exist topic-in questions and proposition-in questions in the interrogative system of Shanghai dialect.It compares the former to "S fa?" and the latter to "S, VP fa?" in different aspects, and finds out that the proposition-in question is of great amount and significance.The two differ in several ways, through which we can see some interesting phenomena and characteristics of language changes, including 1)multiplication with multiple resources, 2)mainstream transformation with bilateral complementary relations, and 3)complication with actions and reactions.
Based on experimental phonetic studies and phonological analyses, a framework of standard Chinese syllable structure is developed. This paper argues that the nasal or off-glide of a diphthong is coda, instead of nuclear, and that the glide is a feature of onset, instead of the first part of rhyme. It means that the full syllable in standard Chinese has two parts, onset and rhyme. There are three kinds of onset, namely, C (consonant), G (glide), and CG, and there are two kinds of rhyme, V (vowel) and VK (nasal or off-glide). No matter whether a syllable is a V or a VK, it has two morn. Full syllables in standard Chinese are all long syllables.
Without relief there is no right.The civil right relief has various patterns.However, the lawsuit relief has become a leading pattern for a long time since the civil right relief is always defined from the angle of law, thus forming an only-one-pattern structure.But, the inseparability of social norms and comparative analysis of institutional costs and benefits determine that the substitutional dispute settlement mechanism, the supervisory settlement mechanism, and the special settlement mechanism are also important ways of civil right relief.Therefore, a plural structure should be formed so as to effectively safeguard citizens' legal rights and benefits.
Based on a questionnaire made by the Department of Human Development & Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, about values of family, labor division of housework, parental roles, and degrees of marital satisfaction between husband and wife, a sampling investigation was carried out among 918 families in Shanghai in April 2005.This paper tries to present and analyze views of equality on housework between husband and wife and differences between them.
This paper chooses part of Shanghai white collars as research objects, rlhrough a questionnaire and individual interviews, it makes an analysis of an overall and a specific Shanghai white collars' tourism consumption preference, revealing such a group's high rate of touring, long time of excursion, obviously autonomous way of travel-decision, strong desire of outbound travel, habit of credit card consumption, and tourist consumption.Also, it puts forward some suggestions on developing products of Shanghai's peripheral vacation tourism, establishing a tourist product's development and marketing system, and deepening reforms of tour teams.
This paper tries to make a metaphysical exposition of the aesthetician Teng Shou-yao's view of "divine wisdom" in terms of the well-known philosopher Feng Qi's theory of wisdom.Through defining the concept of divine wisdom at a metaphysical level, the possibility of transforming knowledge into wisdom is elaborated, and a new way to carry out education of life concern in children is explored in connection with Teng Shou-yao's theory of ecological education.
Applying a co-integration and error correction model and employing bilateral data from 1991 Q1 to 2005 Q4, this paper attempts to explore the relationship between bilateral real exchange rate of RMB and Sino-Korea trade balance.The result indicates that there is a steady long-term relationship between bilateral real exchange rate of RMB and Sino-Korea trade balance.However, since the elasticity of exchange rate is too small, the change of exchange rate has a limited influence on Sino-Korea trade balance.In a short-run there is no lag on Sino-Korea trade balance processed by the real exchange rate.The slow appreciation of RMB will not bring great fluctuation to Sino-Korea trade balance.
In the context of the current international monetary system, this paper makes a test on Dooley's "collateral" viewpoint about the relationship between international capital flow and US current account financing mechanism by means of a co-integration analysis method which takes China and its periphery countries as samples respectively.The test results show that Chinese data do not coincide with the point, though Dooley and other scholars make use of Chinese data as their grounds of argument.Meanwhile, an almost reversed conclusion can be drawn from other data, that is, the mechanism described by the "collateral" view has a notable rationality.The conclusion above can help to understand and dissolve the current global imbalance and China's economic dilemma ultimately.
This paper makes an analysis of the relationship between stock market activity and long-run economic growth relying on endogenous changes in the information structure of capital market.Because of existence of asymmetric information, borrowers and lenders must resolve problems of enforcement through an appropriate design of financial contracts.The equilibrium choice of contract depends on the state of economy which, in turn, depends on the contracting regime.The stock market development in China has contributed to its economic growth.Therefore it makes sense for Chinese government to enlarge roles of the stock market in China's overall financial system.
