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15 January 2023, Volume 55 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Scientific Theory of the Alienated Labor in the Embryonic Form of Das Kapital and Its Deletion：A Study of Marx’s Economic Manuscripts (1863-1865) Yi-bing ZHANG 2023, 55 (1):  1-19.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.001 Abstract ( 759 )   HTML ( 281 )   PDF (866KB) ( 154 )   Save The essence of capitalistic production is the production of surplus value. As both the key purpose of capitalistic production and the internal motivation constantly driving its development, the production of surplus value is necessarily the result of this production process. In the value-increasing process of capitalistic production, neither the raw materials of labor nor the means of production change themselves. They remain invariant in the commodity through value transfer and compensation. The only variable in value-increasing comes from the living labor of the workers, and once its activity of using the means of production to change the raw materials has taken place, the living labor itself disappears without a trace. This already involves a profound inversion of social relationship, just as man falls on his knees before his own creation, i.e., God. Although it is obviously the workers’ labor that creates the product in the capitalist production, it is the product that dominates and rules the workers in reverse. This is the reverse of the relationship between the creative subject and the created object, and this is the hostile alienation of the labor relation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Chinese Root”：A New Exotic Drug in the Eyes of European Physicians during the Renaissance Period Xi GAO 2023, 55 (1):  22-32.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.002 Abstract ( 1121 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (923KB) ( 455 )   Save The “Chinese root”, namely, the Chinese herbal “Glabrous Greenbrier Rhizome”, was brought to Europe by Portuguese merchants in the early 16th century and was regarded as the “holy wood” by European physicians. Exploring why the writer of Radicis Chynae chose the “Chinese root” to illustrate his epochal and subversive scientific ideas, this paper analyses the impact of the Western transmission of traditional Chinese medicine since the 16th century on the shift in scientific thinking in the Renaissance. It also attempts to explore, from the perspective of knowledge power and academic authority, how the changes in medical concepts and methodology were influenced by hidden political forces, such as imperial will and academic authority, during the transition of European medicine from classical to modern times when science was first emerging, and how the construction of methodology was accomplished through academic language. The role and influence of the “Chinese root” will be examined in such a context. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Preliminary Recognition and Imagination of Acupuncture in Europe in the 17th Century：A Case Study of Wilhelmi Ten Rhyne’s “On Acupuncture” Shu-jian ZHANG 2023, 55 (1):  33-45.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.003 Abstract ( 707 )   HTML ( 28 )   PDF (4210KB) ( 476 )   Save In the second half of the 17th century, Wilhelmi Ten Rhyne, a doctor of the Dutch East India Company, once sojourned shortly in Japan. In his Latin book Dissertatio de Arthritide published in 1863, he provided four meridian-point figures and a comprehensive description of acupuncture technique, which were published in an English journal in 1974 under the title “On Acupuncture”. As the first work discussing acupuncture informatively in Europe, this article’s description of acupuncture theory and technique was penetrated with the distinctive knowledge of Rhyne, a scholar acquainted with both traditional and modern European medical knowledge. In the article, he not only cited ancient Greek medical theories to interpret acupuncture, but also invoked the theory of blood circulation at that time to verify the meridian theory. In “On Acupuncture”, which has been influential since then, we can see both the Westerners’ first acquaintance with Eastern acupuncture and European doctors’ imagination of Chinese medicine. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Two Early English Versions of Huang Di Nei Jing Yu YANG 2023, 55 (1):  46-52.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.004 Abstract ( 1558 )   HTML ( 63 )   PDF (684KB) ( 1248 )   Save Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) is the fundamental classic of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), from which the Western academic circle begins to understand the theory of TCM. Prioritized as the primary TCM work by Western sinologists, Huang Di Nei Jing had been translated into Latin, French, German and other languages before the 20th century. This paper investigates its two early English translations that have scarcely been emphasized or even noticed. Through figuring out the brief history of these two translations, examining the misunderstandings especially on terms by comparing them with the source text, and analyzing what motivated the translators to translate it and how they had first established their knowledge on TCM, this paper explores the special aspects during the transmission of TCM knowledge in the West. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Perspective to Observe the “Occurrence of the Cold War”：Before the Publication of Economic Vortex：A New Prospective to Observe the Cold War Zhi-hua SHEN 2023, 55 (1):  53-60.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.005 Abstract ( 1773 )   HTML ( 283 )   PDF (653KB) ( 1918 )   Save The origin and occurrence of the Cold War, especially the role of the Soviet Union, has always been a heated topic in the academic circle. If observing from the new perspective of economy, especially from the notion of economy and economic strategies of the Soviet Union as well as economic relationships between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, we will find a different logic chain, develop a different historical narrative and eventually form a new framework to explain how the relationships between the U.S. and the Soviet Union changed and how the Cold War pattern formed and developed. The mission of historical research is to find out how the Cold War happened, what were the motivations of the U.S. and the Soviet Union and what caused such results. In fact, there were opportunities and possibilities to reverse the trend at each stage, but eventually the U.S. and the Soviet Union sank into the abyss of the Cold War. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Disputation of the Dao：On WANG Chuan-shan’s Critical Review of RAO Shuang-feng’s Explanations on The Great Learning and The Doctrine of Mean Jia-xing XU 2023, 55 (1):  61-70.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.006 Abstract ( 293 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (783KB) ( 151 )   Save In WANG Chuan-shan’s Review of the Complete Collection of Commentaries on the Four Books, RAO Shuang-feng has received more attention than other ZHU Xi’s disciples. For RAO’s explanations on The Great Learning and The Doctrine of Mean in The Complete Collection of Commentaries on the Four Books,WANG makes a critical review by focusing on the concepts related to the Dao. He uses the idea that “loyalty and faithfulness is the Dao” to refute RAO’s doctrine that “the Dao is beyond loyalty and faithfulness”; he criticizes RAO’s unity of the Dao and sincerity by emphasizing their distinction due to their respective connection with nature and mind-heart. WANG analyzes the relationships between knowledge and the Dao, the Dao of human and the Dao of Nature, sagely virtue and sagely Dao, spirits and the Dao. He also comments on RAO’s doctrine of the cultivation of the Dao such as keeping cautious and venerating. WANG’s critical analysis of RAO, which can be traced back to ZHU Xi and the studies of ZHU Xi in the Yuan Dynasty, reflects that WANG seriously treats and absorbs the doctrines of ZHU’s disciples, including RAO. It also shows that WANG’s philosophy is obvious influenced by ZHU Xi since it is also based on the layered interpretation of ZHU’s study of the Four Books. This research helps to understand WANG’s comments on the disciples of ZHU in his Review. It also helps to have a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of WANG and the intellectual development of the studies of ZHU Xi as well. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Returning from Function to Reality” and “Returning from Reality to Function”：Two Steps of XIONG Shi-li’s Metaphysics Chong-yang DUAN 2023, 55 (1):  71-78.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.007 Abstract ( 384 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (589KB) ( 191 )   Save As the foundation of all things in the universe, “Reality” (ti) in XIONG Shi-li can mean “original mind” or “substance”. However, this distinction doesn’t suggest an internal contradiction in his theory. In contrast, it reflects the core issue of metaphysical construction in XIONG, that is, clarifying the universal (constant transformation - original mind) and the highest (unitary substance) as well as their belonging to one “Reality”. With the starting point of explaining “aspect” (xiang) with “function” (yong) or “act” (xing) and grasping the two types of “Reality” through various forms of “function”, XIONG’s metaphysical construction consists of two steps, that is, “returning from function to Reality” and “returning from Reality to function”. The former concerns the highest and the universal, while the latter how to grasp the highest, the universal and their relationship. By responding to these questions with his theory of Reality- function, XIONG develops a metaphysical approach different from Buddhism and Western philosophy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nature，Habit and Reason in Practical Philosophy：On Aristotle’s Moral Cultivation Tao LI 2023, 55 (1):  79-88.