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There were basic theories of taxation both in Chinese and Western societies of the middle ancient period. In China, the basic taxation theory derived some specific theories.The basic theory was an in-depth theory, whereas those specific theories were a kind of surface theory; in general the former determined the latter?s properties, whereas the latter reflected the former?s characteristics.If the basic theory was absolute, then specific theories were generally absolute too; if the basic theory was democratic, then specific theories were generally democratic.
Influenced by the lord-vassal system, a king of medieval England had dual identities: supreme lord and monarch.As a supreme lord, the king should"live on his own, "that is, he should live on his ordinary income derived from crown lands.But the ordinary income was often hard to sufficiently satisfy his needs.Hence, the king levied personal taxes on his subjects on the pretence of "common good"and "common need"so as to meet with ever increasing administrative and military expenditures.The Parliament seized the power to authorize moveable taxes by acting as the judge of "common good", thus facilitating the constitutional development of medieval England.
The principle that"The King Shall Live of His Own"was important in English theory of taxation.In the late medieval period and early modern period, among others, it served as a weapon to curb Kings' levying taxes.Some scholars, seeing certain changes in the tax system, hold that Tudor Kings broke such a tradition.This paper is intended to prove that Tudor Kings still conformed to the principle that "The King Shall Live of His Own"through quantitative analyses of the revenues from taxes granted by the Parliament and the war expenditure.
Compared with medieval European taxation, Chinese taxation in the monarchical society was quite different in its foundation of legal theory as well as in its formation.The Western taxation took private propriety as the foundation of its legal right, and at last a constitutional regime developed in which state taxation was controlled by common people with a representative system.In China, however, the foundation of taxation since the Qin Dynasty onward lay in that the imperial power was the final owner and dominator of all persons and their possessions.Such a legal notion not only led to a radical difference of Chinese monarchical society from European society in its institutional orientation, but also directly or indirectly molded a series of important characteristics of Chinese institutions.
According to the medieval Western theory of taxation, a king could levy taxes only with the consent of taxpayers.On the contrary, an ancient Chinese emperor levied taxes and corvee, dispensing with people's consent.In order to effectively reign over society, however, monarchs, officials and men of letters in all dynasties made a lot of explanations and illustrations to demonstrate legitimacy of emperors' levying taxes, thus constructing a basic theory of taxation endemic to China.that is, a theory about an emperor's possession of all land and people under the heaven.The great difference between Chinese and Western theories of taxation was caused by their own social conditions, including a contrast of tax-gatherers' and tax-payers' status and power, and different Chinese and Western cultures and social universal ideas.
As a historical cultural formation, the Buddhist development is not a self-evolution of Indian culture, but results from confluence of diverse Asian cultures including Chinese culture and West Asian cultures. Through a critical examination of some original Buddhist scriptures and texts in this paper, it can be realized that such confluence finds expressions not only in the merging of Indian Buddhist culture into China, but also in the spread of Chinese native culture into India so as to influence Indian Buddhist culture and in tum flow back to China as a form of Buddhist culture.
In his essay of Klu-sgrub-dgongs-rgyan Dge-vdun-chos-vphel expresses his distinct impression and insight on Madhyamika's ideas.Starting from the relationship between opinion and truth, he radically denies the possibility and reality of human beings' recognition of absolute truth in their empirical scope.As a result, theoretically he denies an omniscient observer and thus advocates a pluralistic methodology in the Tibetan Buddhist theory.
As a famous monk in early Chinese Buddhism, Hui Yuan and his thought had an important and farreaching influence upon later Chinese Buddhism. This paper primarily explores two issues. One is that since Hui Yuan accepted Sarvastivada's abhidharma teachings, especially the idea that every dharma was real-bhava, he believed that dharma-nature was real-bhava or unchangeable entity. This thought was different from dharma-nairamya of Nagarjuna's Madhayamaka in India, so he was criticized by Kumarajiva at that time. The other is that Hui Yuan quite appreciated the idea of self in Tri-dharmika-vastra, considering "ego" ("shen", in his words) as something transcending the spiritual and the physical so as to oppose the then doctrine of extinction of soul.
Capital can be aesthetically read, and its aesthetic implication stands out as its structural form.The structure of Capital consciously sticks to the aesthetic principle of "art integration"in its dealing with the relationship between part and whole, finding expressions not only in its narrative orientation of "from absolute to concrete", but also in its narrative technipue of "diversion-progression".The most striking structural feature of Capital lies in its logical procedures full of dialectics; its logical starting-point, categorical transition, connection among principles, and joint of several volumes, all show the law of passing from one form to another and from one connected order to another.The structure of Capital aims at expressing the subject's style as well as the objective law.What it explores is not merely a kind of economic law just as 2+2=4.Its structural form implies aesthetic elements.As an intellectual production, Capital pursues an objective of political economics in its theoretical content and puts into effect the idea of creation according to the laws of beauty in its structural form.
Many scholars have always been disputing whether there is a significant change in Einstein's philosophy of science.Some of them hold that Einstein changed his thought from empiricism to rationalism.Some argue that such a change did not exist.Still others think that Einstein's philosophy is imbued with a pluralistic tension.However, further studies from relevant logic and historical facts have proved that the transformation did happen.When making a study of a scientist's philosophical thought of science, we should distinguish between his own expression of his thought and his practice.The role of his philosophical thought of science upon his scientific activities is limited.
With the ongoing process of globalization, the social space of a metropolis in China has witnessed profound changes, one of which is the residential differentiation that has appeared in various geographic scales.The reasons of residential spatial differentiations in China differ from those of other countries.The primary reasons of accelerating differentiation lie in the social stratification triggered by the gap of income and the concept of "city management" held by government.These two factors have contributed to segregation and congregation of different social classes, which has consequently exerted influences on disadvantaged groups in terms of provisions of public goods.The mixed-income housing is a solution to alter residential differentiations.However, separated residence for different social classes is an inevitable trend in consideration of commercialized urban real estate markets.Therefore the effectiveness of mixed-income housing depends on certain economic and political bases, in particular government's active leading role.
The population density is so high in metropolises in the eastern region of China that it is imperative to redistribute urban residents.Accompanied with a quick redistribution process comes the problem of location conflicts within a metropolis and hence the contradiction between inner(or central) city and its suburbs.Such a contradiction is attributed to an impetuous mood in the urban expansion, an absence of governmental vertical and horizontal communicative mechanisms, and a lower level of public participation.Effective solutions to this problem depend on advanced guiding ideas about urban development, a series of specific institutional reforms, and the realization of citizens' right of participation.
How to control the size of rural migrants has always been a hot topic in a metropolis during recent years.Since the flow of rural migrants is mainly determined by labor market factors which are out of governmental control, there are wide disputes on whether the city government should and can control the inflow of rural migrants.This paper argues that both the role of government and market economy are essential in adjusting and controlling the size of rural migrants.The macro adjustment and control of rural migrants not only means a control of size and a setup of population entry system but also a coordinated development process between rural migrants and cities.
Adopting analyses of relevant statistics and GIS and based on the fractional theory, this paper attempts to explore a general role of population suburbanizing in Shanghai by using Shanghai's censuses from 1982 to 2003.The fractal dimensions (box fractal dimension and correlation fractal dimension) of population distribution in Shanghai are calculated and the relationship between fractal characteristics and changes of population distribution is discussed here.The research concludes that from the 1980s to 2003 the fractal characteristics are good guidelines for reflecting suburbanizing of Shanghai, showing lower population growth in its down-town area, compared with higher population growth in its suburbs.
