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15 November 2025, Volume 57 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

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On the Shaping of Traditional Chinese Science by Confucianism Weiping Chen 2025, 57 (6):  1-8.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.001 Abstract ( 92 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (601KB) ( 14 )   Save For a long time, it was believed that Confucianism had a negative impact on the development of traditional science in China. Since the reform and opening up, many research results have showed that Confucianism had a positive impact on the development of traditional science. Both of these views have a certain degree of validity and historical basis. Whether positive or negative, these impacts reflect the shaping role of Confucianism in traditional Chinese science. From the following six aspects, that is, values, view of nature, methodology, epistemology, mutual learning and knowledge forms, we can understand how Confucianism shaped traditional science. There are both quintessence worth absorbing and defects that need to be overcome. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Origin and Evolution：The Root of Normativity in Early Confucianism Kai Wang 2025, 57 (6):  9-22.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.002 Abstract ( 68 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (808KB) ( 7 )   Save From the early period to modern times, Confucian scholars have always been used to reducing the foundation of the subject of morality to human nature. In fact, at the universal philosophical level, it is rather an issue about the root of normativity, which is not limited to the theory of human nature. Recently, the rise of constructivism has provided a new theoretical stimulus for the study of Confucian moral subject. However, the moral self in constructivism is regarded as fixed and rational subject, while the moral self in Confucianism is generative with humanity (ren) as its deeper and more authentic capacity than reason. In Confucianism, sympathetic humanity, as an innate psychological capacity, is cultivated into virtuous humanity through moral practice, in which reason undoubtedly plays an important role, and this process is also the self-certification of the moral subject. This generative dimension, according to which essence is verified in action, is not found in constructivism, but it constitutes the feature of Confucian moral metaphysics. Without touching this dimension, it would be a superficial way to discuss the root of Confucian normativity only from the perspective of reason. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Emotionality，Temporality and Generativity of “Music” Long Wu 2025, 57 (6):  23-32.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.003 Abstract ( 68 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (608KB) ( 12 )   Save The emotionality of music is first expressed as the individual pleasant emotional experience caused by music, which is an inevitable emotional demand of a listener. The emotions associated with music should not be excessive, so they should be balanced and corrected by rites. In this way, individuals can not only achieve themselves in the emotionality of music, but also live in harmony with others by understanding and satisfying others’ emotions. Music has temporality. Music can achieve its continuous and ceaseless state in time and contain the time sequence of heaven and earth. In the process of imitating the laws of four seasons and day and night, it will be continuous and self-renewal like time so as to adapt to the needs of different times and the flexibility and implementation of rites in different situations. With the communication between the way of heaven and the way of humans and the communication between metaphysical and physics, music can maintain itself between heaven and earth, and closely connect with the genuine and ever-flowing life of an individual. This constitutes the generativity of music. Rooted in the ever-flowing life and related to the cultivation and perfection of virtue, the generativity of music not only gives an individual endless power, but also fills the music with a vibrant vitality. In such music, individuals constantly draw energy, becoming affectionate, righteous and enriched. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Original Contribution of Chinese Modernization to Marxist Social Development Theory Youfu Jiang 2025, 57 (6):  33-41.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.004 Abstract ( 89 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (571KB) ( 9 )   Save Theoretical innovations by the Communist Party of China (CPC) have unequivocally established Chinese modernization as a new form of human civilization and proclaimed the theory of Chinese modernization as a major, latest achievement of scientific socialism. However, it is not easy to provide profound and concrete scholarly and intellectual interpretations commensurate with this status. The historical myth of “modernization = Westernization” persists not only unquestioned in the minds of those generally advocating “Westernization”, but also among dogmatic Marxists. Since classical Marxism was essentially developed as a general historical and social development theory centered on the examination of modern Western society, i.e., capitalist society, it has long inclined us theoretically and practically to view capitalist society— a form of modern civilization— as an insurmountable stage in the overall development of human history. Even after embarking on the socialist path, we still felt compelled to undertake a historical “remedial stage” in a specific manner. The key to the success of Chinese modernization lies precisely in its steadfast adherence to the scientific theories and social ideals of Marxism on a social and civilizational foundation entirely distinct from that of the modern West, thereby pioneering and practicing a socialist path with unique civilizational connotations in its own distinct way. This should neither be interpreted as an “error” of classical Marxism nor as China’s “deviation” from classical Marxism due to its specific realities. Instead, it should be profoundly understood as the original contribution of Chinese modernization to classical Marxism. It’s our academic task to re-identify our genuine social foundation and civilizational tradition by deeply comprehending this original contribution. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From Free Trade to Social Revolution：A Critique of Pan-Protectionism in the Context of Marx’s Theory of World History Shun Liu 2025, 57 (6):  42-54.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.005 Abstract ( 91 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (713KB) ( 6 )   Save In Marx’s era, free trade primarily referred to capitalist free trade. He had already clarified its dual historical role: while serving as the economic medium for the transition to world history, it became distorted and alienated under the capital logic, degenerating into a political weapon and a negative variable in the evolution of world history. Politicized free trade defies market principles, amplifying the spatial expansion of capital power and catalyzing the universalization of class antagonism. This serves as the economic prelude to social revolution. It is through the evolutionary process of expanding from the contest between genuine and pseudo-free trade to social revolution that world history has been gradually cultivated and shaped. Marx’s theory of world history profoundly reveals the logic of this interplay and evolution. Far from being outdated, it has continuously opened new practical domains amid a century of transformation, thereby retaining formidable theoretical vitality and practical guidance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From Large Industry to Large Models：A Contemporary Interpretation of Marx’s Labor Theory of Value Xu Wen 2025, 57 (6):  55-65.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.006 Abstract ( 122 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (613KB) ( 33 )   Save Since the technological revolution triggered by ChatGPT in 2022, generative artificial intelligence large models have pushed digital production into a new stage of digital and physical transformation. With its intensity comparable to the machine revolution of the industrial age, this transformation has given rise to AI-capitalism. Taking the dual capital composition of core architecture as fixed capital and dynamic data as circulating capital as their carrier, large models are essentially technological entities of digital materialized labor. This existence is neither an independent value-creating entity nor a technological autonomous entity; rather, it is a tool through which capital realizes its reproduction by reconfiguring the process of digital labor. Digital labor is the main reliance for human-machine interaction, and productive digital labor is the direct source of value creation. The production of large models enhances the capital organic composition. Embedded in the capitalist value reproduction system, this production further expands the source of surplus value. The high value-added of large models is deceptive; the value that seems to be autonomously produced is actually the old value of the core architecture and dynamic data of digital intelligence, as well as the value created by the physical labor of digital intelligence workers through the addition of new value. The source of surplus value has always been the living labor of digital workers, and the core law that “labor is the sole source of value” has not fundamentally changed due to the technological form of large models. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Compilation of the Bibliography of Overseas Sinology during the Period of the Republic of China and Its Implications Yuanyuan Wu 2025, 57 (6):  66-79.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.007 Abstract ( 76 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (845KB) ( 6 )   Save Since the first half of the 20th century, the academic community of the Republic of China had compiled the bibliography of overseas sinology under the dual circumstances of national crisis and academic transformation. In the period of the Republic of China, Chinese scholars compiled and published 50 bibliographies of overseas sinology and translated 13 bibliographies of overseas sinology compiled by foreign scholars. A careful reading of these bibliographies will find that there were three aspects worth paying attention to: firstly, the compilers or translators were scholars from different research fields; secondly, the compiled bibliographies focused on studies related to transportation between China and foreign countries, as well as research on China’s borderlands; thirdly, Japanese writings of sinology made up the majority of them. This kind of compilation was caused by the inherent needs of academic development on the one hand, and the cultural sovereignty struggle and the national salvation mission of the times— “competing with outsiders” and “saving the country through scholarship”— on the other. Today, the construction of a systematic catalog of world Chinese studies serves as the foundation for a comprehensive understanding of Chinese studies abroad, as well as an important pathway to present “academic China” to the world. This is also an important step to bring the “Sinology Center” back to China and establish a self-reliant knowledge system in China. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Definitions of “Grammar” in the West from Ancient Greece to the Late 19th Century Baojia Li 2025, 57 (6):  80-97.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.008 Abstract ( 78 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (865KB) ( 6 )   Save This article searches for ancient documentary evidence to trace the historical definitions of the dynamic Western concept of “Grammar”. In general, Grammar has gone through four stages: the grammatical arts of typical languages in the ancient Greco-Roman period; the science of discourse (including speculative grammar, universal grammar, and comparative grammar) from the late Middle Ages to the 17th–18th centuries; the emergence of national grammars in the late 15th century and the return to the pedagogical grammar of individual languages from the 18th to the 19th centuries; and the shift toward a combination of descriptive grammar and explanatory grammar in the late 19th century. This reflects a cycle in the academic history: from the particular to the general, from the general back to the particular, and then to the combination of the particular and the general. In terms of scope, grammar has undergone a contraction or focusing— from multiple modules to four, then three, and finally two modules— with rhetoric, semantics, lexicology, phonetics, and other components being separated one after another. In essence, applied arts and basic principles have always been the two core tasks of grammar, and language research represents the integration of humanistic and scientific spirits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Restudy of the American Quarterly Comparative Literature and the Franco-American Debate Dingwen Wei 2025, 57 (6):  98-108.