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Contemporary Chinese political research usually adopts three basic methods of field investigation, theoretical creation and practical participation, which respectively correspond to the life logic, theoretical logic and practical logic in political functioning. Field investigation has become an important approach to "understanding Chinese politics" and promoting the localization of contemporary Chinese political research. Meanwhile, the new perspective of theoretical field besides empirical field marks the self-awareness and transition of the methodology in Chinese political research. To study Chinese experience itself, we should not only consciously focus upon China, but also continuously promote experience based on field research, as well as perfect and improve the research through the interaction between experience, theory and practice. The popular paradigms at home and abroad, including "authoritarianism" and "a developmental country", fail to explain Chinese experience and Chinese political development, so we still need a theoretical paradigm more appropriate to Chinese experience and practice.
The School of Guan(guanxue) was founded by ZHANG Zai and thus characterized by his philosophy. Concerning the Dao of Nature, ZHANG claims that the Ultimate Void(taixu) is qi as vital energy. So what matters is how qi exists through condensing and dispersing rather than whether qi exists or not(qi is being or non-being, real or empty). The philosophical perspective and the way of inquiry consequently transforms from questioning being itself to examining the way of being. Due to the close relationship between the Dao of Nature and the Dao of human beings in ZHANG, the examination of the way of being in the Dao of Nature leads to the focus on the way of existence in the Dao of human beings. Confirming ethical orders, ZHANG advocates the doctrine of "establishing the mind-heart for the heaven and earth, establishing the Dao for human beings, continuing the wisdom of past sages and bringing great peace to future generations". Embodying the value pursuit in general and the essential spirit of guanxue in particular, this doctrine units ideal and duty, and demonstrates human spiritual realm at a deeper level. Spiritual realm targets at the achievement and perfection of a human being himself. When discussing this issue, ZHANG develops his theory of human nature and the idea of "transforming the psycho-physical"(bianhua qizhi). Overcoming the theories of human nature in Mencius and Xunzi, he provides a new interpretation of the becoming of a human being.
TAN Si-tong was the first modern Chinese philosopher who provided a systemic explanation of human brain, based on which he also studied the identity between people and the world. By investigating the cognitive process, he confirmed that cognition is started by contacting things with sense organs such as eyes, ears, the nose, the tongue and the body. This is to some extent an empirical theory of reflection. While exaggerating the contradiction between the limit of human sense organs and the infinite of the exterior world, and highlighting the constant change of cognitive objects, TAN denied the possibility of knowing the world with sense organs and sought a new cognitive approach, that is, seizing the truth via Buddhist doctrines of the "consistency of one and many" and the "simutaneous existence of the future, the present and the past". In this way, "transforming knowledge of karma into wisdom" becomes the ultimate aim of his cognitive philosophy. TAN's cognitive philosophy is unique in its combination of Buddhist meditation and enlightenment on the one hand and an empirical theory of reflection from a positivist approach of natural sciences on the other.
As the most important or core issue, philosophy precedes all others in Jaspers' theory of the Axial Period. Jaspers has depicted a magnificent spectacular when philosophy comes on the stage. But how does philosophy enter on the stage? Jaspers intriguingly mentions some "elements". However, we still need probe into the conditions, origin and the primary process of philosophy's appearance in order to get a more systemic and comprehensive understanding of the origin of philosophy.
David Hume doubts the possibility and validity of inferring from "is" to "ought to". While the academic circle gives a theoretical answer of the logic of "ought to", philosophical counselors provide the thought treatment mode of "a practical syllogism" starting from "is" when facing the perplexity of "ought to". We should combine the forward approach of inferring from "is" to "ought to" and the inverse one of tracing from "ought to" back to "is", and integrate theoretical research and practical application so as to get a deeper theoretical understanding of Hume's question on the one hand, and apply academic wisdom in daily life and the care of the mind of common people on the other.
YUAN Shi-kai's "dismissal from office and return to his hometown to recuperate" for three years is an important incident in the history of the late Qing Dynasty. However, the actual causes of YUAN's "dismissal", as well as the truth concerning his "return to the hometown" and "recuperation", were gradually obscured due to a series of political changes afterwards. Returning to the historical scenes after a close examination of new and old historical materials, we can easily find out that the traditional narratives have strong political implications and they were results of conscious or unconscious distortion and defamation by YUAN's political rivals or the ignorant. In addition, YUAN himself, his subordinates and friends did not defend him because of his "crowning himself as an emperor" and others. All of these helped to form the conventional image of YUAN.
The Portuguese Inquisition was a very important institution of the Counter-Reformation in the Age of Exploration. Its main task was to supervise and persecute the Jewish "protestants" who were forced to be converted. It also targeted at writers with "heterodox ideas" or a freethinking mind as well as social behaviors against "orthodox" Christianity. The Portuguese Inquisition was first established in the prime of the Counter-Reformation in 1530s. While its prosecution towards the "heterodoxy" reached a high peak in the 17th century, it was severely attacked during the reform of the Marquis of Baltimore in the mid-18th century and finally eliminated in the early 19th century. The Portuguese Inquisition restrained the trend of Renaissance in Portugal, forced millions of wealthy Jewish "protestants" to emigrate and led to the failure of Portugal in its commercial competition with the Netherlands and the U.K..
