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15 March 2019, Volume 51 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Confucianism and Liberty: An Open Question CHEN Shao-ming 2019, 51 (2):  1-6.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.001 Abstract ( 324 )   HTML ( 226 )   PDF (983KB) ( 418 )   Save Since the modern times, there have been two opposite doctrines of relationship between Confucianism and liberty some claim that Confucianism is hositle to liberty while others believe that Confucianism admits the value of liberty. By examining (these) two doctrines of the relationship between Confucianism and liberty and re-interpreting Confucian humanity (ren) from the perspective of "emotion-responsibility", this paper reveals that Confucian humanity and liberal rights are independent values and they cannot be replaced by each other. Both for Confucianism and our society, it is a desirable intellectual career to further elaborate on the spirit of humanity not only at present but also in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Idea of “Ziyou” in Tang Poetry from the Perspective of the History of Philosophy in a Broad Sense WU Gen-you, ZHANG Ye-kang 2019, 51 (2):  7-16.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.002 Abstract ( 332 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (2138KB) ( 542 )   Save The term "ziyou" (freedom) appeared as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty in ZHENG Xuan's Commentary on the Book of Rites. It was repeatedly used in the historical records such as the Book of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In these books, it mainly means a negative value referring to an individual's willful behavior that disobeys social system or order. However, it is quite positive in Tang poetry in the following five aspects:1. Resisting the constraint or the lack of liberty in politics or in official circles; 2. Complaining the lack of freedom in personal life and feelings; 3. The free will related to self-independence; 4. The free will related to the ultimate religious freedom; 5. The feeling of pleasure when one enjoys freedom. The former three express the longing for freedom when it is absent, while the latter two positively express and confirm the value of "ziyou". YAN Fu was correct when he claimed that "ziyou" was a value about which Chinese sages were apprehensive, not to mention basing their teachings on it. However, in Tang poetry, we can see that "ziyou" has become a positive value that some poets pursued. It is our duty to study traditional culture so as to elaborate and highlight the cultural heritage that is conducive to promoting contemporary values. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genre, Style, Discourse and “Metaphor”: On the Composition of Humanistic Texts HU Wei-xi 2019, 51 (2):  17-31.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.003 Abstract ( 359 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (2132KB) ( 530 )   Save It is by "metaphors" that a humanistic text grasps the world. There are three kinds of metaphors respectively corresponding to the genres of history, literature and philosophy in Chinese humanities:metonymy, synecdoche and irony. The historic genre creates historical "facts" and "narratives" in the way of metonymy to summarize the general principles going through the ancient and the present. Metonymy is based on the "sameness of structures" of myriads of things in the world. The narrative styles of history include "from events to principles" and "from principles to events". To realize the "interaction between Heaven and human", the literary genre is comprised of images, whose essence is "synecdoche". Synecdoche is based on the "sameness of essence" of the myriads of things. The literary genre in humanities has two styles, i.e., "from emotions to principles" and "from principles to emotions". The philosophical genre expresses its ultimate concern of "human nature and the Dao of Heaven" in a "paradoxical" way, which can be called "irony". Irony is based on the "sameness of existence" of the myriads of things. The two styles of philosophical genre in humanities are "from principles to the Dao" and "from the Dao to principles". Related Articles | Metrics

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The Grammatical Consequences of Mixed Types of Word Order and Argument Alignment in Mandarin Chinese: From a More General Perspective of Grammatical Morphology JIN Li-xin 2019, 51 (2):  32-43.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.004 Abstract ( 419 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (647KB) ( 636 )   Save This paper discusses a number of difficult problems in the study of Chinese grammar from a more general perspective of grammatical morphology. The distinctive features between nouns and verbs in Chinese are demonstrated and thus the theory of "super-noun" was rejected. The coexistence of nominative-accusative alignment and absolutive-ergative alignment in Chinese explains a series of long-standing, unsolved problems such as how to identify the subject and object in "WANG Mian si le fuqin" (WANG Mian's father died) or "Tai shang zuozhe zhuxituan" (The presidium are sitting on the stage). The mixed types of word orders in Chinese, i.e., VO-OV, are observed from such a more general perspective. This paper also finds the motivation behind the structures such as ba-sentences, some ambiguous structures, pivotal structure and the possibility of passivization in some structures. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Formation, Division and Identification of Word Meanings by Examining “Jiu” ZUO Si-min 2019, 51 (2):  44-58.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.005 Abstract ( 183 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (811KB) ( 482 )   Save The issue of the formation, division and identification of word meanings is worth of attention. In this regard, the word "jiu" can be used as an example. The division of the meanings of "jiu" in Modern Chinese Dictionary needs to be revised. The meanings of adverb "jiu" can be merged from 8 into 3 since 5 of them are not real meanings of "jiu", but pragmatic implications produced by pragmatic inference under the constraints of syntax and sentence meanings. we find that the context which is made up of syntax and sentence meanings plays an important role in the process to determine the meanings of a polysemous word with rather empty meanings. The main difficulty to determine the meanings of a word is how to identify the real meanings of a word when peeling off the tangled pragmatic implications. The formation, division, and identification of word meanings are closely relevant to each other. To be short, when we determine the meanings of a word, or decide whether some meanings of a word should be divided or merged, it is necessary to separate pragmatic implications from the real word meanings, in order to avoid lowering the definition quality of a dictionary, or hindering the correct understanding of the internal mechanism which controls the compositions, characteristics, and the relationships of meanings that the language units or discourse units carry. Related Articles | Metrics

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Distinctive Features of a Phonology and Structural Analysis in the Study of Chinese Historical Phonology ZHENG Wei 2019, 51 (2):  59-67.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.006 Abstract ( 324 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (634KB) ( 1159 )   Save This thesis discusses the structural change of syllable pattern from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese and from Middle Chinese to modern Mandarin. Referring to the theory of "distinctive features", especially two pairs of features, i.e. acute vs. grave and plain vs. flat, we provide several cases to exemplify the effect of acute or grave initial consonant or medial on final main vowel, and the effect on each other of initial consonant and final main vowel. These cases show the significance of structural analysis for Chinese historical phonology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sino-Soviet Split and Anti-Revisionist Alliance between the Chinese and Japanese Communist Parties: On the Inter-Party Relationship between the Chinese and East Asian Communist Parties, 1960-1965 LI Dan-hui 2019, 51 (2):  68-91.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.007 Abstract ( 522 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (4122KB) ( 910 )   Save During the first half of the 1960s, as the relationship between Beijing and Moscow deteriorated, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) endeavored to win over the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) under the leadership of Kenji Miyamoto. At the time, the JCP had similar goals and interests as the CCP in taking an anti-imperialist and anti-revisionist stance, disagreeing with the international orientation of the Soviet Communist Party (SCP) and resisting Moscow's interference in its internal affairs. As the discords between the CCP and the SCP came to the open between 1960 and 1963, for the first time the JCP coordinated closely with the CCP in boycotting a "tripartite agreement". Afterwards, in the great polemics of the international communist movement, the JCP further clarified its attitude in supporting the CCP. By 1964 the Sino-Soviet Split became beyond salvage. MAO Ze-dong readjusted China's foreign policy accordingly for the sake of broadening the anti-American united front and constructing an anti-Soviet united front. The CCP and the JCP supported each other politically and organizationally, advancing their cooperation significantly. In 1965, before the new Soviet leadership was able to readjust its approach toward the JCP, the CCP and the JPC joined their efforts together in boycotting the March Conference in Moscow, thus initiating a new round of anti-Soviet struggles for the year. Yet, whereas the JCP was determined to maintain independence, the "Cultural Revolution" loomed large in China, both of which, aside from other factors, cast a shadow over the CCP-JCP relationship and affected the two parties' decisions about their mutual relationship. In the circumstance of the Sino-Soviet Split, the CCP and the JCP were cooperating but actually pursuing different aspirations. In the final analysis, the CCP-JCP relationship could not ultimately escape the fact that inter-party relations of the international communist movement lacked a solid and stable pivot. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Policy and Influence of the Nixon Administration on the Issue of Chemical Weapons at the U.S. Military Base on the Ryukyu Islands CUI Xiu-zhu, CUI Pi 2019, 51 (2):  92-102.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.008 Abstract ( 259 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (801KB) ( 365 )   Save The Ryukyu Islands were the largest U.S. overseas military base of chemical weapons storage during the Cold War. Ryukyu Islands Chemical Weapons Leak Incident occurred under the dual background of the U.S.-Japan negotiation on the Administrative Power of Ryukyu Islands Reversion and the Nixon Administration's formulation of the U.S. Policy on Chemical Weapons. The Nixon Administration immediately directed the removal of lethal chemical munitions from Ryukyu Islands to CONUS for the redeploy. This was strongly resisted by some members of the U.S. Congress and local governments in Oregon and Washington. The Nixon Administration's approach to dealing with chemical weapons issue was very different from the nuclear weapons issue during the negotiation on the Ryukyu Islands Reversion, neither seeking the right to redeploy chemical weapons nor requiring financial compensation. Such practice was not only determined in NSDM 35, but also was an example of dealing with chemical weapons at the U.S. Military Base in Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). The Military Procurement Act of FY1970 and FY1971 passed by the U.S. Congress has strictly restricted the Pentagon's authority in the research, storage, transportation, testing and procurement of lethal chemical weapons in national legal system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Urban Business Anthropology in the Age of Globalization and Local Transforma-tion: The Shifting Focus of Ethnographic Gaze and Disciplinary Imagination PAN Tian-shu 2019, 51 (2):  103-109.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.009 Abstract ( 205 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (576KB) ( 573 )   Save Based on field experience and ethnographic insights, this paper explores the ways of constructing urban business anthropology, which is public, forward-looking and embedded in everyday life and goes beyond the dichotomy between theoretical critique and application practice with room for disciplinary imagination under the backdrop of globalization and regional transformation. This paper also analyzes the possible developing paths of business anthropology in China and draws a comprehensive conclusion of this emerging application field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gender, Difference and Medical Practice: Anthropological Understanding of Gender Medicine ZHU Jian-feng 2019, 51 (2):  110-116.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.010 Abstract ( 293 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (608KB) ( 623 )   Save Modern biomedicine based on anatomy and the doctrine of body-mind dichotomy has put forward a universal concept of "body". However, biomedicine is a special culture, that is, a "culture with no culture", and its understanding of body is a product of this special culture. Such a universal concept of body deep in biomedicine is in fact based on a cultural presupposition which only regards white male's body as the norm and ignores the differences of other bodies, especially the woman's body in the patriarchal society. It excludes people's full understanding of gender difference. Such shallow understanding of the body has caused serious social consequences, endangering the health and life of women in modern medical practices. Since 1980s, under the influence of the feminist movement, many medical practitioners have started to remedy the system consciously when realizing the negative impact of ignoring gender difference in medical practice. The increasing gender awareness in the medical field leads to the occurrence of gender medicine. This paper reviews the contributions of gender theories to biomedical knowledge production and cast critical light on the occurrence, institutionalization and development of gender medicine. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Hybridity of Contemporary Urban Space: A Case Study of Tianzifang in Shanghai XU Gan-li 2019, 51 (2):  117-127.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.011 Abstract ( 291 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (851KB) ( 670 )   Save Urban space is characterized by diversity and inclusiveness. The development of contemporary globalization brings more opportunities for cultural exchange, communication and integration in the city. It is also constantly creating new local and historical features. Meanwhile, the cultural heritage protection and nostalgia caused by high-speed urbanization and industrialization make many old buildings and traditional handcrafts preserved before they disappear. All of these situations help to form diverse and mixed patterns of urban space. Tianzifang in Shanghai is a miniature. Along with the real life of native residents, the artist's presence creates a strong artistic atmosphere, and modern consumer demand and profit-seeking business bring new and diverse cultural elements to this space. All of these have painted a mottled picture of the contemporary city. This also reminds us to use the theory of hybridity to analyze the results of globalization on the one hand, and realize the positive value brought about by the heterogeneity of urban space. Related Articles | Metrics

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East Harlem Murals in New York City and Autobiographical Memory of Community: On the Categories of Narrative Identity and Social Memory LI Ming-jie 2019, 51 (2):  128-135.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.012 Abstract ( 229 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (697KB) ( 384 )   Save East Harlem Murals in New York City, USA reflect the historical changes of the East Harlem neighborhood and the shaping process of local community memory. In the study of historical metropolises, this is a rare illustration not only of the generation of collective memory, but also of the value of folk paintings as an urban cultural heritage. Based on a field investigation in East Harlem, NY., this paper finds that these murals have recorded the "memory of the community" of East Harlem and contributed the "narrative identity" of local people. The nature of this interaction makes the social memory of neighborhood to become a kind of autobiographic memory. Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneous FDI Technology Premium and Technology Progress Bias Transnational Transfer: Based on Sino-U.S. Evidence WANG Lin-hui, JIANG Xue-ping, YANG Bo 2019, 51 (2):  136-151.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.013 Abstract ( 232 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (963KB) ( 418 )   Save Frontier literatures begin to pay close attention to technological progress bias problem, but generally ignore the mismatch between technological progress direction and factor endowment of developing countries. The role of FDI in the multinational technological progress direction transfer has been rarely noticed. Based on this, according to Acemoglu's technology progress bias model, this paper applies the three-equation method of standardized system to calculate the technological progress bias, using panel data to analyze the impact of American direct investment on China's technological progress bias. It also explores the role of technology gap in the transnational transfer which takes FDI as the carrier, and the difference between FDI's horizontal spillover and vertical spillover. The results show that:(1)The technical progress directions of China and the United States are both capital biases. FDI plays an important role in the multinational technological progress bias transfer, which is the reason why China's manufacturing technology progress direction and its factor endowment structure don't match. (2)The transfer effects of different FDI technology spillovers are heterogeneous. Horizontal spillovers and backward spillovers lead to China's capital technological progress bias. (3)There is a threshold effect on the technology progress bias transfer. The larger the technological gap between China and the United States, the more obvious the technology transfer effect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation Paths of Heavy Industry Cluster under the Influence of Technology Authority: A Case of Shanghai Lin'gang Equipment Manufacturing Cluster LIN Lan, CAO Xian-zhong, ZENG Gang 2019, 51 (2):  152-162.