Corporate governance has a positive correlation with corporation competitiveness.Such a relation between them is essential and logical to corporation competitiveness.As an endogenous variable, corporate governance is interconnected and interplayed with other variables.Therefore, it plays a role in forming, changing and developing corporation competitiveness.From a view of practice, we should start with establishing and perfecting corporate governance in order to get stronger corporation competitiveness.According to this perspective, Chinese corporations need to establish a modern corporation scheme and perfect corporate governance if they want to win in the global market.
The word"zuo wei"in contemporary Chinese may be distributed in ten sentence patterns, in which the "zuo wei"as a verb is distributed in the first six patterns and the prepositional"zuo wei"the last four patterns.The verbal"zuo wei"and the prepositional"zuo wei"performed great oppositions in their semantic meanings and syntactic functions.In the process of evolution the phrases led by"zuo wei"consistently shifted forward in the linear sentences, and at the same time its syntactic functions gradually degraded from predications to adverbial modifiers.Therefore, "zuo wei"finished its progress of grammaticalization, changing from a verb to a preposition.
The appropriateness of a verbal act is an important subject-matter in pragmatic and rhetorical studies, and what is more, many linguisticians have regarded the principle of appropriateness as the supreme principle of rhetoric since the 1990's.Then the question is whether this assertion is scientific or not.Has"the principle of appropriateness"been confronted with any difficulty in its theory and practice?If so, is there any higher principle than"the principle of appropriateness"?A clearer recognition may be acquired by means of defining rhetoric.
The tradition that "political situations can be observed through poems" was restored and developed under the Tang Dynasty. The reasons lay in that the implementation of the system of presented scholar created a condition for poets who could participate in political activities, emperors' accepting admonitions and a system of remonstration promoted the development of the spirit of frank criticisms, and under a loose literary circumstance politics might be remarked on by poets. Du Fu, Yuan Jie, Bai Juyi and the like all emphasized the poetical role of political education.
A review and comment on the history of study on modern fiction enables people to know well its century-old research outline and weak points, and enables scholars to realize what are emphases and methodological improvements of further studies.The book of On the History of Study on Modern Chinese Fiction has done some valuable work in this respect.The slogan, "Rewrite the History of Literature", has been put forth for more than twenty years, and writings on the literary history have been published one after another.But there is no essential methodological difference among various writing modes, if viewed from the angle of research history.It shows that the first task is to reconstruct the foundation of literary history, including a study on the research history of literature.
The Collection of Ancient Poems, edited by Zhang Zhixiang of the Ming Dynasty, included poems written during the period of Han, Wei and Six dynasties. Its completed time was before Zhang's another compilation of The Collection of Tang Poems. The whole book was divided into 44 parts according to the content of those poetic works, so that it was often mistaken as a classified book. In fact, its distinct editorial way just followed a previous compiling style of some collections of poems and essays, which facilitated later generations to study a certain kind of poems.
New Commentaries on the Book of History was an improtant book written by Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty. It influenced imperial examinations for 60 years and represented Wang's political ideas and scholarship. In his interpretations of The Book of History, Wang Anshi set up a general and close connection between "the Way of heaven" and "human affairs" so as to participate in political practices and push the reform forward.
Some 20th century Chinese philosophers were unsatisfied with the theory of knowledge in modem Western philosophy which restricted epistemology solely to the examination Of knowledge. They argued that epistemology should also take care of metaphysical wisdom. This can be taken as a metaphysical approach to expand epistemology. Since the mid 20th century, therehas been an important line of thought in Western philosophy which argues that inadequacy of traditional epistemology lies in the fact that it focuses only on knowing that and is blind to knowing how. Thus some philosophers have explored a pragmatic approach to expand epistemology by putting on the agenda an analysis of knowing how. There are substantive interconnections between the two approaches; for example, with respect to the problem of the articulation of human cognition, the pragmatic approach turns out to be complementary to the metaphysical approach.
FENG Qi claims that any concept has a dual function of describing and prescribing reality, and that those basic logical rules embody a unity of a posteriority and a priority.Considering the problem of the justification of logical theory, FENG's such a theory requires that the construction of a logical theory adhere to the unity of a posteriority and a priority.The justification of the argument theory in modern logic takes a more universalistic and a prior approach; however, informal logic tries to justify itself from the perspective of a unity of a posteriority and a priority, and of universality and contextuality.
In China FENG Qi develops a school of his own in the field of aesthetics.First of all, it has a high level of philosophy and a depth-in level of theory.Specifically, it has a logical access from abstract to concrete, which is of a great sense of history.Through a review of 20th-century Chinese aesthetic schools of thought, we find that there is a profound intellectual connection between FENG Qi's aesthetics and practical aesthetics.They both can justify each other's rationality.
In the year of 1900 there emerged an awareness of Southeast China in Shanghai newspapers and periodicals' essays on the current political situation, which tended to present their arguments in the perspective of Shanghai, Southeast or South China, expressing Shanghai and Southeast gentlemen and businessmen's concerns for the national situation and destiny.As a representative of upper-level businessmen in areas of Jiangsu and Southeast China, ZHANG Jian also showed his consciousness of Southeast.In particular, he put forward a theory about coexistence of "Northwest" and "Southeast", which was a profound view of the current situation and has provided a fresh perspective for people's exploring ZHANG Jian's thought.
Political science can provide a given national political system with regional political knowledge.With the nation-state building in modern China, Chinese political science has gone through four stages.First, it came into China as an outer political theory.Second, politics emerged and stemmed from traditional Chinese knowledge with the building of local political science genealogy.Thirdly, as an approach to interpret political thought, especially with the spread and interpretations of the democratic republic thought, political science acquired its ideological formation.And finally, in China political science developed from a kind of thought to an academic discipline when those who obtained political Ph.D.in USA or Europe came back to China, founding departments of political science in universities, writing their political works and establishing their theories.
In 1991 India started to carry out market - oriented reforms after its explorations lasting half a century.Its remarkable economic achievements have been regarded as an unusual phenomenon which consists of a series of development institutions and structures. To some extent India's road is called the Indian model that is deemed to be better and more potential than the Chinese model. Owing to its political democracy established before its economic freedom, India was confronted with a sharp conflict between economic growth and allocation of social welfare in transition, which weakened effectiveness of India's democracy in practice. When its ability to govern the state did not have an effective elevation, India's political democracy could not provide an effective motive force for economic growth. Understanding India's lessons and experiences is meaningful for us to modify and perfect the Chinese model.
The social and economic development involves the two aspects of policy designing and value appraisal.The former deals with some "actual" issues and the latter some "obligatory" issues.Any economic activity is for people instead of possessions outside people.The final pursuit of economic expansions is human life and harmonious developments of livelihood.It is urgent to grasp the value orientation of current economic developments, adhere to the people-centered economic developmental model, and set up and make economic policies in accordance with the vast people's essential benefits.
Any speech action is a process to use symbols to express the speech-maker's knowledge and make his or her auditors accept them.In order to realize its intention, a speech action should conform to certain rules, and the "objective content" is the most important constructive rule in a verbal action about news.The objectivity of news verbal action is not only referred to not fabricating false news, but also includes three aspects such as knowledge transmission, symbolic possibility, and mental acceptability.
The character of the Lisu bamboo writing is one of minority ethnic characters, which was created by an individual in the 1920s. Through comparisons with the Naxi Dongba writing and the Shui writing, the nature of the Lisu character can be showed that it is a kind of primordial syllabic character, The emergence of character - formation is very complex.
The component is the most important foundational element for a character system. In its long history, the components of inscriptions on bronzes had obviously different forms at different times. With a support of the property database of character forms, this paper explores some issues such as methods and values in the evolutionary process of the component formsof inscriptions on bronzes.
Under a flexible inflation targeting regime, should policymakers avoid any reaction to movements in the foreign exchange market? Using data about four advanced open-economy countries explicitly carrying out an inflation targeting regime, this paper makes a positive examination of whether a real exchange rate disequilibrium systematically affects operations of monetary policy.Although there are some significant differences among those countries, the estimates indicate that exchange rates are generally not crucial to systematic monetary responses in inflation targeting and open economies.However, the exchange rate, as an information variable, is found to be valuable in the monetary policy-making process.
China's asymmetric capital control during the process of opening its capital account, as well as insufficient liberalization of its economy, is reflected in the Mundel-Flemming model with the slope of BP line in M-F model bigger than LM line.Therefore, effects of monetary policy, fiscal policy and exchange rate policy will be weakened under a fixed exchange rate regime in terms of their adjustment to balance of payment.An adoption of a flexible exchange rate regime, however, will greatly enhance those effects.As a result, China is advised to proceed with opening its capital account and speed up liberalization of the interest rate and exchange rate system so as to heighten effectiveness of adjusting to its balance of payment.
Eight variables such as exchange rate, interest rate, GDP growth rate, trading volume, turnover ratio, P/E ratio, trading volume of funds and tradable market value theoretically related to the index are chosen here as possible explanatory variables, and the modeling strategy is guided by the average economic regression principle in which a model involving only one explanatory variable is first established and more explanatory variables will later be added into the model as long as they do not deteriorate the statistic quality of the model. Linear models and logarithmic linear models that can pass various econometric tests such as ADF, ARCH, and RAMSEY and have no problem of multi - collinearity and self - correlation, are built and compared with respect to goodness of fit. By doing so, it is proved that Shanghai Composite Index is poorly correlevant to macro- economic variables such as exchange rate, interest rate and GDP growth rate, but highly correlevant to micro- market variables such as trading volume, turnover ratio and the like. This conclusion cannot deny the connection between macro economy and stock market. On the contrary, it reflects some structural limitations of Shanghai stock market before its recent reforms.
In a perspective of behavioral analysis of consumers this paper focuses on China's commercial banks' brands, and puts forward a theoretical model of magnetic effect.A positive analysis of a brand's cognitive factors including image design, branch network, product utility, service quality and promotion measure effectively verifies the existence of magnetism effect and its functional mechanism.This paper concludes an interior link and influential rule between consuming mentality and bank's brand.
At present our country's situation of the work related to letters and calls of complaints from the people is quite serious and is confronted with a series of institutional difficult positions.For example, it interferes in independence of procuratorial organizations and courts, weakening their authority.The main causes for this institutional predicament involve court, litigant, judicial institution and lawsuit system.Through improving judicial independence and procedural institutions in lawsuits, and constructing a terminal mechanism dealing with letters and calls of complaints, the predicament can be completely extricated.
The criminal juridical consultative system includes a consultation between accused and public procurator and a consultation between accused and injured.A study of the international criminal juridical consultative system is beneficial to establish our country's own system.The study and establishment of the system is helpful to solve the current problem about the relationship between fairness and efficiency in the Chinese context, to make up for the simplified procedures in juridical practice, and to sum up and remedy defects in existing laws.
Zhou Zuoren's research on ancient Greek literature was a result of his reflections and criticisms of modern Chinese thoughts.He chose mimes and myths as his study object.The choice itself represented his idea: human nature could be liberated from the repression of a nation-society system by a way of independent participation in national constructions.Furthermore, using Greece as a cultural strategy, Zhou Zuoren reinterpreted and reformed traditional historical culture, transforming it into an available cultural resource and an ideological tool of modern nationalism.Through his imaginational transformation, the tradition possessed a legal position of "cosmopolitanism", surmounting its original narrow local category.
ZHOU Zuo-ren is a pioneer and founder of studies on Japanese literature in China.His significant and inspiring contributions include: treating historical divisions of modern Japanese literature on the basis of historical facts and literary works; emphasizing the thought of "This Life" and aesthetic features in Japanese literature as a whole; his research approach stressing a cultural perspective and "seeking differences in similarities".
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