The Japanese society has seen a powerful movement of constitution amendment since the 21st century. Although this movement temporarily ended with Japanese government's reinterpreting the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, the problems involved have not been settled yet. The reason is that the Japanese Constitution has a worldwide significance since its initial creation was beyond the framework of a nation-state. Therefore, its problems can only be solved in a new cosmopolitan system. Accordingly, its historical process and contemporary significance need to be reinterpreted from the perspective of a new cosmopolitanism, and such a reinterpretation will benefit the theoretical construction of a new cosmopolitanism in turn.
Ci poetry in the Tang and Song Dynasties can be roughly divided into two categories, that is, ci poetry with a grateful and restrained style(for instance, WEN Ting-yun's Pusaman) and that with a solemn and grave style(for instance, FAN Zhong-yan's Yujia'ao). The former category, which is usually about daily life and emotions, should be appreciated with literary imagination rather than be examined word by word through textual research. A good example is the expression of "small mountains" in WEN Ting-yun's verse of "small mountains are overlapping while the sunshine is flickering". However, some poems with a solemn and grave style, such as FAN Zhong-yan's Yujia'ao, are related to significant issues of that time, so that we should study word by word through textual research to exactly grasp their backgrounds and implications, which are not open to a quick reading.
There are many ways for modern prose theory to absorb classical resources, among which "discovery" and "retroactive recognition" are two particular ones. "Discovery" means to "re-dig" prose works and doctrines which were paid little attention after evaluating them with modern concepts of "pure literature". "Retroactive recognition" means to retroactively approve some concepts, essayists, prose theorists, and the value and status of some prose works and doctrines. "Retroactive recognition" means to "date back to ancestors" in cultural psychology so as to justify one's own theory with the "evidence in the past". Taking the essays in the late Ming Dynasty as the example, prose theorists "recognize" both forward and backward. "Retroactive recognition" is a kind of "cultural naming". Each "retroactive recognition" is a revaluation of the recognized and a "rewriting" of literature history. However, "retroactive recognition" suffers from the obvious disadvantage of "covering" the truth of literature history to some extent.
From the two dimensions of the authors and texts, we can find that the collections of ci poems written by female poets in the Republic of China have particular features. In terms of geographical distribution of these female poets, they were mainly from the south of the Yangtze River, especially Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. However, they moved to other places to pursue their learning, hunt jobs, seek asylum, move with their family who took office away from their hometowns or participate in revolution. These female poets had diversified identities:daughters of officials, women with literary talent from ordinary families, journalists, teachers(scholars) and so on. In addition, some of them also had different identities at the same time. From the perspective of the texts, their works are aesthetically full of "inspiring expression" with both elegance and vulgar tastes.
The items like "five tones"(wuyin), "five sounds"(wusheng), gong-shang-jue-zhi-yu, and "five families"(wuxing) have been frequently mentioned in the literature of phonology from the Han-Wei to the Song-Yuan Dynasties. There has been various explanations since the Qing Dynasty. In most cases, "wuyin" or "gong-shang" refers to the types of initial consonants(of lips, teeth, throat, tongue, etc.). This thesis finds that "wuyin" in "The Chart of Five Tones" attached to Yupian of the Song version contains ten representative characters which are divided into 5 groups with 2 characters in one group. The standard of division is neither consonant or tone nor head vowel or main vowel, but articulatory gesture of the rhymes among the characters, that is, five different mouth shapes to pronounce the main vowels combining with the terminal sounds. In addition, it can also be explained from this angle the coherent connection of "wuxing" with "gong-shang" in the texts since the Han Dynasty.
In grammatical study, the transitivity of Chinese verbs has become a hot and difficult topic. There are various debates concerning the possibility and necessity of re-classifying Chinese transitive and intransitive verbs, defining the classification norms and sub-classification terms, etc. This thesis believes that transitivity is an essential nature of Chinese verbs and it is impossible to equal transitivity with verb value in spite of their connection. Based on transitivity, Chinese verbs can be re-classified into four types:transitive verbs, ergative verbs, intransitive verbs and pseudo-transitive verbs. In this classification, intransitive verbs sometimes include transitive verbs.
According to the Article 176 of the Criminal Law, the informal financial practice of "taking public-savings" is criminal. This legislation is worthy of discussion. It is against the restrictive principle of modern criminal law, the principle of protecting the interests of public investors, and the need to develop socialist market economy. To sum up, the de-criminalization of the crime of illegal taking public-savings is essential for the establishment of a fair, reasonable economic order and the equality in the financial industry.
China has been exploring the trans-regional centralized jurisdiction(T-RCJ) on environmental resources cases in recent years, which is now varying from place to place in practice. There are some factors to decide the T-RCJ court, including ecosystem or ecological function area, nature of the case combined with river basin, and environmental resources caseload, population and the level of economic social development. T-RCJ can also be carried through a railway court, which implements the judicial mode of the unity of two or three traditional trials. T-RCJ can solve the issue of jurisdiction overlap between administrative division and judicial division. However, there are also some problems and limitations of T-RCJ in practice, such as the lack of legal basis, the undeveloped trans-regional degree, the inconvenience for filing lawsuits, and the difficulty to make the criminal cases under jurisdiction. Therefore, some innovations should be carried on to improve the T-RCJ.
Compared with the situation of merely copying the Diamond Sutra in the early and middle Tang Dynasty revealed by Dunhuang manuscripts, the texts of invitation and mantras are often added to before and after the scriptures of the Diamond Sutra in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period. Gradually it forms a relative fixed practice of "the chanting scripture before the sutra" and "the chanting scripture after the sutra". This phenomenon demonstrates the important role of reciting ritual in the Diamond Sutra belief. In addition, Diamond Sutra Chanted by Buddha kept in Dunhuang manuscripts also reflects a fusion of classic reciting and fast ceremony activities, and it has some relation with the ritual documents of the Diamond Sutra of later generations. Through studying the documents on the Diamond Sutra in Dunhuang manuscripts and other related materials, we can easily find the tendency of the ritualization of the Diamond Sutra belief, which can be traced back to the late Tang Dynasty at least.
While the optimal allocation of public service facilities can enhance the livability and sustainable development of an urban area, the supply-demand matching of education resources in terms of amount and space directly affect the quality of life and transportation efficiency. Taking the primary education scheme of Hefei as an example, this paper empirically studies potential total demand and spatial heterogeneity of its primary education facilities from the inter-city population flows, as well as the calculation on the additional supply across different districts. It shows a shortage of education resources in Hefei, and the situation in new districts is more severe than that in old districts. Referring to the typical cases at home and abroad, and examining the current condition of urban land use and facility supply of Hefei, this paper suggests to realize the optimal allocation of primary education resources by retaining the sufficiency of facility allocation in response to potential demand fluctuations, differentiating facility supply according to the diversified demands, balancing the allocation of high-quality education resources based on city plan and policies, and promoting the integration and sharing of educational and other facilities.
There is a complicated interaction between industrial structure and population structure in the urban industrial development, and both of them impact on real estate price. This paper uses the data of 70 large and middle cities to examine the interaction among population structure, industrial structure and real estate price. It shows that population affects housing price through influencing industrial structure while industrial structure independently affects housing price. In addition, immigrants have a significant effect on both population structure and industrial structure. They increase the labor supply for the second industry while decrease the average educational level in the third industry. Therefore, the assumption that a high immigrant ratio increases the housing price is only true in cities with similar industrial structure. As far as the third industry is concerned, when immigrant ratio is higher, housing price will be lower.
Based on China's industrial firm level data during 2001-2007, this paper applies Negative Binomial Model to estimate the impacts of housing price on the location of new manufacturing firms. Because of the wages of China's manufacturing workers do not relate with housing price and the monopolization of China's land market, high housing price has not hindered the entry of new firms but obviously increased its possibility. This is not conducive to the reasonable spatial distribution of China's firms. Therefore,in order to lead to a reasonable distribution of China's firms among cities of different sizes and narrow the economic development gap between regions, it is necessary to adopt policies to raise workers' wage bargaining power and weaken the monopolization of China's land market.
Since the housing reform in 1998, housing price all over China has experienced dramatic increase. Besides the uptrend of housing price, two stylized facts deserve special attention. One is that regional housing price shows great volatility. The other is that housing price changes between different regions show significant relevance. We formulate a two-region dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework where credit contracts are imperfectly enforceable to explain the stylized facts above. First, credit constraints amplify economic shocks to produce great volatility. Second, inter-region borrowing makes it possible for housing price to propagate from one region to another. Last, we prove the existence of the "spillover effect" of regional housing price volatility in China by using spatial econometric models and cross-province panel data.
It is the consumer's expectation of future price increases, investment attribute and flaunt attribute, rigid demand for house that make commodity houses become a kind of Veblen good. The utility of a commodity house is constituted by not only its use value, but also its social utility. Using dynamic game theory to analyze the behavior between real estate development enterprise and consumers when demand curve slopes upward, this paper finds that in the current period, keeping house price rising is the optimum choice for real estate development enterprise and consumers who have bought houses, and the increase of property price will stimulate housing demand further. This is a new explanation for the volume and price going up simultaneously between 2009 and 2013.
It was an important task to guard against and eliminate traitors in each recovered province during the Revolution of 1911. Due to some hearsay, media reports, the defamation of and people who had ulterior motives, and the fact that treason was a political rather than legal term, the issue of traitors appeared to be disordered in spite of the fact that the range of traitors had been substantially narrowed at that time. As a matter of fact, both the military political power in each province, including Shanghai Military Command, and Nanjing Provisional Government made great efforts to achieve a balance between keeping the stability of political power and building a civilized image. Excessive capturing and slaughtering was effectively avoid thanks to the practice of separating the reconnaissance agency and law enforcement agency, and seriously treating the accusation of traitors. However, in a changeable political climate, it had been frequently witnessed that a former traitor became a founder of the Republic once the standards for treason changed. Causing disharmony among recovered provincial governments and serious divergences between leaders and grass roots, this brought a great challenge to the political ethics of the revolutionary party. keywords: traitors to China, the Revolution of 1911, recovered political powers, Shanghai Military Command
This paper discusses four of the most important global trends as they were accommodated, adjusted, and transformed on both sides of the Taiwan Strait: the removal of religion from politics(secularization), the attempt to confine it to a purely religious sphere(religionization), the increased interest in textual authority and religious self-consciousness(rationalization), and an increase in the direct physical manifestations of belief through unmediated physical experience(embodiment).The current similarities show the relative importance of shared cultural traditions and share global influences over differing forms of political control. Nevertheless, some significant differences have also appeared in the religious ecology of the two places, especially in the relative importance of local temple worship, Buddhism, and Christianity. One result is that Taiwan's adaption to global religious change has had much stronger indigenous Chinese roots than we see on the mainland.
