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15 May 2022, Volume 54 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties or that in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?: Rethinking the Theoretical Starting Point of the Third Epoch of Confucianism Ze-bo YANG 2022, 54 (3):  1-9.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.001 Abstract ( 583 )   HTML ( 608 )   PDF (711KB) ( 203 )   Save Despite its great doctrinal advance, Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties committed some serious misjudgments, including the materialization of heavenly principle, sectarianism, and the stigmatization of human desire. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, these three major misjudgments were systematically reflected and criticized by WANG Fuzhi, LIU Zongzhou and DAI Zhen. However, this process was interrupted due to various factors, and the development of Confucianism in the third epoch failed to continue such reflection and criticism, with the result that these problems of Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, especially the materialism of heavenly principle and sectarianism, still linger in various forms. The future development of Confucianism should consciously go back and make up “missed lessons” by following the Ming and Qing Dynasties, rather than the Song and Ming Dynasties. If this issue is not dealt with properly, it will have a direct impact on the next step in the development of Confucianism. Therefore, this issue deserves a great deal of attention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vulnerability in Confucian Ethics: A Case Study of Confucius’ Response to Zaiwo’s Question of Three-Year Mourning Xian-wu WU 2022, 54 (3):  10-20.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.002 Abstract ( 736 )   HTML ( 183 )   PDF (738KB) ( 156 )   Save While Western ethics emphasizes the strength of a moral agent and denies his or her vulnerability, Confucian ethics emphasizes the vulnerability, which is vividly reflected in Confucius’ answer to Zaiwo’s question of “three years of mourning”. We are vulnerable since we cannot depart our parents’ arms until three years after birth. However, we are vulnerable during our whole lives since we are always plagued by problems such as old age, illness and death. It is precisely because everyone has vulnerability that we have empathy for others’ vulnerability and are willing to take moral responsibility for and help others. In the process of taking responsibility for others, we establish ourselves as strong moral agents. However, such strength does not eliminate vulnerability. With a deep understanding of our own vulnerability, we have empathy for the vulnerability of others, and persevere in the way of morality with our own humanity and kindness constantly stimulated. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Human Evolutionary Effect of the Algorithm Development in Artificial Intelligence Tian-en WANG 2022, 54 (3):  21-30.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.003 Abstract ( 446 )   HTML ( 183 )   PDF (638KB) ( 171 )   Save The development of artificial intelligence makes algorithms develop into an intelligent stage, and the development of intelligent algorithms not only leads to the autonomous evolution of artificial intelligence, but also makes intelligent algorithms play a more and more essential role in the evolution of human society. The algorithm intelligentization is creating an environment of intelligent algorithms, that is, intelligent algorithms make human environment intelligent by shaping social environment. An environment of intelligent algorithms makes human society evolve into an intelligent society. An intelligent environment constitutes an intelligent ecology, and thus intelligent ecological evolution occurs. The evolution of intelligent ecology will bring about the reversal of the relationship between human beings and their environment: human evolution changes from human beings fitting to the environment to the intelligent environment fitting to human beings. Human evolution is the result of environmental selection under natural conditions; human evolution is, instead, the result of environmental adaptation in an intelligent society. The new evolution of human society and intelligence ecology will give rise to a series of social problems related to human evolution, among which the issues that require urgent attention and vigilance are information cocoons and the self-pampering mode of human existence. In the process of the development of algorithmic society, human evolution under the condition of intelligent social environment will increasingly become a major issue that human beings must self-select and self-design. The continuous development of artificial intelligence algorithms, the evolution of intelligent ecology and the Copernican transformation of the relationship between human beings and intelligent social environment not only show the prospect of human-machine fusion evolution at a higher level of human evolution, but also mean that human beings will enter evolution in the genuine sense. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Posthuman Ethics of Joy towards a Community: A Study of Braidotti’s Posthuman Ethics Wei-wei ZHOU, Feng WANG 2022, 54 (3):  31-40.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.004 Abstract ( 601 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (700KB) ( 487 )   Save Despite its attention to human community, posthuman ethics of joy concerns itself with a larger community of lives far more than the human species. Based on the monism of hylozoism of the New-Spinoza doctrine and the integrity of general vitality as the basic principle, Braidotti puts forward a bold theory of a life community of the common material, which constitutes human beings and non-human beings, ecological basis and technological intermediary. In an era full of negative panics, she actively puts forward posthuman ethics of joy towards the unity of all living things beyond the human species. This ethical concept advocates equality, positivity, joy, affirmation, peace and sustainability, explores the happy nature of collective subjects, and the realization of strengthening cooperation and enhancing potentiality among various subjects. It advocates the positive transformation of negative effects to create the future, and highlights the characteristics of affirmation, creation, combination and transformation of posthuman ethics, and leads to a qualitative leap of the new life community. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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China and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968-1992) Xin ZHAN 2022, 54 (3):  41-49.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.005 Abstract ( 793 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (666KB) ( 529 )   Save During the Cold War, China’s diplomacy always had a strong style of anti-hegemony. Standing on the side of the Third World countries, China opposed the nuclear monopoly of the United States and the Soviet Union, and held a resistant and critical attitude towards the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). With China’s rising international status after the end of the Cold War, disarmament and arms control have become an important platform for China’s interaction with other major powers. China has fully and deeply participated in the process of international disarmament and arms control, and attached great importance to international cooperation in preventing nuclear proliferation, promoting nuclear disarmament and the peaceful use of nuclear energy. China acceded to the NPT finally. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Change of India’s Nuclear Policy and the Impact of China Lei LIU 2022, 54 (3):  50-59.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.006 Abstract ( 506 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (724KB) ( 603 )   Save After India’s independence, the Nehru government quickly launched civil programs of nuclear energy, and established the basic policy of the peaceful use of nuclear energy without developing nuclear weapons. After the Sino-Indian border war in 1962, discussions on the use of nuclear energy for national defense emerged in India. The death of Nehru in May and China’s first nuclear test in October 1964 triggered a great debate on nuclear policy in India, and caused more and more calls for the development of nuclear weapons. In the face of domestic political pressure and the fact that the international community failed to stop China from developing nuclear weapons, the Shastri government silently turned to the policy of “conditional nuclear-free”. In addition, they started to make technical preparations actively for the development of nuclear weapons in the future, which created the technology and policy conditions for the “peaceful nuclear explosion” in 1974. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cold War, the Nuclear Arms Race, and the Activities of Soviet Nuclear Centers: Centered on Nuclear Research and Deployment Wan-xin ZHAO, Guang-xiang ZHANG 2022, 54 (3):  60-69.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.007 Abstract ( 583 )   HTML ( 29 )   PDF (869KB) ( 846 )   Save During the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race escalated in pursuit of absolute security and military superiority. The “nuclear centers” were the backbone of the Soviet Union’s nuclear arms race with the United States and represented the highest level of Soviet nuclear science and technology. As the military-technical basis for the Soviet Union’s nuclear strategy against the U.S., they were closely linked to Moscow in terms of national security and high-level strategy, although they were geographically “far from Moscow”. They played an important role in nuclear research and deployment. Especially, their activities before and after the Cuban missile crisis also mapped the transition from “nuclear détente” to “nuclear balance” in U.S.-Soviet nuclear security relations in the 1960s and 1970s. Examined through the lens of this micro-level history of science and technology, the history of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War and nuclear race shows that conflict and confrontation cannot win honor for national governance, and that only by building a human community with a shared future can we share a world of universal security. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison between ZHU Xi’s and LIU Xie’s Views of Literature Rooted in the Dao: A Reevaluation of “Literature Conveying the Dao” Feng-jie LIU 2022, 54 (3):  70-80.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.008 Abstract ( 753 )   HTML ( 30 )   PDF (814KB) ( 794 )   Save Both ZHU Xi’s idea of “literature originating from the Dao” and LIU Xie’s idea of “literature rooted in the Dao” understand literature ontologically, claiming that the Dao is the source of literature. However, they are distinguished from each other. LIU argues for the significance of literature since for him the Dao associates with abundant symbols. On the contrast, ZHU ignores and even rejects literature when he considers that the Dao implies abstract simplicity. The aesthetic essence of literature cannot be really valued until the ontology of the Dao is combined with the autonomy of literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Imperial Ordered Poetry in the Six Dynasties: Focusing on Jiankang Poetry Lu LU 2022, 54 (3):  81-93.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.009 Abstract ( 349 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF (1043KB) ( 604 )   Save The imperial ordered poetry is one of the main types of poetry in the Six Dynasties, and Jiankang, as the capital city, was the most important creation place. Thus, an examination of Jiankang imperial ordered poetry can roughly clarify the basic situation of this kind of poetry in the Six Dynasties in general. The main content of the poems are banquets, tour, chanting things, and political affairs. A poem of this kind mainly consists of three parts, that is, introducing the background, describing banquets and other events, and ending with a eulogium, which has established the basic style of the imperial ordered poetry in the Tang Dynasty in terms of both content and form. The relationships between monarchs and ministers in the Six Dynasties were pleasant, and some emperors themselves were fond of literature. Due to this fact, some poems in this period have less or no eulogistic elements, but more elements of landscape and lyricism, just like literary exchanges between literati. This is another feature of the imperial ordered poetry in the Six Dynasties. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From the Eschatological Film to the End-of-the-World Cinema: Exploring a Possible Connection between Film and Philosophy Yu-hui JIANG 2022, 54 (3):  94-106.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.010 Abstract ( 450 )   HTML ( 25 )   PDF (889KB) ( 280 )   Save The eschatological film is an important film genre in recent years. but there are still some limitations in the analysis of it. First, we only pay attention to its “spectacle” aspect, but ignore its internal relationship with eschatology, the “end-of-the-world” and other profound philosophical issues. Second, we focus only on certain limited aspects of the apocalyptic spectacle, such as natural disasters, while ignoring the different forms of the “end of the world” that marked the transition from the Cold War to the post-9/11 era. This paper intends to make an in-depth analysis of the eschatological film from these two aspects. From the perspective of philosophical history, this paper examines the evolution clue of the concept of “world” and the transformation from “apocalypse” to the “end-of-the-world”. Furthermore, together with an analysis of the recent development of the eschatological film, it reveals how the “end-of-the-world” cinema returns to the individuals’ survival experience under the background of the post-9/11 potential doomsday, but eventually falls into the eschatological truth cycle. Finally, examining Derrida’s text and Lars von Trier’s images, this paper explores an alternative possibility after the existing apocalyptic film and the end-of-the-world cinema, facing the starting point that “the world has gone”, and rebuilding the foundation of subjectivity with melancholy empathy as a bond. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Cultural Origins and Developments of the “Halāhala Poison” in Medical Books along the Silk Road Ming CHEN 2022, 54 (3):  107-122.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.011 Abstract ( 365 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (1798KB) ( 488 )   Save Poisons and antidotes knowledge constitute one aspect of medical exchanges along the Silk Road during the mediaeval period. Making use of Jīvaka-pustaka, the Sanskrit-Khotanese bilingual medical manuscript found in Dunhuang, Buddhist texts in Chinese translation, the Indian Ayurvedic books in Sanskrit, the Epic Mahābhārata, together with the Tibetan medical texts and Materia medica from the Western Asia, this paper focuses on a kind of poison called “Halāhala” within the medical books along the Silk Road, examining and elucidating its cultural origins and developments, mythological sources, toxicological context, practical use as well as the images in which it is embodied. The research is aimed at a further interpretation of how antidotes knowledge was derived, transmitted and changed, and thus unveiling various faces of different groups of people presented in the intellectual exchanges of pharmacology. From a broader perspective of Asia, a new instance is hereby proposed in the historical research of the medical cultural interactions along the Silk Road. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Academic Approach and Realistic Observation of Medical Folklore Study by Scholars in the Period of the Republic of China Tie-hua LI 2022, 54 (3):  123-131.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.012 Abstract ( 246 )   HTML ( 94 )   PDF (674KB) ( 283 )   Save Medical folklore was an important folklore topic discussed in the academic circle of the Republic of China. This discussion was also carried out in the context of the great debate of Chinese and Western culture at that time. In order to meet the urgent need of China’s modern transformation, the academic circles of the Republic of China carried out critical research on medical folklore from different perspectives such as literature, religion, medicine and folklore. They took criticizing medical folklore as an important approach to carry forward science, get rid of superstition and emancipate the mind. To some extent, this critical research met the needs for the development of the mainstream intellectual trend and practical changes at that time, but there was also a tendency to simplify the complex medical folk phenomena, which also had a certain negative impact on the inheritance of traditional Chinese medicine culture. In today’s context, sorting out and reflecting on the relevant problems and perspectives of the research on medical folklore in the Republic of China can not only provide reference and enlightenment for the research and construction of contemporary medical folklore, but also provide theoretical and methodological inspiration for the research on the history of medical culture under the background of the epidemic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation Mechanism of the Social Space of Transnational Immigrants and Immigrant Governance: A Case Study of Foreign Immigrants in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province Rui-jun WU, Xiao WU, Qi-xin XUE 2022, 54 (3):  132-139.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.013 Abstract ( 424 )   HTML ( 27 )   PDF (747KB) ( 721 )   Save Based on empirical research, this paper explores the formation mechanism of Yiwu’s internationalized social space, comparing it with the black settlements in Guangzhou. It finds that in the context of globalization, Yiwu’s transnational immigrants maintain and develop transnational links through the trade chain on the one hand, and build their economic and social space in Yiwu on the other. The rapid urbanization has attracted lots of immigrants to gather in Yiwu. The economic ecosystem in which foreign populations live with local residents and national immigrants has spawned many international living spaces characterized by integration and mixed residence, forming a spatial distribution pattern of ethnic integration. Under the joint function of system, capital and “grassroots” forces, the “Yiwu Model” of transnational immigrant social space production has been formed. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Differences in Fertility Willingness of Couples and Their Influential Factors Shi-song QING, Yu-shan JIANG 2022, 54 (3):  140-152.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.014 Abstract ( 1096 )   HTML ( 36 )   PDF (829KB) ( 666 )   Save Reproductive behavior is a joint decision of a married couple, and the two parties assume different roles and face different costs and utility in the process of reproduction. Therefore, there may be systematic differences in fertility willingness of couples as well as their influential factors. By a SUR regression analysis based on the data of 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper compares and examines whether and how couples differ in their willingness to have children. The results show that husbands have higher fertility preference than wives, and there are differences and similarities among factors respectively influencing them. While family income, number of children, and the concept of family reproduction will influence the couple in the same way, some factors including age and individual income only have significant impact on the husband or the wife, and other factors influence the couple with different degrees. In addition, there is a mutual influence between the fertility willingness of the couple. The above results show the necessity of studying fertility willingness from the perspective of a couple rather than a husband or a wife. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Space-Time Plunder of the Gig Economy in Digital Capital Ben-hao CHEN 2022, 54 (3):  153-160.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.015 Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (659KB) ( 206 )   Save The development of the gig economy has added new technical significance to the political space theory of David Harvey et al. With the blessing of new technologies, capitalism has completed a unique expansion in time and space. Through the three major elements of capital, digital rules and bureaucratic management, it has been lodged in the technological system of the Internet era, forming a new system with greater scalability. The system can achieve instantaneous, wide-area labor search in low-lying space on a global scale, forming a “center-periphery” structure in economic geography. Meanwhile it uses formal space to freely squeeze labor’s time input, rewrites the time and space pattern of traditional labor, and forms a new type of space-time plunder. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Transformation of China’s Economic Growth Drivers in the New Development Stage: Logic, Direction and Path Yu-chun YAO, Bing LI 2022, 54 (3):  161-171.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.016 Abstract ( 737 )   HTML ( 26 )   PDF (742KB) ( 430 )   Save The essence of the transformation of economic growth drivers lies in the transformation of the driving mechanism of economic growth, that is, the transformation of the mode of production. Different stages of economic development have different modes of production that play a leading role, and the transformation of this mode of production is characterized by the transformation of the dynamic energy. At present, China has entered a new stage of development. In the face of economic and social problems under the new situation, the transformation of economic growth drivers has taken on new characteristics and directions. The innovation-driven model relies more on independent innovation; the input of resource elements pays more attention to talents, knowledge and data; the supply-side structural reform should be integrated with the strategy of expanding domestic demand; the organic combination of market regulation and government regulation is more necessary and urgent. In order to ensure the smooth transformation of driving forces, we should follow the guidance of new development concepts in practice, pay attention to the cultivation and utilization of innovative talents, narrow the development gap among regions and that between urban and rural areas, and promote the common development of private and state-owned enterprises. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimizing the Benefits of the Basic Pension in National Pooling Kun FAN, Xin-yue TAN, Lin-yi QIAN, Wei WANG 2022, 54 (3):  172-183.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.03.017 Abstract ( 362 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (1172KB) ( 319 )   Save To deepen the reform of the basic pension in national pooling smoothly, it is crucial to alleviate system transition resistance and transition costs based on the consideration of “survival fairness” and “labor fairness”. This paper aims at minimizing the differences between welfare levels before and after the reform in order to realize this target. We established a model to describe pension benefits planning under national pooling and obtained one pension benefits scheme which can minimize system transition costs. By adopting actuarial methods, we find that the pension plan considering both average salaries and individual contributions can minimize system transition resistance and ensure the fairness of allocation of the pension after pooling. Furthermore, we also illustrate that the pension plan can ensure sustainable developments of pension accounts in the following 20 years, with the accurate supposition of proper fiscal subsidies, the number of people who pay the fees and the number of people who get the pension under the corresponding pension benefits scheme. Although it is more complicated compared with unified level in the whole country, the proposed scheme has more advantages. It can not only realize the redistribution of the income of basic pension, but also take workers’ payment contribution into consideration, and alleviate system transition resistance. Therefore, it can provide a reference for the national social pension system reform. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics