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15 July 2015, Volume 47 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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中国历史中的国家与地方研究 主持人：许纪霖

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From the “Immigrant Stories” to Regional Identity: The Formation of the Ming- Qing States ZHAO Shi-Yu 2015, 47 (4):  1-10.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.001 Abstract ( 1006 )   HTML ( 69 )   PDF (1683KB) ( 2696 )   Save There have been heated discussions around the topic of identity in different disciplines in recent years. Concerning the study of history, particular attention has been paid to the discussion on “new History of the Qing Dynasty”, as well as the dispute on the special issue of James Watson in the America-based Modern China, which are directly related to the stress on the diversification and the inquiries into the mechanism of unification in the China studies at home and aboard. The immigrant stories could be a breakthrough point for the discussion on the regional identity. They were important representation of the development of regional identity, namely, the formation of Ming-Qing states from the 16th to 18th centuries. However, both the discussion on identity and the analysis of the formation of Ming-Qing states should be put in a concrete historical context and a spatio-temporal process. Related Articles | Metrics

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OKAKURA Tenshin’s Theory of the Differences and Similarities between Northern and Southern China MURATA Yujiro 2015, 47 (4):  11-18.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.002 Abstract ( 502 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1509KB) ( 1822 )   Save As a thinker and a founder of the history of art in modern Japan, OKAKURA Tenshin (1863-1913) traveled to China four times in his life and wrote a lot about China. In his unique and pioneering theory of the differences and similarities between northern and southern China, he compared China with Europe and considered that China is the integration of diverse political groups. Even today, his particular analyses of the diversity of China’s geography and space will provide many important clues for us to rethink the historical and culture momentum that has molded “China”. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transformation of the Concept of the “Northwest” since the Ming and Qing Dynasties YOSHIZAWA Seiichiro 2015, 47 (4):  19-24.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.003 Abstract ( 475 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1198KB) ( 884 )   Save The word “northwest” in the discussions on the water conservancy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties referred to the northern section of the Grand Canal, including Beijing sometimes. In the second half of the 19th century, the bureaucrats in the Qing Dynasty called the regions of Shangxi, Gansu and Xinjiang “northwest” in coping with the rebellions of Muslims and the issue of Yili. The word “northwest” hadn’t become a name of an internal region in China until the early 20th century. The expression of “our northwest” in the articles in the journal of The Voice of the Xia (Xia Sheng) tells us that it was based on the formation of China’s consciousness of national territory and maturity of regional identity in each province that the new meaning as a region, in addition to its original meaning as a direction, appeared. After the revocation of the large “northwest” administrative region in 1954, the word “northwest” remains to refer to a geographical region. Related Articles | Metrics

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“Local Gentry” and “Roaming Scholars”: Scholar-bureaucrat Elites between the Local and the State from Late Qing Dynasty to Early Republic of China XU Ji-Lin 2015, 47 (4):  25-37.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.004 Abstract ( 493 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2529KB) ( 1249 )   Save From the West Zhou Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China had experienced three different political systems, i.e., feudalism, aristocracy and bureaucracy, which accordingly produced three kinds of elites, i.e., feudal scholar-officials, aristocratic families and scholar-bureaucrats, and formed different relations between the local and the state. In the late Qing Dynasty, localism started to arise, e.g., and the Revolution of 1911 is a revolution of the local against the central government. The early Republic of China witnessed representative democracy and system of administrative authority. After 1916, China, similar to the situation in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, was divided by the force of military governors. Consequently, scholars became unbounded and free and increasing differentiated into the “local gentry” of old fashion and the “roaming scholars”- the new intellectuals who had been baptized by new culture. The failure of the autonomy of jointed provinces implied that the “local gentry” had lost their stage in history. Finally, Kuomintang unified China by uniting the new “roaming scholars”. Related Articles | Metrics

