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15 March 2018, Volume 50 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Contents ZHENG He's Voyages to the West and the “Kylin Diplomacy” in the Ming Dynasty ZOU Zhen-huan 2018, 50 (2):  1-11.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.001 Abstract ( 374 )   HTML ( 318 )   PDF (2455KB) ( 1268 )   Save When ZHENG He travelled to the West, the Ming Dynasty greatly developed not only political and economic but also cultural exchanges, including the exchange of animals such as kylins(actually giraffes) with Asian and African nations. ZHENG He's voyages can be divided into two stages, the first stage including the first three trips, while the second the last four trips. At the first stage, he mainly visited the nations in Southeast Asia and South Asia while at the second stage, he visited those far in West Asia and East Africa. The maritime "kylin tributes" related to ZHENG's voyages roughly happened seven times at the second stage. The later "kylin tributes" were also closely connected with voyages to the West. It was also said that the geographical expansion of ZHENG's last four voyages was directly related to "kylin tributes". In contrast to a nation's domestic affairs, diplomacy is aimed to deal with foreign affairs by peaceful means such as dispatching missions to resolve disputes in order to achieve the maximization of national interests. Emporer Yongle made foreign policies based on the diplomatic experiences of previous dynasties and his own experiences in East Asia and consequently implemented them in the South China Sea and the West at that time. Originally, ZHENG was sent to find the missing Emperor Jianwen and to fight against the remnant rebellions, but later his voyages were gradually aimed to search for rare animals and precious native products, protect the security of waterways, promote the national prestige in the South China Sea and establish diplomatic relations with non-vassal states. In the early Ming Dynasty, the consciousness of "tianxia"(under Heaven) and the distinction between Chinese and barbarians were deepened via a series of diplomatic ceremonies of "kylin tributes", which were not only performed for local natives but also politically served to attract neighboring countries as well as the states in South Asia and East Africa to join the ally of the "heavenly sovereign" so as to establish the central status of China in the tribute system in the Ming Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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The New Era and the Historical Mission of CPC in the New Era(Symposium) QI Wei-ping, LIU Jian-hui, LIU Jing-bei, WANG Yue, JI Ya-guang, GU Hong-liang, WANG Zi-qi 2018, 50 (2):  12-25.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.002 Abstract ( 350 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (2320KB) ( 538 )   Save As an important political judgment, the statement that "socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era" has profound philosophical implications, while as a historical narrative, it can be comprehended from three historic perspectives respectively at grand, middle and basic levels. As one of important theoretical contributions of the 19th CPC National Congress, the "four greats" based on the "new era" not only deepens the understanding of the historic mission of CPC(the Communist Party of China) but also provides important theoretical foundation for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics. As the summary of CPC's historic mission in the new era, the "four greats" embodies the general requirement of seeking happiness for people. To understand the scientific connotations and basic requirements of the "four greats" in a comprehensive and accurate manner, we should figure out the relationship between general historic mission and concrete missions at different historic stages, the relationship between China's great national rejuvenation and the historic mission of the proletariat, and other key theoretical issues. We should also pay attention to special practical issues such as establishing theoretical confidence and understanding the strategy of the "great struggle" and the foundation of the "great project" based on the new characteristics of the era. Related Articles | Metrics

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Strengthening the Overall Leadership of the Party and Comprehensively Governing the Party with Strict Discipline: Theoretical Logics and Practical Difficulties YAO Huan 2018, 50 (2):  26-31.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.003 Abstract ( 275 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF (1103KB) ( 835 )   Save To ensure the overall leadership of the Party through comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline embodies the law of the modern construction of Chinese socialism and reflects the internal logic of the "four greats". It would be impossible to strengthen the overall leadership of the Party in the new era without comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline. High standards and drastic measures must be systematically and comprehensively applied in the entire process and all aspects of strictly managing and governing the Party. We must make strictly governing the Party entirely function to improve the Party's leadership. We must create upright and honest political ecology to provide a sound environment for comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline. We must prevent the formation of interest groups to preserve the advanced nature of the Party. We must prevent and eliminate various dual-character phenomena to eliminate blind areas of comprehensively governing the Party with strict discipline. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Great Project: Creating New Atmosphere in Leading the New Era BAO Xin-jian 2018, 50 (2):  32-37.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.004 Abstract ( 176 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1153KB) ( 468 )   Save In the new era of socialism with special Chinese characteristics, the CPC should have new atmosphere, make a difference, and create a new situation in the new great project of constructing the Party. As the new era asks for more difficult missions from CPC, we must uphold and strengthen the overall leadership of the Party and comprehensively improve the Party's governing capacity and the ability to solve social contradictions and key issues. The construction of the Party is encountering more severe tests, so we must comprehensively govern the Party with strict discipline through institutional building and combating corruption and building a clean government. We must have courage to conduct self-revolution and improve the quality of the construction of the Party. As more serious requirements are proposed in terms of the Party-masses relationship, we must remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind, adhere to the idea that people are the subject of the nation, regard people as the center, and make sure that the Party shares the same heart, fate and breath with people. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Concept of “Skillful Means” in Skillful Means Paramita Sutra CHENG Gong-rang 2018, 50 (2):  38-45.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.005 Abstract ( 344 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1481KB) ( 841 )   Save "Skillful means" is one of the core concepts in Buddhism in general and in Mahayana in particular. While prajna means the wisdom of knowing Buddhist truth and "skillful means" is to know human culture and human proprieties. Hence, the organic integration between prajna and skillful means should be the reasonable direction for the construction of the doctrine of wisdom and ethics in Mahayana. However, prajna has been overestimated while skillful means have been ignored for a long time. Skillful Means Paramita Sutra was the first Mahayana sutra that constructed the doctrine of "skillful means" in a strict way, so that an examination of "skillful means" in this sutra has great significance in understanding the essence of the relationship between "transcending the secular world" and "entering the secular world" in Mahayana on the one hand and the transformation of Chinese Buddhism in modern times. Related Articles | Metrics

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Paramārtha and the Study of “Sam-matīya” SHENG Kai 2018, 50 (2):  46-53.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.006 Abstract ( 210 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2002KB) ( 563 )   Save Paramārtha was born in Ujayana and he traveled to many nations surrounding Ujayana in Western India, where the doctrines of sam-matīya were widely preached. Paramārtha translated a series of works of sam-matīya such as Clearly Understanding the Disciplines in 22 Verses, Abhidharm on Bring Peace to the World, and wrote and lectured on Annotations to Clearly Understanding. This shows his proficiency in sam-matīya disciplines. Proposed in Clearly Understanding and On Four Truths, the special four good roots of "endurance, name, appearance, laukikāgradharma" are included in the "four skillful means of perfumation" in Vidyanirdesa-sastra. Paramārtha accepted and preached the unique sam-matīya view of history and time, including "the present kalpa is the ninth kalpa", and there are "seven hundred years" away from the ninth kalpa. Therefore, it is plausible to conclude that Paramārtha adhered to sam-matīya. Related Articles | Metrics

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Daoxuan in the Tang Dynasty and His Buddhist Epiphany WANG Da-wei 2018, 50 (2):  54-59.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.007 Abstract ( 348 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1802KB) ( 658 )   Save Daoxuan is mainly praised for his obedience to Buddhist disciplines and his historical writings. However, a careful reading of his works will tell us that Daoxuan held a strong belief in Buddhist epiphany and made great efforts to build a "perfect" Buddhist world. His records of epiphany show that Daoxuan interpreted Buddhist history and figures in a particular way. The stories of Buddhist epiphany not only recorded his personal experience, but also were used to demonstrate the holiness of Buddhism. With their strong mysterious color, they helped Daoxuan construct and preach a more sacred Buddhism as the "center of the universe". Examining the records of epiphany related to Daoxuan, we can also see that he was a Buddhist master above all, and then he was respected as the founder of Vinaya school of Chinese Buddhism and a historian of Buddhism. Related Articles | Metrics