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.008 Abstract ( 832 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (662KB) ( 461 )   Save In regard to the issue of how to cultivate virtue or morality, there’s a lot of discussion in ancient Greek texts as well as a comprehensive answer in Aristotle’s practical philosophy. There are two kinds of interpretation about Aristotle’s moral cultivation: the mechanistic theory and the developmental theory. This paper provides a more complete theory of development so as to reveal the metaphysical foundation of the potential-movement-actuality framework behind this ethical theory and analyze its corresponding mechanism of nature-habit-reason. The emphasis is placed on three stages: the potential of nature, the growth and harmony of nature and habit, and the growth and harmony of habit and reason. The analysis will also clearly show the ethical cultivation stages of natural virtue, habitual virtue and perfect virtue. Such an idea of moral education has something in common with the educational concept of emphasizing nature, habit and teaching in the Confucian Three Characters Classic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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New Construction of a Novel Research System Da-kang CHEN 2023, 55 (1):  89-102.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.009 Abstract ( 247 )   HTML ( 14 )   PDF (775KB) ( 246 )   Save Any research is supported by a corresponding system, whose nature depends on the assumptions and ideas of the researcher. Conversely, the elements contained in the system and their relationships determine the research progress and final results. There are tens of thousands of research papers on ancient novels, most of which analyze writers or works, or investigate both of them in a macro way. All of them are supported by a research system of the same kind. However, so much concerning ancient novels is to be studied, and so many different research systems are possible. Taking the adjustment and reorganization of the existing research system, the system construction of information outside the plot line, and the system construction of scattered information across the works as examples, we can explore new ways to construct a novel research system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Death”，“Cavity”，“Labyrinth” and “Outside”：On Deleuze’s Acceptance and Creative Transformation of Foucault from the Perspective of Raymond Russell Yu-yu WU 2023, 55 (1):  103-113.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.010 Abstract ( 618 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (842KB) ( 331 )   Save In the 1960s, Foucault had a great interest in literature, especially in Russell. He believed that Russell unfolded the plot by making sentences with similar pronunciations but different meanings. Russell broke the correspondence between words and objects, making the words lose the function of expressing meanings and become a free game. In this way, language is no longer a tool to represent the world, but becomes itself. Then literature will not any more narrate stories or represent things, but become a maze of increasing words. Deleuze followed Foucault’s path, continued to rewrite and formed new metaphors, the “death of the writer” becoming a “desire machine”, words turning devoid as the “repetition of differences”, the idea of “labyrinth” leading to “fold” poetry, and the “outside” space changing into curvy “escape”. Influenced by Foucault, Deleuze believed that Russell was a great replicator, and he included differences to the greatest extent. Deleuze extended his idea of differences and constructed a new labyrinth poetics. Hence, literature develops from the crack of discourses in the way of deviating from itself, bears the mission of resisting the subject and deconstructing reason, and demonstrates its endless revolutionary and pioneering spirit. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Translation and Introduction of Max O’Rell’ s Works in China and the Rise of “New Women” in the May 4th Movement：Clues Drawn from CHEN Du-xiu’s Translation of “Views on Women” Xiao-hua CAO 2023, 55 (1):  114-123.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.011 Abstract ( 789 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (872KB) ( 213 )   Save “Views on Women” is CHEN Du-xiu’ s first translation work published in La Jeunesse The original text comes from the humorous essay collection Rambles in Womanland by French writer Max O’Rell. The book records O’Rell’ s change in his attitude towards the “new women” in the West. Taking O’Rell’ s writing as an opportunity, the Western concept of “new women” was semantically revised in the Chinese context, promoting the birth of the “new women” in the May 4th Movement. CHEN and LIU Ban-nong depicted the outline of the “new women” against the backdrop of “new people” by translating and rewriting O’Rell’s works. Later, the “Special Issue for Women” published by La Jeunesse was once again inter-textualized with O’Rell’ s texts, reflecting a certain limitation on the voice of the female pioneers. The folk’s borrowing of O’Rell’ s works showed the imagination of the “new women” by different social groups around the May 4th Movement. The translation and introduction of Max O’Rell’ s works in China enriched the cross-cultural context behind the rise of the “new women” in that historical period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Early Embryo of the People’s Congress System：A Case Study of Shanghai Citizens’ Congress System in 1927 Li-min WANG 2023, 55 (1):  124-132.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.012 Abstract ( 327 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (657KB) ( 139 )   Save During the Great Revolution, the Communist Party of China (CPC) attached great importance to the establishment of the people’s congress system to promote the construction of the people’s democratic legal system and ensure that the people are the masters of the country. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Shanghai citizens’ congress system was established after the victory of the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers. This system was the earliest system of people’s congress in a large city in modern Chinese political history. This system played an important role in the establishment of the people’s democratic regime in Shanghai at that time, and had a significant impact at home and abroad. It was as famous as the provincial and port striking workers’ congress system and the farmers’ congress system at all levels at that time, and they jointly formed the earliest “three precious” embryos of people’s congress system in modern China. Today, it is necessary to trace the origin of the Shanghai citizens’ congress system to provide useful resources to improve the current system of people’s congress. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Humanistic Logic in the Copyrightability Determination of Artificial Intelligence Products Guo-zhu WANG 2023, 55 (1):  133-142.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.013 Abstract ( 532 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (690KB) ( 251 )   Save There are different understandings about the status and role of human beings in the copyrightability determination of artificial intelligence products. Human subjectivity is an essential element for artificial intelligence products to constitute works. Creative intention, thoughts and emotions are important symbols of human subjectivity. While artificial intelligence does not have creative intention, human beings can embody creative intention in the products of artificial intelligence. Human emotions are difficult to be imitated and expressed by artificial intelligence. The creative contribution of human beings in using artificial intelligence technology should be used as the basis for judging the originality of artificial intelligence products. The artificial intelligence products constituting works should have the function of “dialogue”. In order to prevent the deconstruction of work structure, avoid the lack of “dialogue” function of works and prevent the incentive dislocation of copyright law, the “externalism” approach of originality judgment of artificial intelligence products should be abandoned. We should explore humanistic protection strategy of artificial intelligence products, adhere to the basic position that the originality of artificial intelligence products comes from “direct users”, avoid the confusion of audience about artificial intelligence products and ordinary human works, and realize the protection of artificial intelligence products on the premise of maintaining the value goal of copyright. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the Relationship between Procedure and Evidence in Criminal Procedure：Comments on the Theoretical Model of “Procedure Binary while Evidence Consistent” Yue-ning WEI, Bo LIU 2023, 55 (1):  143-155.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.014 Abstract ( 449 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (764KB) ( 133 )   Save The theoretical model of “procedure binary while evidence consistent” put forward by some scholars is faced with significant obstacles of feasibility. As a typical burden of proof rule in the concentration of the relationship between procedure and evidence, it has the procedural tone, the power constraint and the right allocation, the link function between procedural law and substantive law, and the close relationship with legal facts. Based on this, the basic regulation form of procedure on evidence is viewed. Evidence and procedural rules are characterized by its abstractness, its structuredness and non-structuredness of an evidence system, and its constructiveness of technical provisions and so on. The evolution trend and constant factors of the relationship between procedure and evidence are unified with the strengthening of the regulation effect of procedure on evidence, which reflects the underlying role of legal value target and policy guidance. The basic theory and value of Professor CHEN Guang-zhong’s “dynamic balance view of litigation” expounds and emphasizes the significance of dynamic construction of many important balance relationships in the field of criminal procedure law. The main obstacle of “procedure binary while evidence consistent” lies in the overemphasis on the relative independence of evidence, since and the realization of “evidence consistent” must be based on similar procedure environment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Migrant Children and Urban Migrant Workers’ Entrepreneurship Gui-xin WANG, Jun-song DING 2023, 55 (1):  156-169.