The languages in the Han- Tibet language family have been classified according to the criteria of linguistic typology, but in this effort the role of grammatical types has not been fully acknowledged. The author challenges the conventional understanding that function word and word order are the main grammatical means of Han - Tibet languages. He examines three open notional words, i. e., nouns, verbs and adjectives, and concludes that Han - Tibet languages fall under the following two grammatical types: the synthetic - cohesive language and the analytic - integrative language.
The pronunciation of Chinese characters in Shuowen (说文) was labeled by Xu Xuan in light of Tangyun. On examining Xu Xuan's phonetic notation and Xu Shen's explication, we discover a disparity between phonetic notation and meaning of Xu Xuan's fanqie in Shuowenjiezi. The author attempts to address this issue by analyzing some examples of this phenomenon.
This is a case study of rhetoric of Bajin's text"Doggie Baodi".The author selects groups of keywords and carries out a detailed rhetorical analysis of the text.Based upon this down to earth case study, he also addresses the general issue concerning the methodology of rhetorical analysis.
Kawakami Hajime was the person who translated Karl Marx's Das Kapital into Japanese.In his last years, he lived in seclusion.That was the time when Chinese people fought against Japanese invasion.By studying classical Chinese poetry and composing poems in that style, Kawakami Hajime expressed his opposition to Japanese militarism.In this paper, the author uncovers another important aspect of this well known Japanese Marxist and shows his appreciation of Kawakami Hajime's cultural resistance to the Japanese militants.
Zhexi school of poetry was still quite influential after the rise of Changzhou school.There was a period when both schools coexisted.However, Zhexi school was in the decline.Therefore, in their coexistence and interaction, the Changzhou school was the dominant force.
Conventional researches about the provincial system reform in the early Republic of China mainly focused on some minor issues.In fact, the core and significance of the reform lie in its consideration of the provincial-central government relations and the exploration of the provincial administrative operations.The design of provincial system not only respected the control exerted by the central government over provinces and the balance provinces exerted on the central government, but also took into account the distinction and interdependence between administration and autonomy with an intention to balance their operations.Unfortunately, due to the difficulties generated by the situation, folk psychology and the limitations of autonomic ability, the inspiring efforts fell to the ground.
In the history of modern Chinese revolution, "the revolutionary forces" thought that jobless migrants and secret societies were both revolutionary and destructive.The secret societies were defined as migrant associations in this perspective.The author argues that this ideologically oriented approach ignores the difference between secret societies and migrant organizations.
The idolatrous procession faded in Hang County in Zhejiang Province in the first half of the 20th century.The direct factor was the policy that banned folk belief and it was put into practice forcibly by the local government.The indirect factor was that the declining gentry class could not support the idolatrous procession.Some of them changed into new political elites and even opposed idolatrous procession.The more important factor was the economic recession in rural area.The idolatrous procession lacked funds and could not be held.
The promulgation of the Policy for Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain was closely related to the grain crisis in 1953 and the implementation of the general line for the transitional period.Although the uptight relationship of supply and demand of grain in China was abated, the overall situation was still not satisfying.In order to meet the demand for grain in large scale industrialization and to stabilize grain price, the central government had to adopt a new measure to control the grain resources.The grain crisis in 1953 offered an important opportunity to promulgate the Policy for Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain.Furthermore, with the promulgation of the policy, the central government made it a part of the general line to transform the traditional production relationship in townships and rural areas.
The paper analyses the inclinations of the superior noblemen in the period of later Jin and early Song dynasties.The establishment of Liu Yu's regime was a key event.Before 412 A.D., the superior noblemen acted according to the ideal of aristocratic politics.In the struggle between Liu Yu and Liu Yi, the superior noblemen, guided by their leader Xie Hun, tried to restore their governance by supporting Liu Yi who seemed likely to stand on their Side.After 412 A.D., the superior noblemen accepted Liu Yu's regime.On the one hand, they showed their loyalty to Liu Yu, which was inconsistent with their spiritual characteristics.One the other hand, the superior noblemen were also involved in the struggle for power, which weakened their ability to control politics.The result was that their rule was made impossible.
Legitimacy is an important concept in political theory, and the theory of legitimacy is a significant component of political theory.Although it was during the modern times that the theory of legitimacy was explicitly put forward and studied systemically, people had begun to think about it ever since there was state or political society in human history.The concept of legitimacy is indispensably connected with a state's political life and the theory of legitimacy discusses the political phenomenon of the rise and fall of a state's regime.Although there were differences in the theory of legitimacy between ancient political thinkers and those after the Renaissance, they generally followed the tradition of rational constructivism.After the 19th century, political thinkers shifted from rational constructivism to empiricism in their inquiry into the theory of legitimacy.In contemporary studies, however, rational constructivism and empiricism are combined together.
In his Political Liberalism, Rawls argues for a reasonable idea of toleration in response to the fact of reasonable pluralism in modern democratic society.The fact of reasonable pluralism is the subjective circumstance of toleration, while reasonableness is the basis of toleration.Reasonableness has two aspects: 1) the willingness to propose and abide by fair terms of cooperation, given the assurance that others will likewise do so; 2) the willingness to recognize the burdens of judgment and to accept their consequences.The burdens of judgment are the root of reasonable disagreement.It is typical of the exercise of a common human reason in the condition of freedom.As a reasonable person, one recognizes and is willing to bear the consequences of the burdens of judgment.One also recognizes that it is unreasonable to impose one's own conception of the good on the others, hence the commitment to toleration.The author also points out the limitations of Rawls' idea of toleration.
The expansion of the political conflict is an uncontrollable process.According to E.E.Schattschneider, the expansion of political conflict is spontaneous though, we can control its scope through political design.Schattschneider takes seriously the relation between the scope and the result of political conflict.The change in the scope will have a substantial impact on the result of political conflict.
Green-pacifism is a rising political thought and social movement.It advances the green-peace political thought in international politics.It is not only a rethinking of environmental crisis and traditional foreign policy, but also a synthesis of the ecological-political thoughts of other academic disciplines.Green-pacifism aims to establish a new equal international economical order and solve global problems in a holistic way.It takes non-national behavior bodies as the leading force in constructing world peace.It insists on non-violence.Global, massive and ideal are the major theoretical characteristics of green-pacifism.
The actions of debt, covenant, detinue and account were the main forms of action involving contracts before the 14th century in England.But the rigidity of their procedures prevented them from providing sufficient remedies for the development of society.Assumpsit occurred in the 14th century and unified all the contract action after its extension over a long time.The contracts of Common Law originated in the evolution of the forms of actions.The early contract law also relied on tort theory, and the separation and competition of judicial powers in England in the Middle age improved the development of contract law.
In an era of globalization, the distribution and composition of the world economy has witnessed profound changes.In particular, the later 20th Century witnessed a transition from Fordism to flexible accumulation.The new experience of time-space compression, appearing along with this transition, reflects a more sensitive orientation of capital.The new international division of labor is, by nature, an attempt of multi-national corporations to expand their internal division of labor to developing countries by virtue of their capital advantages, while foreign direct investment is a major means to realize this strategic goal and the allocation of production.Since the 1980s, foreign direct investment has largely concentrated on the service industry, while the financial industry and advanced producer services tend to converge in the world major cities, which has given rise to global cities (or called world cities).In this process, global cities have gradually become the dominating playing fields of the activities of the world economy, while the strengths of nation-states have been weakened.However, the complicated dynamics between the two is by no means as simple as it appears to be, leaving much to be explored.
The paper analyzes the difference of free trade areas' contribution to foreign direct investment in ASEAN and Mexico. It is suggested that the factors relevant in this regard are: 1) The free trade areas could choose suitable partners; 2) Its common institution could challenge the previous dominance of the multinational corporation and improve the local conditions of its members; 3) Its members could keep comparative advantage of investment environment.
Globalization, regional integration, administrative impacts and sustainable development have jointly influenced on the urban development in the Yangtze River Delta, especially in terms of administrative influence, infrastructure and ecological control.When the spatial exploitation goes deeply networked, multi-dimensional and function-oriented, regional integration may find a way to realization.Competitive advantages will also be achieved with some strategies which respond to the challenge of how to successfully get involved in global competition.
Since the reform and opening up policy was implemented in 1978, the region of Yangtze River Delta—including Shanghai, 8 cities of Jiangsu province and 7 cities of Zhejiang province—has become one of the most energetic and richest regions in China.It also leads the whole economic development in China.In spite of the great achievement in overall economy, there is a huge disparity in per capital net income of rural households (PCNIRH) in 16 cities in this area.This paper discusses the outcome of PCNIRH disparity in the Yangtze River Delta from 1978 to 2004 by means of the absolute discrepancy index, the comparative discrepancy index and convergence method.
The article explores the possibility of building public philosophy on the basis of Confucianism. It begins with a discussion of the idea of public philosophy, and how it differs in East Asia and the West. Then, the article takes the idea of "harmonize but not confirm" as an example to argue how Confucianism can serve as the foundation of East Asian public philosophy. However, the article also analyzes the limits of Confucian's doctrine of harmony as well as its concept of toleration by examining its attitude towards heresy. The conclusion is that we must transform ancient Confucianism in a creative way to make it compatible with modern public philosophy.
The article critically examines some major arguments made by A. John Simmons in his celebrated essay "Justification and Legitimacy." The author argues that Simmons' "consent-based conception of legitimacy", for its relying too much on an extreme version of voluntarism, commits the fallacy of subjectivism that Simmons himself rejects, and consequently cannot be taken as an independent approach, parallel to justification, to normative evaluations of the state, as Simmons claims. The theoretical move that makes distinction and separation between justification and legitimacy is also problematic. In general, "the challenge of philosophical anarchism" does not concern what is at stake in contemporary debates on political legitimacy and its significance should not be overstated.
A. John Simmons has made a distinction between justification and legitimacy and condemned the confusion of them in John Rawls and some other philosophers. The article argues that the difference between Simmons and Rawls is in essence a difference between Lockism and Kantism. The change of key issue from legitimacy to justification in contemporary political philosophy indicates an unfinished paradigm shift from Lockism to Kantism.
In his masterpiece, Kripe gives a thorough and original analysis of Wittgenstein's problem of private language. He argues that no primary facts (no matter external or internal) could serve as the ultimate justification for the meaning of language, and only within a specifiable community could we establish such a testing standard of obeying rules. In one of his later works La prose du monde, Merleau-Ponty also focuses on the creation of new meanings and the expression-moment of indirect language. The relationship and difference between the two thinkers could be better understood on the topic of arithmetic rules.
With his passion for life and the world of sense, Nietzsche naturally refuses metaphysics, which is nihilistic to the sensible world. He attempts to drive metaphysics out of its refuge by the critique of Christianity, science and language so as to go back to real life. Nietzsche's critique also helps us to understand the mechanism of metaphysics in the West.
The struggle between philosophy and religion has dominated the intellectual history of the West. To win the predominance of philosophy, Hegel appeals to the reconstruction of Christianity while Nietzsche the establishment of a new philosophical life and culture. However, both of the approaches have suffered from the problem of historicism due to the presupposition of the changeability of nature.
After the examination of the formation of ZHANG Xue-cheng's celebrated doctrine that six classics are history, the article argues that in his later year this doctrine is really based on the proposition that six classics are political documents. The inference goes as following: (1) In the ancient times there were no private works and no pure theoretical works isolated from daily life so that the traditional opinions that Confucius personally created six classics and they are theoretical works are not true. (2) Dao and qi (concrete utensils and instruments) are inseparable from each other and so are li (principles) and shi (issues). Since qi and shi were created or conducted by previous kings, six classics are political documents of previous kings. (3) Six classics are history because political documents are history.
In contrast to the school of textual research, ZHANG Xue-cheng argues that the way to achieve Dao can't be confined in textual research since what it can achieve is merely Dao in the Three Dynasties rather than Dao as a whole. Then he advocates "to be a sage by learning from common people": man can achieve Dao by exploring the traces of yin and yang in the daily lives of common people, overcoming the limitation of the subject and composing historical works. This way to achieve Dao, however, also seems to be a little narrow. It remains a problem how we can inherit Chinese tradition that everyone can achieve Dao in our knowledge-dominant age.
To construct modern Chinese philosophy with its own national feature, it is necessary for us to explore particular methodologies in ancient Chinese philosophy and then transform them in a creative way. Characterized by an effort to reach a synthesis of attributions on different levels, the methodology of Daoism provides us a possibility to achieve the fusion of Chinese and Western thoughts so as to construct modern Chinese philosophy with its own national feature.
The article argues that the development of novels in modern China before 1915 had prepared the way for the arising of "the Revolution in the field of novel". The import of advanced printing technology, the emergence of new media such as newspaper, the flourish of translation novels and the development of novel theory, all these elements have made this stage very significant in the history of Chinese novels. At the beginning of the 20th century, LIANG Qi-chao's advocacy of political novels changed the orientation of the development of novels and caused so-called "the Revolution in the field of novel", which was, however, temporal.
Is it appropriate to say that the phrase "to be perfected in music" in Chapter VIII of the Analects refers to, as it used to be interpreted, the harmonious combination of the moral learning and musical accomplishment in a man of noble character? By studying the Rites of Zhou, "On Music" from the Book of Rites and other ancient Chinese classics, the author believes that "music" in the ancient times means a form of performance in a ritual ceremony, the scene of which is therefore described as "magnificence of rites and music." The orderliness achieved in the performance, which Confucius refers to as "proper conduct of rites and music", is indispensable from the systematic conduct or manoeuvre by a music master. To become a music master, the anchorman of the ritual ceremony, is to Confucius the highest goal of life. To understand the phrase "to be perfected in music" in this way will perhaps help us understand more of Confucius as a human.
Before inversed by the anti-poetical impulse in reality, individualized narratives in market China had a poetical orientation when they started. Excluding the grand history and depressing human nature, they have degenerated from the opposition to rationality to the distortion of life freedom: individual existence is considered as ordinary life with no responsibilities for history. Individualized narratives have become modeled public writings under the mask of hypocritical individualization.
This article argues that the history of Shanghai as a socialistic city after 1949, consciously or unconsciously, has been falsified, neglected and even forgotten in current city studies. By examining new residential areas of workers in Shanghai, especially the earliest one, i.e., Cao-yang New Residential Area, the article discusses the socialistic space producing as a way to achieve the combination of city reconstruction and the construction of a new life world.
From the perspective of contract enforcement and financial conversion, we can find that China's financial deepening is suffering from the lack of trust and high cost of financial conversion. The two indices, θ and Ψ, show that there are still some disadvantages in China's financial deepening, which have led to the loss of national welfare, the inefficiency of economic growth and conversion between savings and investment, etc.. The process of China's financial deepening will be accelerated if contract enforcement is promoted by institutional construction and financial conversion cost is cut down by financial innovation.
This paper employs the BEER model, taking the data from 1980-2005, to estimate RMB equilibrium real exchange rate and real exchange rate misalignment. In the period of 1980-1985, RMB real exchange rate is overvalued because of the high RMB nominal exchange rate; in the period of 1986-1995, RMB real exchange rate is undervalued because of the successive depreciation of RMB nominal exchange rate. The range of undervaluation has been reduced since the exchange rate regime reform in 1994. In the period of 1996-2003, RMB real exchange rate is overvalued. Since 2004, RMB real exchange rate has been a little undervalued. Currently we should regulate RMB real exchange rate to make it return to an equilibrium level.
This empirical study indicates that the average performance of the domestic common stock index funds with passive management were significantly better than, at least not significantly worse than, that of the domestic common stock funds with active management from the beginning of 2006 to the end of June, 2007. This tends to support the semi-strong form EMH. The number and scale of the domestic common stock index fund is relatively small, so we will see it experience a faster development in the near future.
The Inter-Bank Bond Repo Rate and Shibor are two guidance short-term interest rates in China's Monetary Market. They reflect the short-term financing costs of the Inter-bank bond market and the Inter-bank borrowing market respectively. This empirical analysis on the difference between the Inter-Bank Bond Repo Rate and Shibor finds out three indices, i.e., the well-balanced, attention and close attention numerical intervals, which will help the Central Bank monitor risks of the Inter-bank local currency market easier.
This paper establishes three structural models to examine the interactive relations between income growth and final consumption in China. It turns out that final consumption is an important impetus to the income growth in the future. This conclusion is of great significance for our country to make polices to enlarge domestic demand on the purpose of promoting the income growth.
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