冯契哲学思想研究

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On FENG Qi’s Doctrine of Truth WU Gen-you & HUANG Yan-qiang 2015, 47 (4):  38-46.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.005 Abstract ( 422 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1519KB) ( 855 )   Save Relevant to the relationship between natural sciences and humanities as well as that between epistemology and ontology, the issue of truth is one of the core subjects in modern Chinese philosophy. Regarding the essence of truth, FENG Qi accepts the correspondence theory based on practice, believing that truth means the unity of subjectivity and objectivity and the correspondence of cognition and reality or things. Such concrete truth manifested in the correspondence can be grasped by dialectical logic thinking on the one hand, and correctly stated in the form of propositions on the other. Meanwhile, FENG Qi elaborates on the concreteness and freedom of truth, claiming that truth is objective, comprehensive, historical and relative, and the objectivity of truth lies in the coherence of human nature and the Dao of nature (tian dao). In this sense, truth is in accordance with both natural laws and the purpose of humans, demonstrating the unity of the principle of nature and the principle of humanity. Hence, FENG Qi argues that in wisdom we will realize the unity between natural sciences and humanities and that between epistemology and ontology. Related Articles | Metrics

政治哲学研究

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Marx’s Doctrine of “Post-justice” and “China’s Road” SUN Liang 2015, 47 (4):  47-52.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.006 Abstract ( 384 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (1129KB) ( 1092 )   Save Only in the context of intellectual history can we carry forward the discussion on “Marx and justice”. From Aristotle to Scottish thinkers’ interpretation in the 17th century, distributive justice has been narrowly understood as the justice of distribution according to contribution (labor), which is required in the logic of the bourgeoisie to justify private property right. By examining this change, we find that Marx does not deny distributive justice. This requires us to understand the real connotation of “bringing one’s ability into full play and allocating according to one’s needs”. The construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics needs to deal with the tension between these two kinds of distributive justice practically and wisely, which has gradually formed a “China’s road” different from the approach of “seeking justice by combining liberalism and socialism”, “market justice” and the “third path”. Related Articles | Metrics

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On The History of the Concept of “Desert”: Concerning Its Paradigm Transformation and Discourse Domain Extension XU Feng 2015, 47 (4):  53-59.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.007 Abstract ( 373 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1313KB) ( 1059 )   Save As an important concept in contemporary distributive justice, “desert” has a long history. “Desert” in Aristotle and other thinkers in ancient Greece is similar to “merit” in modern English, referring to public positions based on virtue. On the contrary, “desert” in modern society means the deserving primary social goods according to the action of a rational individual. The paradigm transformation from ancient “merit” to modern “deserve” is closely related to the Enlightenment. In the 20th century, further discussion has been carried out with the distinction between “desert” and “anti-desert” made by John Rawls and other thinkers. Contemporary discussion on “desert” has also extended to intergenerational desert and global desert. Related Articles | Metrics

国际政治研究

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China’s Status and Eurasian Strategy LIU Jun 2015, 47 (4):  60-65.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.008 Abstract ( 431 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1087KB) ( 1111 )   Save Although China’s continuous rise is expected to culminate with China becoming a major world power, at present China remains a regional, rather than global, entity. China’s standing as a Eurasian regional power thus requires a distinct Eurasian strategy. Development and security should be the core for China’s Eurasian strategy. From an economic development perspective, the “One Belt and One Road” initiative is the core. From a geopolitical perspective, China’s position in Eurasia is the key to the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership with Russia and EU while striving to avoid a collision with US interests in Eurasia. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Emerging Economies, National Capitalism and World Order ZHANG Xin 2015, 47 (4):  67-75.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.009 Abstract ( 363 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1623KB) ( 1318 )   Save This paper examines the relations between major emerging economies’ domestic “state-society-market” complex and their demands for international regime and global governance. Building on the “Varieties of Capitalism” literature, it argues that relative to both the previous catch-up economies and the current leading regimes of capitalism, state plays a unique role in the domestic complex in the emerging economies. That unique role makes the national systems of capitalism in these emerging economies different from both historical patterns of “state capitalism” and neo-liberalism in the post Cold War period. In particular, the state is in command of new tools and instruments to control and coordinate the behavior of national capital, making it possible for a genuine model of national development to emerge. Along several policy dimensions, these emerging economies, represented particularly by China, are demanding non-liberal regime in global governance without a full-scale challenge to current institutional structure of the global system. Thus, the nature of domestic complex state capitalism among emerging economies foresees the prevalence of a set of “parallel structures” to existing western-dominated liberal structures in global governance. Related Articles | Metrics

对外经贸问题探讨

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Technological Innovation and the Transformation of China’s Foreign Trade Development Mode: A Study on Export Structure Optimization from the Perspective of Value Chain LI Xiu-Zhen & XU Fang-Na 2015, 47 (4):  75-83.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.010 Abstract ( 382 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1618KB) ( 924 )   Save With the deepened economic globalization, international division has evolved into value chain level. This paper investigates the influence of technological innovation on export structure from the perspective of production value chain, building a mathematical model to derive and analyze the positive effects of scientific and technological innovation on the status of production value chain. This paper also takes econometric methods to test the relationship factors between export structure optimization and decision factors, which confirms the positive impact of technological innovation on the export structure from the perspective of value chain. At last this paper puts forward policy recommendations: to play a key role of technological innovation and build new foreign trade pattern, both import and export are good; to explore constructing own leading global industry value chain and achieve export structure optimization under new international standards; to optimize the allocation of human resources and play a central role of human capital for technological innovation and foreign trade transformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Resolving the Overcapacity in Iron and Steel Industry of China under the Strategy of “One Belt, One Road”: Basis for Trade, Investment Opportunity and Implementation Mechanism ZHAO Ming-liang & YANG Hui-xin 2015, 47 (4):  84-92.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.011 Abstract ( 599 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1567KB) ( 2274 )   Save The implementation of “One Belt, One Road” strategy will greatly promote the development of regional economic integration. Taking iron and steel industry whose overcapacity is prominent and which is important to the development of national economy as an example, this paper finds that China’s export to “One Road” countries is significantly higher than that of “One Belt” countries. “One Road” countries and the developing countries along the “One Belt” should be mainly potential export market in the future. From the supply perspective of international transfer of overcapacity, this paper also explores the opportunity for investment cooperation for the specific surplus products in iron and steel industry with countries along the “One Belt, One Road” by application of the institutional environmental quality index such as the economic development indicator, global governance indicator and economic freedom index. Taking consideration of country strategy for economic development, industrial complementarities and political relations with China, this paper finds that the developing countries along the “One Belt, One Road” have more investment opportunities, but the potential risk shall be controlled. Analyzing the requirement of “One Belt, One Road” strategy on the one hand and the basis for trade and investment opportunity on the other, this paper proposes to resolve overcapacity in iron and steel industry by building infrastructure construction, trade and investment platform, enhancing mutual trust and avoiding risks. Related Articles | Metrics

人口与社会保险研究

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The Economic Effect of Population Policy in China: Based on OLG Model and Panel Data Analysis WU Xin-ru & WANG Jing & WANG Wen-ting 2015, 47 (4):  93-99.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.012 Abstract ( 366 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1475KB) ( 1781 )   Save Based on the two-period overlapping generation (OLG) model and the panel data from 1983 to 2012 of 30 provinces, this paper investigates the impact of China’s population policy on the economic growth and the social welfare. The model analysis and the empirical investigation results consistently indicate that over the past 30 years the implementation of the family planning policy prominently promoted the growth of average per capita income. Nevertheless, it gave rise to the trend of the population aging, causing the shortage of the potential endowment resources and elderly welfare loss. The simulation of the population movement in the next 70 years based on the 2010 population census data reveals that the “selective two-child policy” will have little impact on the trend of aging population structure, while the general two-child policy will ameliorate and stabilize China’s population structure in the future. This will play a crucial role in many aspects such as the stability of the labor supply, the providing for the aged, and the preschool education, and thus boost the sustainable and coordinated population, economy and society development. Accordingly, we come up with the propose that it is necessary and urgent for China to consider the implementation of the general two-child policy immediately. Related Articles | Metrics

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Care Arrangement of Disabled Older Adults Aged 75 and above: A Tracking Analysis Liu Jie & Lou Wei Qun 2015, 47 (4):  100-107.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.013 Abstract ( 386 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1416KB) ( 1094 )   Save Based on 2010 and 2013 tracking data of Shanghai weak elders’ situation and their main caregivers’ demand, this paper makes a tracking survey on the same group of disable elders living at home, examining their health status, their family care givers’ status and their family and social support. The results show the new characteristics of worse self-care ability, more life assistance demands, the weakening of economic supply ability, the indifference to family and social relationships, the weakness of social support ability, and the increased pressure of family caregivers. Therefore, the government and relevant social forces shall improve the medical service system so that the elders can get more physiological support, expand old-age security sources so that the elders can get more economic support, create warm and harmonious family environment and harmonious family relationship so that the elders can get more psychological support, enhance community service functions so as to provide elders with social support and personality care according to different needs, and set up social support system and provide effective support for primary caregivers. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Risk Control of China’s Commercial Health Insurance Based on the Three-party Gaming DU Gang & ZHU Wen-jing 2015, 47 (4):  108-114.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.014 Abstract ( 307 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1139KB) ( 1188 )   Save In recent years, commercial health insurance has received extensive social attention. Although commercial health insurance is beneficial to the state and citizens, current situation of high compensation is a problem that haunts big insurance companies, so risk control becomes the core in companies’ operation. Different from most qualitative studies at home and abroad, this paper, applying the theory of gaming from a perspective of quantity, construct a risk control gaming model so as to reveal the rules of the risk control of commercial health insurance at a deep level. The gaming model and balanced results show that insurance companies in the core positions of the entire business process shall enhance their ability of risk control by promoting their professional operating level, strengthening the control of supervision cost, and scientifically establishing the mechanism of credit rewarding and crack credit punishment. Meanwhile, they also shall change the supervision pattern of medical care providers and the assured, shifting from the supervision after event to the supervision before and in the mid of event. Related Articles | Metrics

宗教学研究

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On Wonhyo’s Idea of “Harmony and Arguments”. YANG Wei-zhong 2015, 47 (4):  115-121.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.015 Abstract ( 372 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1520KB) ( 1345 )   Save In his On Harmonizing Disputes in Ten Doctrines, Wonhyo provided syntheses for ten issues of Buddhist teachings that were heatedly discussed in Buddhist circle at that time, aiming to cease disputes from his own Buddhist position. In the extant Ten Doctrines, we can only find two of the original ten doctrines, that is, the doctrine of being and non-being and the doctrine of Buddha-nature. However, from the quotations in Comments on the Similarities and Differences of The Awakening of Faith we can sum up two other doctrines, that is, the doctrine of Dharmakaya and the doctrine of wisdom sphere. Wonhyo attempts to fuse different thoughts and put them in harmony. Wonhyo’s main ideas are from Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvā?a Sūtra and The Awakening of Faith. The former is about the thought of Tathagata-garbha, while the latter Yogacara. For Wonhyo, “no-similarity and no-difference” is the approach to interpret Buddhist teachings and to eliminate “different arguments” after the “declining of the true Dhamma”. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Differences and Similarities of the Cultivation Stages in Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism FENG Tian-chun 2015, 47 (4):  122-128.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.016 Abstract ( 411 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1502KB) ( 1398 )   Save The doctrine of the cultivation stages of Tibetan Buddhism is characterized by “the paths of the three levels of learners”, that is, the path of learners at lower level, that of those at middle level and that of those at upper level. By contrast, the doctrine of the cultivation stages of Chinese Buddhism is characterized by “the perfect path” with three principles of equal significance, that is, the principle of perfect achievement, that of perfect conclusion, and that of perfect fusion. By analyzing, interpreting and comparing, this paper finds that there are prominent “five differences and five similarities” between these two Buddhist traditions. Five differences lie in the judgment and division of teachings, systematic structure, the degree of complexity and the emphasis on sudden enlightenment or gradual cultivation, contents, and the proportion of the practice of Tantrism. Five similarities lie in the practice of judging and distinguishing Buddhist teaching, the criteria of such judgment, core elements, comprehension of teachings, and the perspectives of Madhyamaka and Yogacara. However, the differences and similarities are relative. The structures, contents and systems of Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism are so complex that sometimes they are opposite to each other while sometimes similar to each other and many questions can only be clarified in particular contexts. Related Articles | Metrics

文学

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The Research of the Association between ZHU Xi and WANG Huai GU Hong-yi 2015, 47 (4):  129-132.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.017 Abstract ( 376 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1074KB) ( 832 )   Save Regarding the relationship between ZHU Xi and the prime minister WANG Huai, the scholars always focus on their disputes and bad association after ZHU Xi impeached TANG Zhong-you in the ninth year of Chunxi and then WANG Huai opposed the doctrine of the Dao. However, very few people has paid attention to their intimate association before these events. We can learn the whole process of their association based on the letters from ZHU Xi to WANG Huai and other related historical records. In September of the eighth year Chunxi, thanks to WANG Huai’s recommendation, ZHU Xi was promoted to the manage the official granary in east Zhejiang. According to ZHU Xi’s Notes on Establishing Wufu Granary in Chong’an County, Jianning Prefecture, WANG Huai spoke highly of ZHU’s measures of reliving famine at that time. We can see that they had a very good relationship. However, they did not contact each other anymore after ZHU Xi impeached TANG Zhong-you . Related Articles | Metrics

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On YAN Shu: The Evaluation of YAN Shu’s Literary Works as Well SHAO Ming-zhen 2015, 47 (4):  133-142.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.018 Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2324KB) ( 975 )   Save The remarks on YAN Shu and his ci poems in the past are highly prejudiced. Starting from YAN Shu’s official experience, this paper makes some clarifications on his political character and the role he played in Qingli Reform and Education Promotion Movement. He was not “noble” or “successful in career” all his life, but was actually “repeatedly struck down” due to his “upright and outspoken character”. During his fifty years in political activities, he spent about sixteen years either in relegation or exile. During Qingli Reform, he promoted the reform by arranging personnel in politics, provided strong support for the reformists such as FAN Zhong-yan and FU Bi, and actively advocated education. Meanwhile, he was one of the pioneers in the Restoring-to-the-Ancient Movement led by OUYANG Xiu and in the Poetry and Essay Innovation Movement led by HAN Yu and LIU Zong-yuan. His extraordinary achievements in poetry and essays played a positive role in the literary circle at that time. It is not appropriate for the later academia to evaluate his achievements only according to his ci poems. It is also necessary to re-recognize his ci poems from many aspects. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Symbolic Writing of Jean Echenoz SUN Sheng-ying 2015, 47 (4):  143-148.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.019 Abstract ( 409 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1319KB) ( 1074 )   Save Jean Echenoz is a famous contemporary French novelist, whose works are known for his particular style of symbolization. Echenoz is an expert in presenting a static world of objects by using the synchronic accumulation of symbols that contain rich cultural information, providing the scene of floating and pausing symbols which features both synchronicity and diachronism, and finally forming a diachronic combination of zero symbols and genre ones. In this way he creates a symbolic empire at three levels. Echenoz’s symbolic writing has not only built a real world of today but also gained an independent value of its own. Related Articles | Metrics

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On YIN Ban-sheng and His Comments on Novels ZHU Yong-xiang 2015, 47 (4):  149-152.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.020 Abstract ( 369 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (913KB) ( 1118 )   Save In the studies of modern fictions, YIN Ban-sheng’s fiction comments have received much attention, but few people in academic circles know much about his life. YIN Ban-sheng is the literary name of ZHONG Jun-wen. According to the newly-discovered The Genealogy of Family Zhong in Qianqing Town, ZHONG Junwen, who failed repeatedly in the imperial examination, established the journal of Playing in the World and opened Bookstore Chongshizhai in Hangzhou after the imperial examination was abolished. As a bookstore runner, he was familiar with and disappointed at the chaos in the circle of fictions. His Comments on Novels was not merely a book of fiction criticism, but also served as a guide to those who purchased and read fictions. Related Articles | Metrics

海外中国学研究

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What is “Japanese Yomeigaku”? DENG Hong 2015, 47 (4):  153-166.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2015.04.021 Abstract ( 687 )   HTML ( 40 )   PDF (2844KB) ( 2678 )   Save “Japanese Yomeigaku” refers to a social movement in Japan in the late 19th century in the name of WANG Yang-ming. The movement had complicated causes and lots of academic fiction. Although “Yomeigaku” literally means “the study of Yang-ming”, we have to make a distinction between Japanese Yomeigaku as a social movement and the study of Yang-ming as the study of WANG Yang-ming’s philosophy, which has flourished after the World War II in Japan. Related Articles | Metrics