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01 June 2012, Volume 44 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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中国近代史研究

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Treaty System: The Late Qing Dynasty Reconstructed by the West YANG Guo-Qiang 2012, 44 (3):  1-13.  Abstract ( 1145 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1875KB) ( 1571 )   Save Since the 1850s, communication between China and the West had been essentially a process in which the West regulated and consequently reconstructed China through treaties, which embodied the interests, rights, wills and rules of the West. In this process, China, which originally had no tradition of treaties to cultivate its awareness or knowledge of treaties, was gradually pulled into a world order established by the West and deeply changed in a passive way. Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Hongzhang’s “Unwilling Abandonment of Filial Piety for the Sake of Bussiness” and the Hidden Schemes of the “Clean Stream Party”: Study of the Correspondences between Zhang Peilun and Li Hongzhang JIANG Ming 2012, 44 (3):  14-22.  Abstract ( 1351 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1738KB) ( 1614 )   Save Based on some historical documents revealed for the first time, this paper displays the complicated political situation in the early period of the reign of Guan Xu in the Qing Dynasty by revealing the secret intercourse, mutual support and strife between Li Hongzhang and Zhang Peilun, an important figure in the “clean stream party.” Communication between the Grand Councilor Li Hongzao and the Minister of Foreign Affairs in North China Li Hongzhang, the hidden schemes made by Zhang Peilun and Li Hongzao for Li Hongzhang’s “Unwilling Abandonment of Filial Piety” after his dismissal due to the bereavement of his mother, secret countermeasures undertaken by the Qing government to deal with the Korean Imo Incident, policy toward Japan made by the “clean stream party” and the attitude of Li Hongzhangall of these demonstrate that the political complexity in the late Qing Dynasty is beyond our imagination. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yu Lianyuan: From an “Impartial and Incorruptible Censor” to a “Capable Specialist in Foreign Affairs”: A Casestudy Concerning Shanghai Road DAI Hai-Bin 2012, 44 (3):  23-30.  Abstract ( 1194 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1795KB) ( 1591 )   Save Yu Lianyuan was primarily an official who rose to power through traditional education and the imperial examination system. Serving in the capital for thirty years, he lacked knowledge of foreign affairs. He had been honored as an “impartial and incorruptible Censor” because of his fierce inquisition and hard lined criticism of dignitaries and their foreign dealings. However, since he started working in the provinces, particularly on Shanghai Road, his image as a member of the “clean stream party” gradually changed in the process due to unavoidable frequent contact with foreigners. Practical and openminded, he became famous as a capable specialist in foreign affairs, wellknown mostly for his active role in contracting the treaties of “mutual defense in southeast China.” Yu’s transformation is significant insofar as it enables us to understand the becoming of the officials, who were in charge of foreign affairs during the late Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pursuing the Intellectual Foundation of a Modern State: The Discourse of “the People’s State” in the Late Qing Dynasty PEI Zi-Yu 2012, 44 (3):  31-37.  Abstract ( 1274 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1743KB) ( 1932 )   Save There were two kinds of ways to imagine the modern state for the sake of statebuilding during the late Qing Dynasty. One was the familiar notion of the “nationstate” (min zu guo jia), that is, “One Nation, One State.” The other was the often neglected notion of “the people’s state” (guo min guo jia), which advocated the sovereignty of the people, and emphasized the direct and immediate relationship between state and citizen and equal rights and duties for the individual. Insofar as the traditional bonds between the cosmic order and the political order were severed through it, the people’s state was a modern idea. However, due to external pressures and internal crisis, the discourse concerning “the people’s state” was often replaced either with a more radical version of nationalism (racialism) or with a reformist version in which the individual was swallowed up by an organismic state and collective people. The discourse concerning “the people’s state” is still significant nowadays in reminding us that the individual should be relocated in a proper place in a modern state and given equal rights and duties. Related Articles | Metrics

中国近代教育思想研究

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The Generation and Development of the Modern Chinese Conception of Education for the Disabled LU De-Yang 2012, 44 (3):  38-45.  Abstract ( 1129 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1739KB) ( 1266 )   Save Originating in the modern West, the concept of education for the disabled was introduced into China by missionaries and gentlebusinessmen. With the idea of equality and humanity, the missionaries, while spreading religion, promoted the independent development of schools for the disabled and created a modern pattern of assistance for the disabled. From the perspective of social and human rights, the gentlebusinessmen emphasized that the disabled, as members of society, should have the right, guaranteed by law, to receive education. They also encouraged the disabled to achieve proficiency in a particular career to earn their living. In addition, the disabled themselves had to serve society and become selfreliant through the education they received. The concept of education for the disabled developed further through its criticism of society’s contempt for and discrimination against education for the disabled. In the last century, missionaries, gentlebusinessmen and the disabled founded schools for the disabled, educated groups of disabled persons and hence promoted modern education for the disabled, which also laid a solid foundation for the contemporary education for disabled people. Related Articles | Metrics

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Women’s Education and The Construction of the Concept of Family in Modern China: Focusing on the Woman’s Journal Soliciting Contributions to the Topic of “My Ideal Partner” HE Wei 2012, 44 (3):  46-52.  Abstract ( 1979 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1733KB) ( 1227 )   Save Where did the elite’s campaign on behalf of the freedom of love and marriage go after the “May 4 Movement”? How was it put into practice? By examining the Women’s Journal, which solicited contributions to the topic of “my ideal partner,” we will find that young people paid much attention to women’s schooling and education and regarded women’s education as the sole way to disentangle “the new woman” from “the old woman,” and hence, as crucial to constructing a “perfect” family model. Women’s education gradually became an authoritative and influential ideology. Related Articles | Metrics

管理问题探讨

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On Executive Compensation of Listed Companies of Monopolistic Industries: From the Perspective of Earning Management YANG Rong 2012, 44 (3):  53-61.  Abstract ( 1449 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1735KB) ( 1547 )   Save Excessive executive compensation in stateowned listed companies, especially in monopolistic industries, has recently attracted more public attention than ever. Much domestic and international literature indicates a correlation between managerial power and executive compensation and also between executive compensation and earning management. However, research on the correlation between managerial power and earning management continues to be scarce. In fact, it is mainly due to the absence of owner and managerial power that earning management is dominant in the stateowned companies of monopolistic industries. Exploring 873 samples of 178 listed companies of 14 monopolistic industries during 20022009, this paper argues that there is a positive correlation between managerial power and executive compensation in monopolistic industries in China. Executives utilize their power to maximize their own interests in earning management. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Theoretical Model of Knowledge Innovation in the Modular Networkshaped Industrial Chain ZHANG Yan 2012, 44 (3):  62-68.  Abstract ( 1116 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1735KB) ( 1648 )   Save Under a modular division of labor, production factors are reconstructed into a networkshaped industrial chain. Deeply affected by the shape of this industrial chain, the mode of knowledge innovation has developed some new characteristics. This paper argues that the Networkdominant Model of Independent Innovation provides us with a theoretical framework for the study of knowledge innovation in the modular networkshaped industrial chain. According to the Networkdominant Model of Independent Innovation, independent innovation and collaborative innovation are the two primary ways of innovating knowledge. Under the guidance of system rules, the process of knowledge innovation can be divided into five phases: module division and the formation of system rules, collaboration among modules, system integration and testing, bidirectional feedback, modular combination and product innovation. Through this process modular innovation is intensified, standards are improved, and industry is upgraded. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sustainable Corporate Competitiveness: Comprehensive Demand for Economic Profitability and Social Fairness HOU Shi-Jun 2012, 44 (3):  69-75.  Abstract ( 1115 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1735KB) ( 1253 )   Save To achieve sustainable competitiveness, firms are required to respond simultaneously to their own demand for economic profitability and society’s demand for social fairness. Exogenous resource advantages and endogenous comparative advantages, by responding to the demand for economic profitability, are the foundation of corporate competitiveness. Corporate social responsibility and responsible competitiveness, by responding to the demand for social fairness, safeguards the sustainability of corporate competitiveness. Sustainable corporate competitiveness is the comprehensive performance of the organic combination of and benign balance between both aspects. In order to respond to such a comprehensive demand for economic profitability and social fairness, firms need to propose an integrated framework for promoting sustainable competitiveness by combining four types of competitiveness, that is, the competitiveness of low cost, technology, marketing and responsibility. Related Articles | Metrics

经济金融

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Measure Models of the Traveling Behavior Mechanism based upon the Structural Equation Model in the Area of Highspeed Railway YU Qiu-Yang 2012, 44 (3):  76-82.  Abstract ( 981 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1737KB) ( 1285 )   Save The highspeed railway brings new opportunities but also the challenge of allocating industrial factors to regional tourism. Through its unique way of compressing spacetime, the highspeed railway changes traffic behavior from the perspectives of traveling motivation, tourism activities and traveling features. Hypotheses and measurement models based upon the Structural Equation Modelthe typical tool for evaluating and verifying behavior mechanismshelp us to establish a useful set of qualitative analysis frameworks and quantitative measurement methods for the analysis of traffic behavior tendencies in the era of highspeed railway. This is also helpful for factor allocation and policy design for the tourism industry. Related Articles | Metrics

政治法律

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A Comparative Study of Chinese and American National Identity Reflected in their White Papers on National Defense DOU Wei-Lin, DU Hai-Zi, SU Dan 2012, 44 (3):  83-94.  Abstract ( 1193 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1737KB) ( 1502 )   Save This paper presents a critical discourse analysis and a comparative study of the Chinese and American white papers on national defense from 2002 to 2008. It finds that China and U.S. differ greatly in their choice of words, classification, modality and macrotextual structure in constructing their respective national identities. The very national identity the Chinese government intends to construct is that of China as a peaceloving and developmentpursuing country that highly cherishes cooperation and avoids confrontation, while the U.S. government portrays the U.S. as a superior country with a mission. This difference can be attributed to the culture of harmony in China and the mission mentality deeply rooted in America. Related Articles | Metrics

中国哲学与文化

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Folk Beliefs: Retrospection and Reflection CHEN Qin-Jian, MAO Qiao-Hui 2012, 44 (3):  95-101.  Abstract ( 1165 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1736KB) ( 1677 )   Save Although Folk beliefs have existed since ancient times in China, the academic study of folk beliefs didn’t appear until the end of the Qing Dynasty. No clear consensus concerning folk beliefs could be reached in the last century, and how to deal with folk beliefs has remained a bewildering issue for the government. This paper tries to outline the evolution of the academic views of folk beliefs so as to provide some suggestions for making corresponding countermeasures. Related Articles | Metrics

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“To Learn and at Due Times to Apply What You Have Learnt”: The Beginning of the Analects CHEN Bin 2012, 44 (3):  102-110.  Abstract ( 1156 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1805KB) ( 1441 )   Save The Bible begins with Genesis, God’s creation of the world, and leads man down the path of obedience to God’s will on the grounds of belief. On the contrary, at the outset of the Analects, Confucius advocates “to learn and at due times apply what one has learnt,” which instructs human beings to realize the propensities of nature (tianming) through selfcultivation. The first paragraph of the Analects actually tells us the three spiritual stages of Confucius, who is regarded as the spiritual symbol of Chinese culture. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Meaning of Linking Verbs in Ancient Chinese Thought LI Xiao-Chun 2012, 44 (3):  111-115.  Abstract ( 1368 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1803KB) ( 1270 )   Save Constructed out of meaning clumps or meaning chains, Chinese thought is characterized by “typical images” (faxiang). The linking verbs found in ancient Chinese emerged from five different approaches, which were more or less tied to a way of thinking by means of typical images. Concerning these five approaches, “referring” functions as the core of meaning of linking verbs. Although “ji” is not a typical linking verb in the context of Western philosophy, it really demonstrates the essence of linking verbs in Chinese thought by expressing an intimate relationship occupying the intervals between meaning chains. Related Articles | Metrics

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Movement and Stillness in Wei Zhuangqu’s Doctrine of The Ground of Nature (Tiangen) WANG Ge 2012, 44 (3):  116-121.  Abstract ( 1350 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1801KB) ( 1549 )   Save According to Huang Zongxi, Wei Zhuangqu’s doctrine of the ground of nature (tiangen) reflected a slight transformation from the NeoConfucianism of the Song Dynasty to that of the Ming Dynasty. However, this is not the true story. As a sincere follower of Cheng and Zhu’s doctrines, Wei only tried to reach a kind of monism based on the doctrine of cultivation characterized by stillness, and his doctrine of tiangen might reveal some opportunities for transformation of movement solely on the level of cultivation. Through a comparative study of tiangen and tianji, we can also find some similarities and distinctions between Wei Zhuangqu and the scholars of the Yangming school. Related Articles | Metrics

文艺学研究

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Beyond Meaningfulness: On the Art Form YIN Guo-Ming 2012, 44 (3):  122-128.  Abstract ( 1097 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1806KB) ( 1397 )   Save The Art form has always been an important theme in the theory of art, since it leads to a discussion concerning the ontological foundation and most significant features of art. “The art form is not merely a form”, “content is a meaningful form”such popular theses are easily suppressed in a dualistic framework. In Laozi’s conception of “the great form without shape” and in an examination of the process of breathing and rhythm, we will find not only the meaning of the art form, but also the very trace of human poetic dwelling as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Combination of Heidegger and Chinese Literature: Possibility and Limitations LIU Yang 2012, 44 (3):  129-134.  Abstract ( 1253 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1739KB) ( 1507 )   Save Realizing a creative combination of Heidegger’s existentialism and Chinese literature would be significant for the contemporary theoretical study of Chinese literature. We can start from the fact that Heidegger considered the existential circumstance of humans as possible beings on the one hand and that Confucianism has dominated Chinese literature on the other. A literature based on the ontology of emotion can play a positive role in overcoming and filling in “the abyss of being.” However, compared to existentialism’s reliance on the framework of two worlds, the ontology of emotion embraces one world and naturally leads to a static appreciation of and narcissistic atmosphere in literature. Related Articles | Metrics

社会学研究

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LongTerm Care for the Elderly from Four Dimensions：The Development of Publicprivate Partnerships ZHENG Xiong-Fei 2012, 44 (3):  135-142.  Abstract ( 1077 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1740KB) ( 1348 )   Save With the aging of the population together with the acceleration of migration and the widespread “emptynest” phenomenon, it is very important to construct a longterm system of care service for the elderly. It is an issue that concerns not only the family, but also society, the economic market and political situations. This paper comprehensively analyses the origin of the demand for longterm care, and then claims to create a “fourdimensionspace” to meet the needs of the elderly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Original Residents and Outsiders, Cohabitation and the Action Choices of Local Residents: An Investigation of Yuanhenong Community ZHAO Ye-Qin ZHAO Ye-Qin 2012, 44 (3):  143-150.  Abstract ( 1298 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1736KB) ( 1185 )   Save With the entry of a large number of migrants into a city, local residents have to live alongside them in the same community. This paper deals with the issue of cohabitation, using Yuanhenong, a Shanghai shantytown as a case study. By analyzing the action taken by local residents against outsiders, this paper introduces the economic paradigm of “exit, voice and loyalty” into community analyses and reveals through demonstration the limitations of the Chicago School’s dual paradigm of “invasion and succession.” This paper argues that the traditional evolution model of community is not enough to explain local situations in China. As far as the action choices of local residents against outsiders are concerned, succession cannot be fully realized. It is only through the process of invasion and succession that a “mixed community” is finally formed. Related Articles | Metrics