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.014 Abstract ( 188 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1286KB) ( 429 )   Save Technology authority is a common phenomenon in heavy industry cluster. Taking a case of Shanghai Lin'gang equipment manufacturing cluster from the perspective of technology hierarchy and using structural equation model, this thesis analyzes the networking, cooperation and location of innovation under technology authority. Theoretical and empirical research reveals:technology authority is an important factor affecting heavy industry cluster innovation path, and the core firm has the absolute controlling force; the authority cause difficulties in innovation networking, and cluster members cooperate along industry chain, focus more on process innovation than product innovation, and depend on suppliers more than the market; to improve innovation location has no effect on alleviating technology hierarchy, so we should rethink the cluster mode innovation; innovation networking as an important intermediary factor is an effective way to break the technology authority, and the key lies in the efficient integration in manufacturing sector. In order to optimize China's heavy industry cluster innovation and accelerate its innovation upgrading, we should embed in a value chain and an innovation chain by embedding in a production chain through process upgrading to create innovation trends; we need to change the old way of cluster building, reducing the dependence on cluster innovation externalities and focusing on the optimization of manufacturing innovation position to avoid too much dependence on local markets and policies; we should also form a multi-vendor and multi-segment linkage by innovation networking. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Economic Effect of Industrial Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta: Based on the Static and Dynamic Spatial Durbin Model LAN Fa-qin, HUANG Yan 2019, 51 (2):  163-171.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.015 Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (789KB) ( 415 )   Save Taking the manufacturing, financial, high-tech and cultural industry in the Yangtze River Delta region as the research object, and using the data from 1999 to 2015 of 36 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region to build eight spatial weight matrices, this thesis applies static and dynamic spatial Durbin model (SDM) for empirical analysis of the characteristics of industrial agglomeration development and its short-term and long-term direct, indirect and overall economic benefits to regional economic development. According to the empirical results show that financial agglomeration is unfavorable in the short term but beneficial in the long term to urban economic development. On the contrary, the cluster of manufacturing and high-tech industry is beneficial in the short term but unfavorable in the long term to urban economic development. The agglomeration of cultural industries is not conducive to urban economic development in the short term, and its influence on urban economic development is unclear in the long term. In order to stabilize the leading position of the Yangtze River Delta region in economic development in China, the government needs to ensure industrial agglomeration beneficial to urban economic development through breaking the administrative boundaries, making overall planning, intervening and adjusting its development direction and rhythm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Empirical Study of Threshold Effect of Rural Convergence of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries on Increasing Farmers' Income CAO Yi-xia, HUANG Yi-xuan, GENG Hao-yi 2019, 51 (2):  172-182.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2019.02.016 Abstract ( 254 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (881KB) ( 500 )   Save To study the specific mechanism of the impact of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase, this paper selects panel data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2014 to test the threshold effect of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase. It shows that in the model, human capital level in the countryside, rural recreation and sports investment in fixed assets, agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets are threshold variables. In different intervals of different threshold variables, the promoting effect on farmers' income with the increasing level of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries has remarkable difference. Human capital level in the countryside, recreation and sports investment in fixed assets, agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets are unidirectional granger cause of the level of convergence. Therefore, the relevant departments should keep the agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets at an appropriate level, cultivate new types of innovation talents and entrepreneurs in agriculture and enhance the integration of recreation, tourism and agriculture in order to improve the effect of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase. References | Related Articles | Metrics