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.015 Abstract ( 224 )   HTML ( 12 )   PDF (937KB) ( 221 )   Save With the increasing of urban migrant workers of family migration trend, migrant children’s impact on parents’ behavior decision-making has become increasingly common. As one of the most important employment forms of urban migrant workers, entrepreneurship is an important behavioral decision for their survival. An empirical analysis of China’s Migrants Dynamic Survey Data by China’s Healthcare Commission in 2017 finds that, firstly, migrant children can significantly improve the probability of migrant workers’ entrepreneurship. After overcoming the problems of endogeneity and selective bias, it can increase the probability of migrant workers’ entrepreneurship by 33.24%. Secondly, migrant children mainly affect the “survival-type” entrepreneurship of migrant workers, but has little impact on the “opportunity-type”. Thirdly, the influence mechanism of migrant children and migrant workers’ entrepreneurship is shown as follows: migrant children help to strengthen the identity of migrant workers as citizens and then promote their entrepreneurship. Fourthly, migrant children can help to facilitate migrant workers’ entrepreneurship and the integration of urban society, solve the problem of left-behind children in rural areas, and so on. This paper explores a new channel for the promotion of migrant workers’ entrepreneurship, which is also benefit for solving the problem of left-behind children, promoting the integration of urban society, and facilitating the healthy development of new-type urbanization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Human Capital，Urban Social Inclusion and Career Development of China’s Floating Population Chuan-jiang LIU, Dan ZHOU, Xue LI 2023, 55 (1):  170-184.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.016 Abstract ( 456 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (1168KB) ( 378 )   Save Accurately identifying the impacts of human capital on the career development of the floating population is an important engine for realizing the effective allocation of labor production factors, inclusive and integrated development of urban and rural areas and high-quality economic development. Based on the data of three periods of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2018, the relationship between human capital, urban social inclusion and the career development of migrant population is empirically-investigated, and the heterogeneity of different unit systems and migration ranges is analyzed. The results show that internal human capital has a significant positive impact on the career development of the floating population, and its positive impact mainly focuses on the career prospects. External urban social inclusion can effectively improve the career development level of the floating population and strengthen the promoting effect of human capital on the career development of the floating population. Moreover, the positive moderating effect of social inclusion at the individual level on the career development is more obvious. Further study also finds that the human capital of collective private units and rural-urban upward floating population has a greater positive impact on their career development. The above conclusions provide an empirical reference for maintaining social equity, building an inclusive and harmonious society, realizing common prosperity and promoting coordinated and sustainable development of regions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Pattern of Age-specific Migration Rate of Floating Population and Its Changes in China Hao ZHOU 2023, 55 (1):  185-201.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2023.01.017 Abstract ( 509 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF (1532KB) ( 403 )   Save Age-specific migration rate can be examined from the aspects of level and pattern. After testing the data from different sources and defining the flowing of floating population in China, this paper describes the structure difference between flowing and total floating population, and the trend of time-varying migration age pattern in last 30 years, based on the data of four censuses and the data of two 1% sample censuses since 1990. Results show that: firstly, there are two significant differences of the age structure between flowing and total floating population, that is, the concave of 5-15-year-old children and different age points of inflection after the peak age. Secondly, the age-specific migration rate got improved generally among all age group in last 20 years, with a mode of a sharp increase in peak value (peak shape), a change of inflection points after the peak age, and the delayed age to participate in mobility. So, the flowing of floating population is preferred in the parameter design of population projection in the future. We should understand and solve the problem of floating population in China from the perspective of integrity and difference. A comprehensive, all-age, and all-round policy system is needed so as to ensure the rights and interests of the floating population in an all-round way through systematic institutional arrangements. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics