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01 September 2001, Volume 33 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Research in "Hua Xia Jin-xin ZHAN 2001, 33 (5):  3-28.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.001 Abstract ( 42 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (3038KB) ( 0 )   Save In the oracle - bone inscriptions of Yin times both the gods of "Hua" and "Xia" had a similar high position with the god of "He" (river), which afforded an important clue for revealing the origin of Hua - xia civilization and the source of the term "hua xia". In the past hundred years, however, these two characters were always misinterpreted as "yue" and "nao". "Hua" and "Xia" were originally geographical terms, referring to Hua Mount and Great Xia respectively, which were located in and connected by the opposite south and north banks of the Yellow River. And there was a legendary myth about the god of "River" who ripped "Hua" and "Xia". Accordingly, the fact that the three gods were mentioned together in the inscriptions could be understood from their cognitive source. The region of "Hua Xia" was just a core place that was occupied in succession by Yao, Shun and Yu and by Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and was regarded as "zhong tu" (middle land) and further an alternative name of "zhong guo" (literally, middle country, that is, China), as opposed to the "four directions". Then, its implication of regional culture was transformed and referred to the people of "zhong guo" (the Chinese people). As a name of the nation, "Hua Xia" represented a national concept in the sense of regional culture instead of blood relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Developments of the Naxi Dongba Writing from the Ruoke to Ludian Writings Yuan-lu WANG 2001, 33 (5):  29-34.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.002 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (715KB) ( 7 )   Save The forming process of the Naxi Dongba written language included the two stages: the Ruoke writing was its initial stage and the Ludian writing its late stage. The essential source of the Naxi Dongba written language was the Ruoke writing whose main part was an ideograph. As a high stage, the Ludian writing supplied pictophonetic words. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Questioning the "Matriarchal Theory Jia-fan WANG 2001, 33 (5):  35-49.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.003 Abstract ( 65 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (2025KB) ( 8 )   Save The theory of matriarchal authority can not be derived from the matrilineal system. Although the "affection of mother and child" had a certain social meaning, its social position was never simply possessed by the matrilineal system alone. Those who advocated the matriarchal authority ignored such a relevant fact: even if there was a certain difficulty for clearly identifying the blood relationship with father, the primitive mother would still seek to designate a "father" so as to guard and educate children with the help of male. Moreover, the matrilineal system was not a matriarchal system. The social role of older female was merely confined to family. The group authority was still exerted by men. Those female physiological advantages such as childbearing and child nursing, from the beginning, were meanwhile a kind of potential "disadvantages". Women had to give up their opportunities of "equally competing" with men. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Exposition of the Subscription System in Late Qing Society Jun-mei XIE 2001, 33 (5):  50-61.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.004 Abstract ( 74 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1586KB) ( 5 )   Save The term, subscription (juan na or zi xuan), is usually referred to as "selling official positions". The government sets out relevant regulations, fixes the prices, and sells official positions in public, which gradually develops into a system, called the subscription system. This system in the Qing Dynasty originated in the period of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, developed and matured during the reign of Emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, declined during the reign of Emperors Xianfeng and Tongzhi, and terminated during the reign of Emperor Xuantong. The subscription system provided opportunities for surplus literati to acquire official status, and served as a complementary to the imperial examination system. In addition, it raised funds for river control and coast defense, and therefore temporarily alleviated part of the financial crisis of the government without adding burdens to the people. The subscription system, however, was inferior after all. During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi, for the purpose of suppressing peasant uprisings, the government utilized the system so extensively that it led to a great number of redundant personnel in society. The system jeopardized the country, injured the people, corrupted the political system, and finally resulted in the destruction the Qing Dynasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dr. Sun Yat - sen's Thought of "Externally Observing Trends in the World" Xue-zhao LIU 2001, 33 (5):  62-69.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.005 Abstract ( 62 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1048KB) ( 7 )   Save The thought of "externally observing trends in the world" was an important cornerstone of Dr. Sun Yat - sen's thought of reforms. Dr. Sun adhered to his principle of "reforming politics after foreign countries and establishing a democratic government", and displayed his identical recognition of historic changes of modern foreign countries that had some identity in his struggle for establishing and safeguarding the Republic. Both the formation and the development of Dr. Sun Yat - sen's thought of reforms on politics, economy and culture were related to his thought of "externally observing trends in the world". References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the War Responsibility of Japanese Buddhist Sects Ping XIN 2001, 33 (5):  70-90.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.006 Abstract ( 56 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (2546KB) ( 2 )   Save From modern times on various Japanese Buddhist sects followed Japanese governments toinvade China, setting up their sects and temples and preaching in China' s various places. From the Sino- Japanese War of 1894 - 95, the war of eight - power allied forced, the Russo - Japanese War till the- war of Japanese massive invasion of China in 1930s, Japanese Buddhist sects took concerted actions alltimes to Japanese military invasions. They were unable to escape their heavy war responsibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Hanseatic League's Historical Influences and Causes of Its Fall Zhi-lin JIN 2001, 33 (5):  91-97.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.007 Abstract ( 68 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1105KB) ( 7 )   Save The Hanseatic League was a social and economic league established in the cities of north Germany. It had a great influence on the medieval history of Europe. The League actively promoted the economic connection and development of western and northern Europe, and improved commercial environment of this area at one time. But it was also one of major factors interfering with the political and economic unification in Germany, and brought a series of negative effects to the area and countries concerned. The mid - fifteenth century was a turning point in the history of the Hanseatic League. With the change of political and economic situations of Europe and the exasperation of conflicts of internal interests in the League, it lost a possibility to develop further and went downwards day by day. In the second half of the 17th century the Hanseatic League exited from the historical stage at last. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Metaphysical Perspective of Morality Guo-rong YANG 2001, 33 (5):  98-105, 114.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.008 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1159KB) ( 1 )   Save The philosophy of morality takes as its mission the question that "how moral good is possible". Viewed from the ultimate level, moral good tends to be embodied in man' s self - existence. In the sense the possibility of good also means the possibility of perfect good of existence. The human existence itself includes manifold dimensions, from external action to internal virtue, from communication between subjects to realization of self, and from universal social order to broad social life. The perfect good finds expression in different aspects. Taking human self- existence as the starting point, moral good, in the individual dimension, is to arrive at a real and concrete existence through the realization of individual potentialities, and in the social dimension, to arrive at a sound society through human overall developments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On Xiong Shili's Intuitional Theory Rui-quan GAO 2001, 33 (5):  106-114.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.009 Abstract ( 70 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1237KB) ( 8 )   Save Xiong Shili, different from those who used the dichotomous thinking way of subject and object or put undue stress on analytical techniques, emphasized, based on his ontological theory of mind, that it was necessary to pay attention to the intuitive method with integrality so as to comprehend real existence. In inner psychology intuition was understood as instinct or impulse; however, Xiong regarded it as a high - level spiritual appearance transcending intellect. In the traditional doctrine of "sudden enlightenment" intuition was momentary and suddenly enlightening; however, Xiong was against cutting off the connection of intuition with experience and logical thinking, noticing the "intuition after speculation". Moreover, what Xiong paid greatest attention to was intuition of good instead of intuition of knowledge (including intuition of artistic creation and scientific invention). In other words, what he was concerned with was how to transform moral qualities acquired through intuition into moral actions in practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Embryo Materialistic Interpretation of History in the Traditional Chinese Conception of History Wei-ping CHEN 2001, 33 (5):  115-124, 146.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.010 Abstract ( 47 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1371KB) ( 4 )   Save The initial aspect of the Chinese people' s acceptance and identification of Marxist philosophy was its materialistic interpretation of history; however, the connection of this fact with the historical soil supplied by traditional Chinese philosophy was neglected in past studies. The traditional Chinese conception of history taking aim at "comprehensively grasping ancient and present changes" is quite similar with the materialistic interpretation of history in many respects; for example, affirming historical progress and changes, paying attention to the economic factor and mass strength, and exploring objectivity of the historical tendency and unity of the tendency and historical laws. All this provide an intellectual soil for accepting and identifying the materialistic interpretation of history. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The New Frankfurt School's Interests in American Pragmatism Shi-jun TONG 2001, 33 (5):  125-140.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.011 Abstract ( 49 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1945KB) ( 2 )   Save Juergen Habermas, the German Philosopher who visited ECNU earlier this year, is the major figure of the so - called New Frankfurt School. As a result of a new understanding of the relation between theory and practice, this School, in sharp contrast to the first - generation Critical Theorists represented by Horkheimer, highly values the philosophical tradition of American pragmatism. To Habermas, the idea of "critique" is, both substantially and methodologically, closely connected with the idea of "praxis" in the following senses: communicative action, rational argumentation, public discussion and political culture. At all these levels, from more abstract to more concrete, Habermas critically appropriates important resources found in American pragmatists from Peirce through Dewey to Rorty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Some Problems in Generalized Modal Logic Mian FENG 2001, 33 (5):  141-146.