With an anthropological observation, this paper examines Catholicism in a Chinese Tibetan village, Cizhong in Yunan Province. Catholicism, together with Tibetan Buddhism as another local religion, not only plays a role of a "religion" but also a social classification system in the village. These two different religions become standards for social classification, so that a new order is established to maintain the stability of public life in the village. Indicating an integrating process of a heterogeneous society, the religious social classification system and the historical narrative of the village that ensure the whole village is the "subject" in public affairs.
From the perspective of the New Structural Economics, this paper constructs a neoclassical economic growth structure model by introducing technology structure into the aggregate production function with reference to Chinese provincial and industrial panel data from 1999—2013. We examine the suitability and optimization effect of technical structure in different industries and regions of China, predict the optimal path of industrial technology structure and explore the impact of the deviation from the optimal technical structure on the economic growth and technological progress. The result shows that industrial productivity has a polarization trend, and most of the industries are still gathered in the lower level of productivity, and technological progress, technical contribution and the growth rate of the contribution exist some potential. Moreover, there is the reasonable technical structure for different industries and regions, and the deviation from the optimal industrial structure has significantly inhibited the economic growth and technological progress in the middle and western regions. This means that they have great potential for restructuring their industrial technology structure. However, industrial technology structure optimization shall lift the rate of technological progress in the middle regions while raise economic growth rates in the western.
Aiming at the increasing OFDI(Outward Foreign Direct Investment) of Chinese enterprises in recent years, this paper explores the geographical layout of OFDI from the perspective of central and local enterprises quantitatively. The study indicates that bilateral free trade agreements and investment agreements significantly promote China firms' OFDI. The central enterprises have more tendency to make OFDI in the higher-risk countries or regions than local enterprises. Both the market and resource factors have significant impact on the local enterprises' OFDI. China should speed up the free trade agreements and investment treaty negotiations with other countries, focus on the political risks of OFDI, and support and guide the local enterprises' OFDI.
Based on the institutional environment of China, this paper uses the 2008—2014 data of China's A-share listed companies to explore how to adjust its executive compensation contract and whether the company will promote the growth of executive compensation. We find out that there is a peer reference effect in the contracts of executive compensation, the new executives positively associates with executive compensation growth, and the company which has a new executive event will tend to use the peer reference effect to improve the level of executive compensation. Moreover, this tendency is stronger when the new executives come from outside and the former executives are abnormal turnover. The research of this paper is of great theoretical and practical significance to providing reference for the reform of the state-owned enterprise executives, and to deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises.
Based on the 12625 observations of the listed companies in China, this paper examines the relationship between internal control and corporate performance in accordance with the overall samples and industry samples. We find that there is a positive correlation between internal control and corporate performance in the overall listed companies and various industries samples. However, the impact of internal control on corporate performance is different in various industries: the impact is significantly stronger in the technology-intensive and labor-intensive industry than in the capital-intensive industry. Therefore, we suggest that policy makers should expand the scope of implementation of internal control standards, gradually promote the implementation of internal control standard in the SME board, GEM listed companies and large and medium-sized unlisted enterprises, and develop internal control guidelines for related industries when it is necessary. In addition, we suggest that the capital-intensive corporate management should establish an adaptive internal control system according to the characteristics of the internal control in order to improve corporate performance.
As for the abdication mode prevailing in the Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was profound historical and intellectual background. It can be called as the "revolution within abdication". Under the influence of the legends about the abdication of Yao and Shun and the revolution of Tang and Wu, and with the modification of their implications to form a series of highly routinized abdication ceremonies, this mode confirmed the adaptability of the principle of selecting talent and worthy men both in an age of "the world of the people" and that of "the world of a family", and affirmed the positive relationship between the revolution conforming to Heaven and the people on the one hand and the abdication on the other. In this way, it provided a feasible approach to transfer power in a peaceful way in a time when sagely kings would no longer exist while the constant virtues had been established and solved the difficult problem of how to prove the legitimacy of the change of dynasties, which was key to the development of the dynasty system. In this sense, it should be regarded as a historical progress in ancient political civilization. Since it was still difficult to affirm the will of the people and the mandate of Heaven, the authorities appealed to policies in accordance with the political teachings of ancient sagely kings to prove that the change of dynasties did conform to Heaven and the people. Consequently, the mode was transforming from abdication to revolution.
A soaring urban housing price coincides with a steady growing aging population in China after the housing reform in 1998. Is this correlation accidentally or intrinsically decided? A preliminary conclusion that population aging dampens housing price is drawn from a theoretical housing price equilibrium model. Findings based on Chinese province-level panel data from 1999 to 2013 and Threshold Model also indicate that the effect of population aging on housing price is negative as a whole, but shows heterogeneity in different stages. The major reason for this phenomenon may be the influx of old generation's housing wealth benefited from housing reform into the housing market through intergenerational transference. Therefore, the inhibitory action of population aging on housing price is dull in the special historical phase. However, population aging will inevitably curb the property price as the gradual exhaustion of reform dividend with time. Classified researches certify this conjecture.
China is currently carrying out pilot work for long-term nursing insurance system in some areas, but we are lack of successful practical experience in establishing this system. Some foreign countries have witnessed decades of development of a long-term nursing insurance system, which has been constructed and developed in aspects of model choice, insurance applicants, fund source and wage payment. The system has positive social effect, and China can learn from it in the following aspects: attaching great importance to the top-level design of the system, clarifying the orientation of the system, focusing on the function of informal nurses and putting the market mechanism into the full play. In this way, we can establish an efficient and sustainable long-term nursing insurance system.
By constructing the evaluation model of influencing factors of urban female labor participation, confirmatory factor analysis and empirical test are carried out on the research data. On the basis of analyzing the influence path, using Probit and Dprobit model, this thesis analyzes the impact of the factors on urban female's labor participation probability and marginal utility. The results show that the average monthly income, family allowances and tax relief and working time flexibility have significant positive influence on female labor participation. The number of children under 6 years and average monthly income of the family have negative influence on female labor participation. We should gradually realize the integrated "baby nursery, nursery, kindergarten" community care system for preschool, which is dominated by the government. We need to provide family assistance or tax relief for women after childbirth and improve employment guidance service system to help women smooth employment. Encouraging employers to implement flexible working mode is vital to assist urban women both growth and employment and escort the effective implementation of the comprehensive two child policy.
Along with the economic context of New Normal, and the development of supply side reform, Chinese cities have successively introduced adjustment policy regarding to population and industry, and actively explored healthy and sustainable development path. Given the role of housing market in shaping urban economic and social environment as well as the benefit for urban transformation, it is necessity to explore the relationship between housing market and urban basic structure such as population and industry. Referring to the empirical analysis of the housing supply and urban development theory proposed by Glaeser et al.(2006), this thesis finds that the housing supply elasticity is an important channel to link the housing market and the urban macro economy based on the data of Chinese prefecture-level cities between 2005 and 2013. Cities with elastic housing supply market tend to display faster population growth as well as smaller increase in wage and housing price, facing employment demand shock. Based on the mechanism, this thesis reveals the role of housing market on designing policies on population and industry, which provides significant reference for sustainable development of cities.
In recent years, the status of manufacturing industry in Shanghai has been declining, and the influence of industrial brands has continued to decline. Therefore, it is a pressing issue of the moment to introduce new factors to promote the transformation and upgrading of Shanghai's manufacturing sector. Based on theories of approaches and models of the integration of creative design and manufacturing, this thesis combines relevant policies and best practice-cases in Shanghai, and empirically analyzes the present situation of the integration of creative design and manufacturing in Shanghai through Input-Output table. We finds a number of problems: firstly, the integration of creative design and manufacturing in Shanghai is in the stage of technology integration dominated; secondly, there is a contradiction between "mass" and "individuation" in this process; thirdly, the imperfect ownership structure restricts its integration level; finally, the demand for creative design elements is dependent on foreign economic and trade activities. In view of the above existing problems, governments, enterprises, professional service agencies and other social organizations should assemble forces to solve such problems by various means such as nurturing native elements, mining enterprise demand, promoting cross-border innovation, etc.
By calculating Gini coefficient and Theil index of 97 industrial wages from 2003 to 2013, we find out that China's industry income gap had an inverted u-shaped trend, while Theil index rose 17.9% in 2003—2008 and fell by 10.3% in 2013. The average education years for Chinese employers have been annually increasing, while junior middle school graduates account for nearly half of employees. Industry income gap has regional difference. The spatial regression model demonstrates that there is inverted U shape nonlinear relationship between average education years and industry income gap. Education has composition effects on industry income gap, which means that the growth in the proportion of college educated workers narrows the income gap, and shrink effect is difficult to reverse the expansion effect of other qualifications. Generally speaking, education has expanded industry income gap, a conclusion which has been supported by other evidence and is just opposite to previous similar researches. Given this, income inequality between industries shows an inverted U-shaped curve which is similar to Kuznets curve. The industrial monopoly expands income gap, which is positively correlated with the level of market agglomeration in service industry, the market potential, the quality of manpower capital and opening degree.
After the Former Qin Dynasty conquered the state of Dai, the tribal union under the surname of Tuoba was disbanded. This policy adopted by Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was actually learned from the Former Qin Dynasty, which aimed to divide the tribal union into smaller tribes and integrate them into the national system of the Northern Wei. However, the tribal institution as well as the domination of tribal chiefs remained. These tribal chiefs were authorized in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In fact, this practice can be traced back to the Sixteen Kingdom Period.
To understand the historical position of today's China in the development of the world and the process of national rejuvenation when taking the whole spatio-temporal picture of the world and history into consideration,we can analyze the time axis of China's development from four angles of different terms.Firstly,we analyze the several periods at the primary stage of socialism and their internal relationships in the past 70 years since the foundation of new China.Secondly,we can focus on the logic behind China's "economic miracle" in the past 40 years since the Reform and Opening-up.Thirdly,we can examine the transition of China's strategic goal from "all-side chasing and surpassing" to "all-side transcending" since the beginning of the 21st century.Fourthly,we can study the transitional historical position and the orientation of forging ahead in "XI Jin-ping Era" after the 18th CPC National Congress by comparing the "New Normal" with the "Old Normal".
The Economic New Normal,as an important claim in XI Jin-ping's economic theory,formulates the great logic for China's economic development in the future.It demonstrates the profound change in the international environment of China's economy on the one hand and its current feature and strategetic choice on the other.In the New Normal,China's economy will keep the middle and high speed in development and transform the developing momentums so as to successfully surpass the "middle-income trap" stage and forge ahead towards a high-income economy.The Economic New Normal,as well as its new surpassing mode of development,is beyond the traditional linear mode of economic development,indicating the dualism of overall surpassing and structural excellence of a post-surpassing economy and the feature of quadratic surpassing.With its innovation,the Economic New Normal has great theoretical and practical significance for economic development,especially that of surpassing mode.
The fire of memory goes out in the stove of philosophy.Methodologically,philosophy still takes reflection and description that Bergson and Husserl used more than 100 years ago as its method,whereas the new methods in the disciplines of history,psychology and neuroscience have achieved plenty of academic achievements.In terms of theory,in these fields new concepts such as social memory,collective memory,historical memory and cross-cultural memory emerge continuously,whereas in philosophy no effective ideas have been put forward except memory types.In terms of practice,practical activities of memory such as various commemorative activities,memory material exploration and memory experiments have been carried out at multiple levels in those fields,whereas in philosophy no similar activities have been carried out.Such a situation is due to the internal factors of philosophy:the strong tradition of seeking knowledge and truth makes it ignore the issue of memory.To re-ignite the fire of memory in philosophy,we should return to the phenomena of memory themselves,exploring the constitution of memory experience and constructing the philosophical starting point of memory research.
Folk literature is oral and shared by all the people in a country.As an important carrier of national memory,contemporary folk literature is produced in the form of both oral performance and written texts.It is spread through oral performance,written texts,films,networks and other channels.Festivals and ceremonies provide an institutionalized performance window for folk literature.Contemporary folk literature continues national memory through ritual and textual association.A large number of folk literature works emerge in the form of "collective texts",which play a role of memory medium,maintain national common sense of history and values,and build the cultural identity of the Chinese nation through interaction.Chinese contemporary folk literature constructs the political identity of the state on the one hand and the national identity on the other,both of which are consistent in content to most extent.
The memories of emigrants to Manchuria had experienced two periods from the 1980s to the early 20th century:the transnational period from the 1980s to the late 1990s,and the inheritance period from the early 21st century.In the first period,the transnational memory urged emigrants to reflect on the victim memory which was formed during the process of fighting against the mainstream social and historical ideologies in local society,fostering the formation of memories as inflicters.Being trapped between the two identities,the emigrants tried to devote themselves to the building of the Sino-Japan friendship as a means to escape from their own dilemma.Since the early 21st century,the memory of emigrants to Manchuria has entered the inheritance period largely in the form of oral statement of history and museums.Such activities reveal a process of sharing and expanding of personal and collective memories,and a practice of turning "negative assets" into an enterprise of peace and friendship in the future.
Japanese who live in Shanghai have been greatly affected both as individuals and groups by the 2012 anti-Japan demonstration. "Feeling fear" is the main narrative of this event,and their "fear memory" was mainly the psychological reaction to what happened "now and here",and later it was turned into the body memory.The irritative and biased reports from Japanese media have greatly terrified "Japanese in Japan".Therefore,the "fear memory" of "Japanese in Japan" is constructed by Japanese media,so in a sense it is a kind of "imagined fear".We can see "fear in physical memory" and "fear in imagination" in the fear of this event.However,Japanese who live in Shanghai that the author interviewed keep a cool mind towards this event and keep distance to politics.Through their narration of the incident,we can find that there exist "cross groups" living between the two countries,who feel sympathy with each other.In addition,some Japanese even emphasize that China and Japan are "neighbors separated only by a strip of water" and wish a friendly relationship between the two countries.This wish is "voiced" after living in Shanghai where Japanese have contacted with Chinese frequently in daily life for a long time.
Based on the wealthy co-form at the age of cognitive capitalism,Hardt and Negri conclude that the production of biopolitical labor contains the possibility of communism.One of the central themes of their revolutionary doctrine of "from capital to class" is the rejection of Hegel's dialectics.Holloway criticizes that they have misunderstood Hegel's dialectics,which has been abandoned with the negative,and eventually led to dependence on capitalism.Consequently,the inherent contradictions of capitalism are ignored and even eliminated.As to the problem of the system of "common wealth",Holloway also believes that the key issue is to overcome existing capitalism,rather than establish an alternative rule system.By reflecting on their argument,we find that it is important to make a breakthrough in Hegelian dialectics for the interpretation of Marxism.However,they thoroughly deny Marx's analysis of the objective basis of capitalism crisis by assuming that capitalist crisis is caused by subjective will,which definitely deviates from the methodology principle of capitalism criticism.
Since the publication of Commonwealth in 2009,there have been controversies between the authors,i.e.,Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri,and David Harvey on the latest development of capitalism,philosophical methods and practical revolutionary strategies.The main differences include:how to understand the information society and virtual capital in globalization;how to evaluate the materialism of Spinoza in the radical philosophy today;and what is the relationship between commons and class struggles.As a result,Harvey begins to discuss Marx's value theory again in his recent seminars and forthcoming publications.This paper argues that,facing the rise of the 4th Industrial Revolution,we should pay more attentions to Harvey's studies on contemporary capitalism.
The development characteristics of high-tech industry makes its agglomeration level higher than other industries,which has an important influence on labor productivity.This paper uses high-tech "double-digit" industry panel data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2004 to 2014 to make linear regression and non-linear regression in the impacts of high-tech industry agglomeration on labor productivity.The results of linear regression show that diversification agglomeration of high-tech industry can improve China's labor productivity,but its significance is not robust,and specialization agglomeration will restrain the improvement of labor productivity.What's more,it is found that the impacts of diversification and specialization agglomeration on labor productivity in the eastern region and the central region is not significant,and the effect on labor productivity in the western region is consistent with that at the national level.The panel threshold tests show that the effect of high-tech industry agglomeration on labor productivity is a complex nonlinear relationship,which has some differences in different regions.Diversified agglomeration of high-tech industry is more consistent with nationwide,the eastern region and the central region,and there is no threshold effect in the western region.There is a significant negative impact on labor productivity both at the national level and in the central region before the second threshold,while the second threshold has no significant effect on labor productivity.There are negative and significant effects before and after the two thresholds in the eastern and western regions.A further investigation of the human capital as the threshold variable reveals that there is a certain spatial heterogeneity and stage characteristics in the impacts of high-tech industry agglomeration on labor productivity in China.
Under the background that the representative of the traditional economic variables has weakened,this paper creatively selects the asset price index to characterize the monetary policy operation,constructs the economic activity factor and the price level factor based on a large number of basic economic indicators,and studies the spillover effects of monetary policy between China and the US under the TVP-SVAR model.The empirical analysis finds that monetary policy has direct and indirect spillover paths,the policy spillover effects between these two countries is bidirectional,and it has different spillover intensity and persistence in different years.The results show that although monetary policy of "shifting one's troubles or difficulties on to neighbors" will contribute to the domestic economic development in the short term,it will be self-reliant in the long run due to the policy game with other countries.The gradual opening up of the economy has facilitated the domestic monetary policy optimization,but it also highlights the importance of international coordination,in order to achieve the maximum efficiency on the basis of cooperation.
Based on Adrian & Brunnermeier (2011)'s model,this paper uses week data of 16 listed banks in China from 2005 to 2016 to use CoVaR model to calculate commercial banks' systemic risk and their importance ranking.It shows that among 16 listed banks,the individual CoVaR and ΔCoVaR of state-owned banks (SOBs) are higher than those of joint-stock banks(JSBs). The systemic importance level of SOBs and some JSBs that have been rapidly developed in these years are greater than the rest.Moreover,scale and connection are significant factors that drive up ΔCoVaR and the importance level.Both "Too Big To Fail" and "Too Systematic To Fail" apply to Chinese commercial banks.As for the impact of systemic risk spillovers,the scale is 4.8 times of connection.As for the degree of importance ranking,the scale is 7.2 times of connection.
This paper investigates the effect of financial development on China's OFDI by using panel data of 31 provinces during the period of 2004-2012.Firstly,examining the effect of financial development from the perspectives of indirect financing and direct financing on China's OFDI,the result shows that in general the size of credit market promotes China's OFDI significantly.Secondly,this paper further discusses the potential effect of long-existing financial repression in China on its foreign direct investment.The result shows that the financial repression does play a certain role on China's OFDI.This paper also examines the effects of financial development on OFDI of different regions.
In order to alleviate the great pressure of the U.S.military,shortly after his taking office,Eisenhower proposed to mobilize European escapees to establish "Volunteer Freedom Corps" to contribute to the common Europe defense.In order to achieve this objective,the Eisenhower administration did make efforts at home and abroad.However,because the Cold War tensions were reduced and the U.S.changed its Cold War strategies,and some personnel changes made negative influence,Eisenhower finally decided to abandon this initiative,and instead adopted other methods to use escapees to meet the demand of the Cold War.Through the analysis of VFC,this paper is to reveal how the U.S.made unremitting efforts to win the Cold War on the one hand and the limit of the Cold War confrontation on the other.
The enlarged Geneva Conference on Laos from 1961 to 1962 was an important occasion for new China to play an active role on the international stage.During the period of the enlargement of the Sino-Soviet divergence and the aggravation of the Sino-American antagonism,the Chinese diplomacy had two tendencies:on the one hand,China was increasingly supporting the world revolution;on the other hand,she tried to improve the relations with the countries in the "Intermediate Zone".At the Geneva Conference,China achieved the object of neutralizing Laos and gained the time for the revolution of the Pathet Lao,and meanwhile she also moderated the relations with France via the Indochinese problems.As a result,this conference became a key moment for the establishment of the Sino-French diplomatic relations.Though the diplomatic strategy of "Two Intermediate Zones" hadn't been formally proposed by MAO Ze-dong,the Chinese foreign policies in the Geneva Conference on Laos had already corresponded with this diplomatic strategy.
Geyi,or Meaning-matching,is an inevitable step in cross-cultural translation and communication.And after that,another step,the step of name-rectification,is needed in order to overcome the defects of meaning-matching and get on the right way.By name-rectification,it is meant to re-examine and re-define the important cultural terms and their translations in the light of systematic theory in cross-cultural communication.The translation and introduction of Chinese culture to the world,though having made great achievements in the past hundreds of years,has certain drawbacks.Mainly due to the historical limitation,many meaning-matching translations were created,causing undesirable effect in cultural mutual understanding.Now we are in a new period of translating and introducing Chinese culture to the world with more and more people turning to the enterprise.The name-rectification must be brought into full consideration.This paper discusses the significance of the name-rectification,its existing problems and the ways out.
The verb-object construction in oracle inscriptions is primarily verb-object,but there is also the form of object-verb.With a mark,an object precedes its verb for the purpose of emphasis.In the case there is no mark,the fact of an object precedes its verb is due to a relatively low level of syntactic modelization in the original language.Typically,an object in oracle inscriptions is not a true object but an attachment object.However,a true object functioned as a typical object in the Western Zhou Dynasty.The word order of double-object construction in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Book of History (Shangshu) in Official Script of the Han Dynasty still have the trace of a relatively low modelization level.
Here is the historical development of the phrase "it seems" (haoxiang):a verbal phrase consisting of a verb and its modifier→a verb meaning "seem"→ an adverb meaning "seemingly"→a conjecture modal adverb→a circumbendibus modal adverb→a discourse marker.The usage of a discourse marker is developed in modern spoken Chinese,but its unique discourse function has been paid very little attention in the academic circle.Hence,it is necessary to study it at a deeper level.
It is generally believed that there is a contradiction between academic conversation and political revolution in ZHANG Tai-yan.His rejection of the newly excavated documents at that time was considered as a typical example of his academic conversation.However,we cannot simply claim that ZHANG "always rejected" excavated documents,or "first was skeptical but finally convinced of" them.ZHANG did acknowledge the truth of some oracle bones in his old age,although still questioned the decipherment.He also acknowledged the truth of most bronzes as well as the decipherment before the Song Dynasty,while questioned the decipherment after the Song Dynasty.He praised highly the literary significance of The Stone Inscriptions in Three Character Styles,as well as Chencang Stone Drum,and even claimed that it had the same status with Shuo Wen Jie Zi.By studying ZHANG's attitudes towards excavated documents,we can see his respect for the inherent logic in the academic field and find out that he cannot be simply characterized by an academic conservative.Furthermore,both of ZHANG's relative radical attitude in the political field and his spirit of preciseness in the academic field are based on his profound recognition of disciplines in different fields.In spite of their contradiction at the first glance,they are consistent and correspond to each other.
A clear understanding of the mechanism of how China's national image influences behavioral intention towards "Made in China" from the perspective of western developed countries is an important research topic for the internationalization of Chinese enterprise products and brands. Study I takes British consumers as test samples and the results show that through micro country image both macro economic and technological images can positively influence the attitude towards "Made in China" and purchase intention. However, the macro political image can't take effect. Study Ⅱ takes American consumers as test samples and reconfirms the findings of study I. In addition, study Ⅱ further analyzes the moderating effects exerted by national identity and value consciousness. Empirical results show that national identity negatively moderates the effect of micro country image on the attitude towards "Made in China" and purchase intention, while value consciousness functions positively. These findings explain the influence mechanism of country image on "Made in China" and the management implications as well from a new perspective.
Will news about listed companies, which reflects media attention, and investors' attention to certain companies or stocks affect the price movement of the corresponding stock? This has become an important research field of behavioral finance. Based on the data converted by over 370 thousand pieces of information tracked in a stock forum for half a year, this paper shows that investors' attention, which is measured by the number of posts in the stock forum, company news and announcements all have significant effects on the price volatility of related stocks within a week. However, these effects are time-sensitive and short-term. Posts and announcements released in the stock forum in a certain week have no significant correlation with the range of rise or fall in stock price that week as well as the week after, while company news have obvious positive impacts on that weeks' rise-decline range of stock price. There is little correlation between company news and announcements. However, news reports about listed companies will catch the attention of investors to some extent.
As experimental fields, development zones have made important contributions to China's economic growth. However, with the economic development gradually slowed down under the "new normal" circumstance, the factor-driven growth model will be difficult to sustain for a development zone. It is urgent for a development zone to maintain growth in the future by achieving upgrading in the transformation of development mode. Based on the Shanghai Development Zone 2009-2015 census data, this paper analyzes the impact of different factors on the performance of the development zone from the perspective of innovation investment and industrial agglomeration. The result shows that improving the input of innovation and the effect of industrial agglomeration is an important way to improve the output value and profit of the development zone. The higher is the development stage, the greater is the effect of innovation investment and industrial agglomeration. The effect of the construction of infrastructure and the attraction of foreign investment on the development zone is relatively small. Therefore, to achieve development and upgrade, the development zone in Shanghai today should mainly encourage innovation and strengthen the agglomeration effect of the dominant industry.
Housing transfer and living integration constitute the two stages in the transformation of peasant workers into citizens. Habitation and work are the core connotations of the urbanization of people. The relevant cost needs to be paid by three different stakeholders, including government, enterprises and individuals. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paper calculates these cost items during 2005-2014. The result shows that the total cost of urbanization continues to rise, the cost paid by peasant workers in Nanjing is higher than that of government and corporations, and the trend of private cost is similar to housing cost. In the public cost, the investment in affordable housing construction and social security is less than that of infrastructure construction. Therefore, the government should play the most important role in the citizenization of peasant workers and assume more responsibilities. Especially, Nanjing should increase investment in affordable housing, and expand the scope of protection so that peasant workers could relieve housing stress. Meanwhile, we should construct a reasonable cost-sharing mechanism to match each payment stakeholder, and finally improve each agent's ability to pay relevant cost.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