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.009 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (719KB) ( 4 )   Save The Franco-American debate in comparative literature is well-known in academic circles. However, the historiography of this debate is largely focused on the differences in academic ideas rather than on the paradigmatic shift. This Franco-American debate should be reexamined as an event in the intellectual history. Behind the academic debate lies an endeavor of American scholars of comparative literature after World War II to construct the subjectivity of the discipline by advocating oneness via literary arts. A few elders who dominated the construction of the American comparative literature after World War II founded the quarterly Comparative Literature, using the journal to promote the transformation and renewal of two paradigms. The ideological differences between the editor Wellek and the deputy editor Friedrich were an important element which intensifies the Franco-American debate. The construction of the subjectivity of the American comparative literature was driven not only by academic autonomy but also by ideological considerations. After World War II, American scholars of comparative literature advocated pursuing the ideal of a cultural community by studying the “literariness” and aesthetic value of literary texts in different languages, which was actually a self-confirmation of Western centrism. From the perspective of knowledge-power, this event in the disciplinary and intellectual history can be reexamined to reveal the significant role played by the editorial team of Comparative Literature in this knowledge transformation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Romanticism or Realism?：On Paterson and Lawson’s Nationalist Implications in Their “Jungle Debate” Jiasheng Zhang 2025, 57 (6):  109-117.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.010 Abstract ( 75 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (721KB) ( 3 )   Save The prevailing nationalist thoughts in the end of the 19th centuries is the driving force of Australian nationalist literature. As the jungle poets at that time, A. B. Paterson and Henry Lawson created poems around the Australian jungle respectively from romanticism and realism, expressing their construction and imagination of Australian literature. Their distinct jungle landscape writings gave rise to the famous “jungle debate” in the history of Australian literature. Taking this jungle debate as a starting point, one can deeply explore the national (literary) orientation behind the “jungle debate” of Paterson and Lawson in the context of Australian nationalism at the end of the 19th century. The “jungle debate” between Paterson and Lawson not only created a spectacular jungle literary landscape at the end of the 19th century in Australia, but also marked a leap for Australian literature in breaking away from the British colonial literary tradition, making jungle literature a unique genre highlighting the characteristics of Australian national literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Smell and Character：Smoking and the Moral Construction of Masculinity Dunfu Zhang 2025, 57 (6):  118-129.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.011 Abstract ( 98 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (873KB) ( 7 )   Save Cigarettes are a proper example of expanding the sociological imagination of the smell in masculinity research. Data from semi-structured interviews of Shanghai residents show that the significance and mechanism of cigarettes in shaping men’s masculine traits have declined, while the medical mechanism of health and hygiene has risen and anti-smoking policies have strengthened. The smell of cigarettes has increasingly been regarded as a pungent and harmful odor, and has been despised and isolated in an institutional way. The regulation of smoking among women in romantic relationships, families and intimate partnerships, as well as the rise of the “new good man image”, have led to a negative evolution in the moral construction of men’s smoking. Being clean, fresh and odorless has been endowed with contemporary new values in the new male identity. This transformation not only indicates the dominant force of the healthy moral discourse in the current urban society, but also reveals the new appearance of male identity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Rising Expectation Effect of Public Policy：Poverty Alleviation and Subjective Status Identity Juan Du, Xufeng Zhu 2025, 57 (6):  130-144.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.012 Abstract ( 86 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (895KB) ( 7 )   Save Status identity is the foundation of individuals’ national identity, yet how public policy affects subjective status identity has been largely overlooked. Drawing on social comparison theory from a social cognitive perspective, this paper constructs a theoretical model of “rising expectations— value expectations— value capability” to elucidate the mechanism through which public policy influences subjective status identity. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, which encompasses over 70,000 nationally representative samples of urban and rural residents from 2012 to 2018, this study finds that poverty alleviation policies have stimulated individuals’ aspirations for self-development, while the gap between these self-expectations and actual capabilities has induced subjective status pressure. Further analysis indicates that poverty alleviation has led to a differentiation in subjective status identity within social groups, with pronounced effects among those with high prior expectations and policy beneficiaries. This study delves into the governance root underpinnings of status identity and sheds light on the impact of macro public policies on micro social cognition of the public. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Theoretical Logic and Empirical Evidence of Bank Digital Transformation Fueling the Ascend of Export Values Yun Zhang, Xia Fang, Zhenyu Yang 2025, 57 (6):  145-161.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.013 Abstract ( 73 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (894KB) ( 2 )   Save The escalation of export values is a crucial guarantee for China in building a new system of high-level open economy and achieving high-quality development. The digital transformation of the financial sector has emerged as a new driving force for value addition in Chinese enterprises’ exports. By constructing a theoretical model incorporating digitally transformed banking sectors, this study deduces and analyzes the mechanism through which bank digitalization drives the growth of corporate export value, employing matched data from Chinese industrial enterprises and customs trade statistics for empirical testing. The research findings reveal that bank digital transformation effectively stimulates the growth in corporate export values, with underlying technology-driven aspects of digital transformation exhibiting an even stronger propelling effect. Mechanism tests uncover that bank digital transformation fosters a sustained rise in corporate export values by reducing firms’ credit costs and incentivizing technological advancements. Heterogeneity analysis uncovers that the driving effect of bank digital transformation on export values is more pronounced for firms with higher levels of digitalization and intelligence integration, those engaging in general trade, technology-intensive enterprises, and businesses located in regions with higher degrees of market segmentation. Further analysis reveals that bank digital transformation, by boosting export values, facilitates the optimization and upgrading of firms’ positions within the global value chain division of labor. The research findings provide a practical basis and policy implications for promoting the digital transformation of banks, facilitating the high-end upgrading of the export value of high-quality financial services, and achieving high-level opening-up. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Policy Bank Credit on Total Factor Productivity of Enterprises：Empirical Analysis Mediated by the Development of New Quality Productivity Xinru Wu, Siyan Ai 2025, 57 (6):  162-179.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.014 Abstract ( 92 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (930KB) ( 2 )   Save In the stage of China’s high-quality development, policy banks help cultivate new quality productivity with their institutional advantages. Based on the loan contract data of A-share listed firms from 2012 to 2022, this paper manually constructs firm-level policy bank credit indicators, examines their impact on firms’ total factor productivity, and explores the mechanism path, heterogeneity characteristics and structural allocation effects with the theory of new quality productivity. The study finds that policy bank credit significantly enhances firms’ total factor productivity. The mechanism test shows that this effect is mainly realized through technological innovation, green transformation and human capital structure upgrade, which fits the development path of new quality productivity. Heterogeneity analysis shows more pronounced positive impacts in commercial state-owned firms, technology-intensive private firms, highly competitive industries, and regions with relatively insufficient financial supply. Furthermore, policy banks’ implementation of industrial policy and regional coordination in structural allocation demonstrates stronger TFP promotion effects for firms with composite attributes such as manufacturing, high-tech, and green, and those in central and western regions. Therefore, the positioning of policy-based finance should be improved and its role in structural transformation, efficiency improvement and inclusive financial services should be strengthened. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Conditional Sovereign Lending Model under Western Dominance：Critique and Reflection Kuang-ran Li, Qiu Zhu 2025, 57 (6):  180-195.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2025.06.015 Abstract ( 89 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (816KB) ( 4 )   Save Under the dominance of the United States and other Western countries, the international practice of sovereign lending has long taken the form of conditional sovereign lending— loans tied to reform conditionality— which has operated as a key instrument for exporting Western institutional paradigms and embedding influence in the governance structures of debtor states. Grounded in the Law and Development Movement and neoliberalist theory, this model employs lending conditionality to compel institutional reforms in debtor states, thereby generating in practice a quasi-legal order with externally constraining effect. Long-standing experience, however, shows that conditional sovereign lending has not effectively strengthened debtor states’ debt-servicing capacity; to the contrary, it has deepened structural problems such as institutional dependency, governance weakening, and erosion of sovereignty. Debtor states’ right to development and policy autonomy are subject to structural constraints, and the injustice and imbalance of global debt governance have become increasingly salient. Therefore, it is necessary to build a new model of sovereign lending that is more inclusive and development-oriented. In this regard, China should, consistent with the principles of sovereign equality and developmental autonomy, promote a new paradigm of sovereign lending centered on capacity-building, using soft law as the principal modality and procedural justice as the safeguard; drawing on loan practices that do not attach political conditions, China can offer a more inclusive and sustainable proposal for the reconstruction of international law and contribute Chinese insights and institutional models to global financial governance. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics