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Contemporary Chinese political research usually adopts three basic methods of field investigation, theoretical creation and practical participation, which respectively correspond to the life logic, theoretical logic and practical logic in political functioning. Field investigation has become an important approach to "understanding Chinese politics" and promoting the localization of contemporary Chinese political research. Meanwhile, the new perspective of theoretical field besides empirical field marks the self-awareness and transition of the methodology in Chinese political research. To study Chinese experience itself, we should not only consciously focus upon China, but also continuously promote experience based on field research, as well as perfect and improve the research through the interaction between experience, theory and practice. The popular paradigms at home and abroad, including "authoritarianism" and "a developmental country", fail to explain Chinese experience and Chinese political development, so we still need a theoretical paradigm more appropriate to Chinese experience and practice.
The School of Guan(guanxue) was founded by ZHANG Zai and thus characterized by his philosophy. Concerning the Dao of Nature, ZHANG claims that the Ultimate Void(taixu) is qi as vital energy. So what matters is how qi exists through condensing and dispersing rather than whether qi exists or not(qi is being or non-being, real or empty). The philosophical perspective and the way of inquiry consequently transforms from questioning being itself to examining the way of being. Due to the close relationship between the Dao of Nature and the Dao of human beings in ZHANG, the examination of the way of being in the Dao of Nature leads to the focus on the way of existence in the Dao of human beings. Confirming ethical orders, ZHANG advocates the doctrine of "establishing the mind-heart for the heaven and earth, establishing the Dao for human beings, continuing the wisdom of past sages and bringing great peace to future generations". Embodying the value pursuit in general and the essential spirit of guanxue in particular, this doctrine units ideal and duty, and demonstrates human spiritual realm at a deeper level. Spiritual realm targets at the achievement and perfection of a human being himself. When discussing this issue, ZHANG develops his theory of human nature and the idea of "transforming the psycho-physical"(bianhua qizhi). Overcoming the theories of human nature in Mencius and Xunzi, he provides a new interpretation of the becoming of a human being.
TAN Si-tong was the first modern Chinese philosopher who provided a systemic explanation of human brain, based on which he also studied the identity between people and the world. By investigating the cognitive process, he confirmed that cognition is started by contacting things with sense organs such as eyes, ears, the nose, the tongue and the body. This is to some extent an empirical theory of reflection. While exaggerating the contradiction between the limit of human sense organs and the infinite of the exterior world, and highlighting the constant change of cognitive objects, TAN denied the possibility of knowing the world with sense organs and sought a new cognitive approach, that is, seizing the truth via Buddhist doctrines of the "consistency of one and many" and the "simutaneous existence of the future, the present and the past". In this way, "transforming knowledge of karma into wisdom" becomes the ultimate aim of his cognitive philosophy. TAN's cognitive philosophy is unique in its combination of Buddhist meditation and enlightenment on the one hand and an empirical theory of reflection from a positivist approach of natural sciences on the other.
As the most important or core issue, philosophy precedes all others in Jaspers' theory of the Axial Period. Jaspers has depicted a magnificent spectacular when philosophy comes on the stage. But how does philosophy enter on the stage? Jaspers intriguingly mentions some "elements". However, we still need probe into the conditions, origin and the primary process of philosophy's appearance in order to get a more systemic and comprehensive understanding of the origin of philosophy.
David Hume doubts the possibility and validity of inferring from "is" to "ought to". While the academic circle gives a theoretical answer of the logic of "ought to", philosophical counselors provide the thought treatment mode of "a practical syllogism" starting from "is" when facing the perplexity of "ought to". We should combine the forward approach of inferring from "is" to "ought to" and the inverse one of tracing from "ought to" back to "is", and integrate theoretical research and practical application so as to get a deeper theoretical understanding of Hume's question on the one hand, and apply academic wisdom in daily life and the care of the mind of common people on the other.
YUAN Shi-kai's "dismissal from office and return to his hometown to recuperate" for three years is an important incident in the history of the late Qing Dynasty. However, the actual causes of YUAN's "dismissal", as well as the truth concerning his "return to the hometown" and "recuperation", were gradually obscured due to a series of political changes afterwards. Returning to the historical scenes after a close examination of new and old historical materials, we can easily find out that the traditional narratives have strong political implications and they were results of conscious or unconscious distortion and defamation by YUAN's political rivals or the ignorant. In addition, YUAN himself, his subordinates and friends did not defend him because of his "crowning himself as an emperor" and others. All of these helped to form the conventional image of YUAN.
The Portuguese Inquisition was a very important institution of the Counter-Reformation in the Age of Exploration. Its main task was to supervise and persecute the Jewish "protestants" who were forced to be converted. It also targeted at writers with "heterodox ideas" or a freethinking mind as well as social behaviors against "orthodox" Christianity. The Portuguese Inquisition was first established in the prime of the Counter-Reformation in 1530s. While its prosecution towards the "heterodoxy" reached a high peak in the 17th century, it was severely attacked during the reform of the Marquis of Baltimore in the mid-18th century and finally eliminated in the early 19th century. The Portuguese Inquisition restrained the trend of Renaissance in Portugal, forced millions of wealthy Jewish "protestants" to emigrate and led to the failure of Portugal in its commercial competition with the Netherlands and the U.K..
The Japanese society has seen a powerful movement of constitution amendment since the 21st century. Although this movement temporarily ended with Japanese government's reinterpreting the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, the problems involved have not been settled yet. The reason is that the Japanese Constitution has a worldwide significance since its initial creation was beyond the framework of a nation-state. Therefore, its problems can only be solved in a new cosmopolitan system. Accordingly, its historical process and contemporary significance need to be reinterpreted from the perspective of a new cosmopolitanism, and such a reinterpretation will benefit the theoretical construction of a new cosmopolitanism in turn.
Ci poetry in the Tang and Song Dynasties can be roughly divided into two categories, that is, ci poetry with a grateful and restrained style(for instance, WEN Ting-yun's Pusaman) and that with a solemn and grave style(for instance, FAN Zhong-yan's Yujia'ao). The former category, which is usually about daily life and emotions, should be appreciated with literary imagination rather than be examined word by word through textual research. A good example is the expression of "small mountains" in WEN Ting-yun's verse of "small mountains are overlapping while the sunshine is flickering". However, some poems with a solemn and grave style, such as FAN Zhong-yan's Yujia'ao, are related to significant issues of that time, so that we should study word by word through textual research to exactly grasp their backgrounds and implications, which are not open to a quick reading.
There are many ways for modern prose theory to absorb classical resources, among which "discovery" and "retroactive recognition" are two particular ones. "Discovery" means to "re-dig" prose works and doctrines which were paid little attention after evaluating them with modern concepts of "pure literature". "Retroactive recognition" means to retroactively approve some concepts, essayists, prose theorists, and the value and status of some prose works and doctrines. "Retroactive recognition" means to "date back to ancestors" in cultural psychology so as to justify one's own theory with the "evidence in the past". Taking the essays in the late Ming Dynasty as the example, prose theorists "recognize" both forward and backward. "Retroactive recognition" is a kind of "cultural naming". Each "retroactive recognition" is a revaluation of the recognized and a "rewriting" of literature history. However, "retroactive recognition" suffers from the obvious disadvantage of "covering" the truth of literature history to some extent.
From the two dimensions of the authors and texts, we can find that the collections of ci poems written by female poets in the Republic of China have particular features. In terms of geographical distribution of these female poets, they were mainly from the south of the Yangtze River, especially Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. However, they moved to other places to pursue their learning, hunt jobs, seek asylum, move with their family who took office away from their hometowns or participate in revolution. These female poets had diversified identities:daughters of officials, women with literary talent from ordinary families, journalists, teachers(scholars) and so on. In addition, some of them also had different identities at the same time. From the perspective of the texts, their works are aesthetically full of "inspiring expression" with both elegance and vulgar tastes.
The items like "five tones"(wuyin), "five sounds"(wusheng), gong-shang-jue-zhi-yu, and "five families"(wuxing) have been frequently mentioned in the literature of phonology from the Han-Wei to the Song-Yuan Dynasties. There has been various explanations since the Qing Dynasty. In most cases, "wuyin" or "gong-shang" refers to the types of initial consonants(of lips, teeth, throat, tongue, etc.). This thesis finds that "wuyin" in "The Chart of Five Tones" attached to Yupian of the Song version contains ten representative characters which are divided into 5 groups with 2 characters in one group. The standard of division is neither consonant or tone nor head vowel or main vowel, but articulatory gesture of the rhymes among the characters, that is, five different mouth shapes to pronounce the main vowels combining with the terminal sounds. In addition, it can also be explained from this angle the coherent connection of "wuxing" with "gong-shang" in the texts since the Han Dynasty.
In grammatical study, the transitivity of Chinese verbs has become a hot and difficult topic. There are various debates concerning the possibility and necessity of re-classifying Chinese transitive and intransitive verbs, defining the classification norms and sub-classification terms, etc. This thesis believes that transitivity is an essential nature of Chinese verbs and it is impossible to equal transitivity with verb value in spite of their connection. Based on transitivity, Chinese verbs can be re-classified into four types:transitive verbs, ergative verbs, intransitive verbs and pseudo-transitive verbs. In this classification, intransitive verbs sometimes include transitive verbs.
According to the Article 176 of the Criminal Law, the informal financial practice of "taking public-savings" is criminal. This legislation is worthy of discussion. It is against the restrictive principle of modern criminal law, the principle of protecting the interests of public investors, and the need to develop socialist market economy. To sum up, the de-criminalization of the crime of illegal taking public-savings is essential for the establishment of a fair, reasonable economic order and the equality in the financial industry.
China has been exploring the trans-regional centralized jurisdiction(T-RCJ) on environmental resources cases in recent years, which is now varying from place to place in practice. There are some factors to decide the T-RCJ court, including ecosystem or ecological function area, nature of the case combined with river basin, and environmental resources caseload, population and the level of economic social development. T-RCJ can also be carried through a railway court, which implements the judicial mode of the unity of two or three traditional trials. T-RCJ can solve the issue of jurisdiction overlap between administrative division and judicial division. However, there are also some problems and limitations of T-RCJ in practice, such as the lack of legal basis, the undeveloped trans-regional degree, the inconvenience for filing lawsuits, and the difficulty to make the criminal cases under jurisdiction. Therefore, some innovations should be carried on to improve the T-RCJ.
Compared with the situation of merely copying the Diamond Sutra in the early and middle Tang Dynasty revealed by Dunhuang manuscripts, the texts of invitation and mantras are often added to before and after the scriptures of the Diamond Sutra in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period. Gradually it forms a relative fixed practice of "the chanting scripture before the sutra" and "the chanting scripture after the sutra". This phenomenon demonstrates the important role of reciting ritual in the Diamond Sutra belief. In addition, Diamond Sutra Chanted by Buddha kept in Dunhuang manuscripts also reflects a fusion of classic reciting and fast ceremony activities, and it has some relation with the ritual documents of the Diamond Sutra of later generations. Through studying the documents on the Diamond Sutra in Dunhuang manuscripts and other related materials, we can easily find the tendency of the ritualization of the Diamond Sutra belief, which can be traced back to the late Tang Dynasty at least.
While the optimal allocation of public service facilities can enhance the livability and sustainable development of an urban area, the supply-demand matching of education resources in terms of amount and space directly affect the quality of life and transportation efficiency. Taking the primary education scheme of Hefei as an example, this paper empirically studies potential total demand and spatial heterogeneity of its primary education facilities from the inter-city population flows, as well as the calculation on the additional supply across different districts. It shows a shortage of education resources in Hefei, and the situation in new districts is more severe than that in old districts. Referring to the typical cases at home and abroad, and examining the current condition of urban land use and facility supply of Hefei, this paper suggests to realize the optimal allocation of primary education resources by retaining the sufficiency of facility allocation in response to potential demand fluctuations, differentiating facility supply according to the diversified demands, balancing the allocation of high-quality education resources based on city plan and policies, and promoting the integration and sharing of educational and other facilities.
There is a complicated interaction between industrial structure and population structure in the urban industrial development, and both of them impact on real estate price. This paper uses the data of 70 large and middle cities to examine the interaction among population structure, industrial structure and real estate price. It shows that population affects housing price through influencing industrial structure while industrial structure independently affects housing price. In addition, immigrants have a significant effect on both population structure and industrial structure. They increase the labor supply for the second industry while decrease the average educational level in the third industry. Therefore, the assumption that a high immigrant ratio increases the housing price is only true in cities with similar industrial structure. As far as the third industry is concerned, when immigrant ratio is higher, housing price will be lower.
Based on China's industrial firm level data during 2001-2007, this paper applies Negative Binomial Model to estimate the impacts of housing price on the location of new manufacturing firms. Because of the wages of China's manufacturing workers do not relate with housing price and the monopolization of China's land market, high housing price has not hindered the entry of new firms but obviously increased its possibility. This is not conducive to the reasonable spatial distribution of China's firms. Therefore,in order to lead to a reasonable distribution of China's firms among cities of different sizes and narrow the economic development gap between regions, it is necessary to adopt policies to raise workers' wage bargaining power and weaken the monopolization of China's land market.
Since the housing reform in 1998, housing price all over China has experienced dramatic increase. Besides the uptrend of housing price, two stylized facts deserve special attention. One is that regional housing price shows great volatility. The other is that housing price changes between different regions show significant relevance. We formulate a two-region dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework where credit contracts are imperfectly enforceable to explain the stylized facts above. First, credit constraints amplify economic shocks to produce great volatility. Second, inter-region borrowing makes it possible for housing price to propagate from one region to another. Last, we prove the existence of the "spillover effect" of regional housing price volatility in China by using spatial econometric models and cross-province panel data.
It is the consumer's expectation of future price increases, investment attribute and flaunt attribute, rigid demand for house that make commodity houses become a kind of Veblen good. The utility of a commodity house is constituted by not only its use value, but also its social utility. Using dynamic game theory to analyze the behavior between real estate development enterprise and consumers when demand curve slopes upward, this paper finds that in the current period, keeping house price rising is the optimum choice for real estate development enterprise and consumers who have bought houses, and the increase of property price will stimulate housing demand further. This is a new explanation for the volume and price going up simultaneously between 2009 and 2013.
It was an important task to guard against and eliminate traitors in each recovered province during the Revolution of 1911. Due to some hearsay, media reports, the defamation of and people who had ulterior motives, and the fact that treason was a political rather than legal term, the issue of traitors appeared to be disordered in spite of the fact that the range of traitors had been substantially narrowed at that time. As a matter of fact, both the military political power in each province, including Shanghai Military Command, and Nanjing Provisional Government made great efforts to achieve a balance between keeping the stability of political power and building a civilized image. Excessive capturing and slaughtering was effectively avoid thanks to the practice of separating the reconnaissance agency and law enforcement agency, and seriously treating the accusation of traitors. However, in a changeable political climate, it had been frequently witnessed that a former traitor became a founder of the Republic once the standards for treason changed. Causing disharmony among recovered provincial governments and serious divergences between leaders and grass roots, this brought a great challenge to the political ethics of the revolutionary party. keywords: traitors to China, the Revolution of 1911, recovered political powers, Shanghai Military Command
This paper discusses four of the most important global trends as they were accommodated, adjusted, and transformed on both sides of the Taiwan Strait: the removal of religion from politics(secularization), the attempt to confine it to a purely religious sphere(religionization), the increased interest in textual authority and religious self-consciousness(rationalization), and an increase in the direct physical manifestations of belief through unmediated physical experience(embodiment).The current similarities show the relative importance of shared cultural traditions and share global influences over differing forms of political control. Nevertheless, some significant differences have also appeared in the religious ecology of the two places, especially in the relative importance of local temple worship, Buddhism, and Christianity. One result is that Taiwan's adaption to global religious change has had much stronger indigenous Chinese roots than we see on the mainland.
With an anthropological observation, this paper examines Catholicism in a Chinese Tibetan village, Cizhong in Yunan Province. Catholicism, together with Tibetan Buddhism as another local religion, not only plays a role of a "religion" but also a social classification system in the village. These two different religions become standards for social classification, so that a new order is established to maintain the stability of public life in the village. Indicating an integrating process of a heterogeneous society, the religious social classification system and the historical narrative of the village that ensure the whole village is the "subject" in public affairs.
From the perspective of the New Structural Economics, this paper constructs a neoclassical economic growth structure model by introducing technology structure into the aggregate production function with reference to Chinese provincial and industrial panel data from 1999—2013. We examine the suitability and optimization effect of technical structure in different industries and regions of China, predict the optimal path of industrial technology structure and explore the impact of the deviation from the optimal technical structure on the economic growth and technological progress. The result shows that industrial productivity has a polarization trend, and most of the industries are still gathered in the lower level of productivity, and technological progress, technical contribution and the growth rate of the contribution exist some potential. Moreover, there is the reasonable technical structure for different industries and regions, and the deviation from the optimal industrial structure has significantly inhibited the economic growth and technological progress in the middle and western regions. This means that they have great potential for restructuring their industrial technology structure. However, industrial technology structure optimization shall lift the rate of technological progress in the middle regions while raise economic growth rates in the western.
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