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ZHU Xi's Doctrine of the “Transmission of Orthodox Confucian Teachings” and the CHENG Brothers ZHU Jie-ren 2018, 50 (2):  60-66.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.008 Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1611KB) ( 872 )   Save In recent years, research on the doctrine of daotong, that is, the "transmission of Confucian orthodox teachings", has been quite fruitful. The new discovery of a document by Charles Hartman, an American scholar, provides important clues and proofs for the generation and development of the doctrine of daotong in the Song Dynasty on the one hand and the deep cultural and political implication in ZHU Xi's doctrine of daotong. One of the important aspects of daotong is the transmission of Confucian culture, thought and theories. It is generally believed that Mencius was the first person who clearly delineated Confucian daotong, HAN Yu then gave it a clear definition, and ZHU Xi completed it. Promoting the status of Confucius above Yao and Shun, and deliberately distinguishing dao from situational potentiality, ZHU Xi's doctrine of daotong demonstrated that the subjectivity consciousness of the intellectuals in the Song Dynasty became mature from awakening. The CHENG brothers occupy a very important position in ZHU Xi's doctrine of daotong. For ZHU Xi, the CHENG brothers were the direct inheritors of Confucian daotong, thus establishing the authentic and dominant position of the learning of Dao(Neo-Confucianism) in the whole lineage of Confucian daotong. From then on, the dispute about daotong was solved. Correspondingly, Neo-Confucians also obtained the power of discourse in daotong and even the whole Confucianism. ZHU Xi affirmed that he was the successor to the CHENG brothers. In this way, he completed the whole lineage of daotong in the Song Dynasty. Thus, defending the purity and authority of Confucian daotong became his inescapable mission in ZHU Xi's whole life. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transformation from Cultural Confucianism to Political Confucianism: An Examination Based on the Development from Confucius to Mencius and then to Xunzi GUO Shu-xin 2018, 50 (2):  67-73.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.009 Abstract ( 177 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (1414KB) ( 527 )   Save Constant advancing with the time constitutes the vitality of thought. In the Han Dynasty, the policy of advocating Confucianism only while rejecting all other doctrines was performed. This was due to the transformation from cultural Confucianism to political Confucianism in pre-Qin. This transformation advanced pre-Qin Confucianism to cultural Confucianism of mankind beyond particular times on the one hand, and also political Confucianism closely related to the life world. This transformation made later development of Confucianism possible. In addition, we can also learn much from this historical transformation for creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese traditional culture in the "new era". Related Articles | Metrics

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Metaphysical Dimension of “Desiring for Humanity” in Classical Confucianism WU Xian-wu 2018, 50 (2):  74-79.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.010 Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (1044KB) ( 388 )   Save Classical Confucianism pays more attention to "desire for humanity" than to "material desire". There are a number of differences between material desire and desire for humanity:the former is material, deficient, egoist, finite and destined, while the latter is moral, sufficient, altruist, infinite and determined by nature. Due to the emphasis on material desire and consequently knowing and utilizing the outside world, a tradition of egocentrism forms in Western philosophy. Although Western metaphysics seeks to transcend reality, reality here mainly means the outside world rather than the self. In contrast, classical Confucianism underscores desire for humanity, that is, benevolence for others. Since the others are in reality, what metaphysics based on desire for humanity attempts to transcend is the self rather than the outside world. In this sense, classical Confucianism creates a metaphysics distinctive from that in the West. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Position of The Deep Meaning of Mencius in KANG You-wei's Evolutionism YANG Hua 2018, 50 (2):  80-88.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.011 Abstract ( 188 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1599KB) ( 825 )   Save From the perspective of the "Eastward Spread of Western learning", KANG You-wei's Deep Meaning of Mencius had distinct characteristics of the times in the late Qing Dynasty. In The Deep Meaning of Mencius, KANG integrated Chinese tradition with Western evolutionism. He discovered in Mencius the applicability of evolutionism in China, and put forward his evolutionism of "three eras", emphasizing "time", "benevolence" and periodical development. KANG also tried to rectify evolutionism translated and advocated by YAN Fu. Representing the dual variation between tradition and times, and reflecting the wisdom and courage of integrating Chinese and Western thoughts, KANG's evolutionism in The Deep Meaning of Mencius is significant for us to deal with Chinese and Western cultures. Related Articles | Metrics

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Two Faces of Evolution: ZHANG Tai-yan's Criticism of Evolution GAO Li-ke 2018, 50 (2):  89-95.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.012 Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1377KB) ( 842 )   Save Evolutionism is essential to modern values. Since the Enlightenment, it has become the greatest ideological myth with the great victory of modernity. As a distinctive thinker against the trend of the time, ZHANG Tai-yang unfolded his critique against modernity, especially social progressivism and progressivism in his doctrine of "double evolution". Drawing up Buddhism and Zhuangzi, his dialectics of "good and evil, misery and happiness evolving together" attacks the doctrine of development and teleology of Hegel's dialectics, and deconstructs the linear development in evolutionism. During the enlightenment in the late Qing Dynasty, this doctrine had great significance in reflecting modernity and breaking the confusion of modernity. Reflecting upon evolutionism and progressivism with the dialectical wisdom of Buddhism and Daoism, ZHANG conducted a dialogue between the tradition of Buddhism and Daoism on the one hand and Western modernity on the other. He attacks monism with pluralism, optimism of progressivism with pessimism of Buddhism, Hegel's doctrine of development with Zhuangzi's relativism, and the linear progressivism with the dialectics of moving forward and back, revealing the two faces of evolution and the dialectics of good and evil, moving ahead and retreat and breaking the ideological myth of progressivism. It represents the dimension of criticizing modernity with tradition besides the mainstream of enlightenment in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Conditions and System Design: Reinterpretation of ZHANG Tai-yan's Pro and Con of Representative Democracy WANG Rui 2018, 50 (2):  96-105.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.013 Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (2330KB) ( 677 )   Save When discussing whether representative democracy is suitable for China, ZHANG Tai-yan thought that representative democracy is related to the feudal system in the West in middle ages, but after the Wei-jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, no hereditary power existed in China, so it's unsuitable to transplant the representative system from the West, which will form a special power group. Besides, ZHANG pointed out that system construction should be in accordance with the fundamental conditions in China. Under the situation that China was a large country with vast land and millions of people and the development of different regions was imbalanced, those who were possible to be elected as representatives could only be the rich who would not voice for the rights of common people. Therefore, he designed an ideal system, hoping that this system can really embody democracy, overcome the defects of modern capitalist regime, so as to the idea of civil power can be actually rooted in China on the one hand and national unity and political identity can be achieved on the other. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Rising, Declining and Revival of Popular Short Novels CHEN Da-kang 2018, 50 (2):  106-118.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.014 Abstract ( 302 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (3066KB) ( 811 )   Save The first popular short novel for people to read at bedtime was FENG Meng-long's Sanyan. The production of short novels reached a high peak in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, declined in the middle of Emperor Kangxi's reign. It was not revived until the modernization of printing and the popularization of newspaper as a new medium a century later. Then, short novels became an important part of modern novels. This paper outlines the whole process of the rising, declining and revival of popular short novels, and analyzes its characteristics, laws and causes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Geographical Books and Mythical Novels in the Six Dynasties: A Case Study of Cave Stories WANG Xin 2018, 50 (2):  119-128.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.015 Abstract ( 198 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (2408KB) ( 658 )   Save Containing a great amount of embryonic forms of mythical novels and stories, the geographical books in the Six Dynasties provide clues for the study of the nature and spread of mythical novels. By analyzing the mythical records of caves in the geographical books, this papers examines the following three elements:first, the "facts" foundation and narrative modes of the construction of cave stories; second, the categories and local features of cave stories; third, the knowledge revealed in mythical novels and the historical features of local writing. We find that mythical novels are actually "fragments" of geographical books in the Six Dynasties rather than literary fictions. The various caves in the geographical books in the Six Dynasties are sacred sites and monuments created by legends and stories rather than objects of natural geography. By studying the cave stories in the geographical books and mythical novels in the Six Dynasties, we can not only compile and restore the lost texts, but understand better the source, nature and historical context of mythical novels as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Confucian Source of the Early Socialist Literary Imagination: On CAI Yuan-pei and New Year's Dream ZHU Jun 2018, 50 (2):  129-136.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.016 Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1641KB) ( 722 )   Save From the late 19th century to early 20th century, Chinese intellectuals initiated the construction of a modern nation-state. CAI Yuan-pei and his utopian novel New Year's Dream were the important beginning of the dialogue between modern Confucianism and socialism. The national imagination of Confucian intellectuals has undergone a profound transformation, particularly in the combination of utopian socialism and Confucian utopia of "great harmony", and the communication between the concept of revolution in the West and that in the learning of gongyang. Through the deep dialogue between Chinese and Western ideas of utopia, Chinese intellectuals shaped a kind of oriental aesthetics of humanism, which showed the power of constructing human subjectivity and utopian ideals. It contained the unique contribution of Confucianism and Chinese intellectuals to socialism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Economic Development, Land Urbanization and Environmental Quality TANG Mao-gang, WANG Ke-qiang 2018, 50 (2):  137-147.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.017 Abstract ( 157 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (2390KB) ( 548 )   Save At different stages of economic development, the relationship between land urbanization and environmental quality is different. When the economy is at its primary stage, land urbanization depends on its scale expansion, and the environmental quality is in a declining trend. The change direction of land urbanization rate and environmental quality is reversed. When the economy goes to the advanced stage, land urbanization is based on quality improvement. While environmental quality demand is enhanced, the government invests more in environmental protection. So the change direction of land urbanization rate and environmental quality will be consistent. At the present stage of our country, the relationship between land urbanization rate and environmental quality is overall negative in the transition from stage I to stage Ⅱ. Therefore, the government should vigorously promote the construction of green urbanization, build green production mode, and establish a green urbanization development system. At the same time, the government should support green urbanization by strengthening the land supply side reform. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Regional Differences of Housing Fund in Supporting Migrant Workers' Housing Consumption WANG Xian-zhu, WANG Min, WU Yi-dong 2018, 50 (2):  148-158.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.018 Abstract ( 183 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1900KB) ( 497 )   Save The key to solve the housing problem of migrant workers is to realize the balance matching between housing consumption intention and housing consumption capacity. At present, the housing consumption of migrant workers is very strong, but their housing consumption capacity is insufficient. In addition, there are fewer migrant workers who rely on the housing provident fund to buy houses. The calculation of housing price to income ratio of migrant workers in different cities shows that migrant workers' housing consumption capacity presents urban hierarchical features. It is very difficult for migrant workers to have their houses in big cities, but it is possible to realize their house dream in small cities like three or four line cities. Utilizing the binary logistic regression model, the empirical analysis of micro data shows that the influence of the housing provident fund on housing purchasing, including migrant workers' housing consumption, has a layered characteristics. In other words, regional differences exist between various cities. As an important housing safeguard, housing provident fund should effectively benefit migrant workers, so as to improve their housing consumption capacity and help them realize their urban dream of "having a house in the city". Therefore, in the process of reform, the policies of the housing provident fund system should fit the concrete situation of a city so as to accurately support the housing consumption of migrant workers, thus gradually realizing the new "people-oriented" urbanization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Intergenerational Differences of Migrant Workers' Location Preference for House Purchasing or Building LI Jun-fu, QI Hai-yan 2018, 50 (2):  159-168.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2018.02.019 Abstract ( 166 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1591KB) ( 455 )   Save Using the dynamic monitoring data of flouting population in 2014, and using multiple logistic regression to analyze the intergenerational differences of migrant workers' location preference for house purchasing or building, we find that the main house purchasing preferences of migrant workers include three types:house building in home villages, house purchasing in hometown and house purchasing near workplace. New generation of migrant workers prefers house purchasing in hometown, but old generation prefers house building in home villages and housing purchasing near workplace. There is no significant intergenerational difference between two generations. The income of the old generation is higher, and their purchasing power is stronger. A large proportion of migrant workers of the two generations who prefer house building in hometown shows that the dual system of the urban and the rural is still an obstacle for migrant workers to settle down in cities. The new generation of migrant workers tends to settle down in cities where they work, but they have to return and purchase house or building their house in hometown because of their inadequate purchasing power. References | Related Articles | Metrics