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.012 Abstract ( 58 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (603KB) ( 1 )   Save There are some theoretical problems in the study of generalized modal logic. Modal logic is involved with not only logical possibility but also actual possibility. The two possibilities both have important disparities. We may use the possibility operator to make an analysis of the Ross Paradox. A tense analysis of deontic paradoxes is useful. It can make us understand the relativity of obligation and eliminate the deontic paradoxes. As an expansion of classical logic, generalized modal logic has both advantages and disadvantages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The DifBcult and Perplexed Reconstruction of Modern Chinese Aesthetics of Literature and Art Guo-ming YIN 2001, 33 (5):  147-161.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.013 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1837KB) ( 2 )   Save In the process of construction of modern Chinese aesthetics of literature and art there are still some difficulties and perplexities in ideology and national cultural psychology. First, there is a "perplexity of - ism", which is mainly referred to the interference from authoritative speeches. Secondly, there is a "fear of aphasia", which is related to the obstruction of conventional speeches. Thirdly, there is a "possibility of weightlessness", which is connected with conflicts between different Chinese and Western theoretical systems and their influences. Finally, there is an "impoverishment of original creation", which is mainly referred to some cultural and mental causes for absence of the innovative spirit. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Hero and the Monsters: Values in Beowulf Reconsidered Nai-yin LIU 2001, 33 (5):  162-168.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.014 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1124KB) ( 1 )   Save This thesis re - examines the narrative of fights between the hero and the monsters in Beowulf and the nature of its major episodes and additional characters. It concludes that Beowulf shows a tragic sense of human existence, questions the value of wealth and virtues affirmed by the fighting tribes, and appeals to reason for a more rational life, a life not based on plundering and killing. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Tentative Study on Zhang Ailing's Techniques of Imagery Zi-dong XU 2001, 33 (5):  169-175.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.015 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1061KB) ( 1 )   Save Under the pen of Zhang Ailing, no matter what she described was the scenery in a special situation or a certain abstract feeling, she always displayed a tendency of writing something fictitious by something actual". Those clever metaphors were developed into abundant images full of suggestions, and plentiful trivial and colorful objectified images turned to the writer' s method against fears in her understanding of desolation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Second Exposition on Methods and Approaches to the Study of Globalization Hai-yan TANG 2001, 33 (5):  176-183.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.016 Abstract ( 51 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (763KB) ( 2 )   Save In recent ten years the research on globalization has been one of the focuses in academic circles at home and abroad; however, the domestic research falls behind in general. There are many different views and warm disputes in the research, some of which are related to the methods adopted in the research. We should use correct views of history to examine the birth of globalization, use a systematic theory to study the development of globalization, use scientific dialectics to analyze the result of globalization and study the role of nations, and use views of international political economics to reveal the essence of globalization. All this will help us make further researches on many important issues in the process of globalization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Harm of Dollarlization and the Asian Monetary Cooperation Ze-min HUANG, Wen-lei LU 2001, 33 (5):  184-191.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.017 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (990KB) ( 0 )   Save Although the Asian monetary crisis has passed for years, the problem of the international monetary system still exists. Recently, many Asian countries have come back to the exchange rate regime that pegs to the US dollar, which has been a main cause for the monetary crisis. And even more seriously, these countries tend to have their each currency dollarlized. No doubt, there are negative effects of dollarlization in the interest rate and exchange rate aspects. Dollarlization may cause serious problems in Asian countries. In the current international monetary system it may be a better way for Asian countries to strengthen their monetary cooperation so as to benefit their exchange rate regime arrangement. There are indeed many difficulties, but with the deeper economic cooperation among Asian countries the monetary cooperation is still possible. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on the Evolution and Duality of Fictitious Economy Ying-li PAN 2001, 33 (5):  192-203, 210.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.018 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1584KB) ( 0 )   Save The definition of fictitious economy is now quite contused m our academic circles because of different judgement criteria. The determination of the fictitious economy connotation should start from Karl Marx's definition of fictitious capital. The development of fictitious economy may be divided into two stages. The first stage was from the 17th century to 1960s; in a narrow sense the fictitious economy was in its embryonic state, and in a broad sense it displayed its certain periodicity. The second is the age of financial globalization, which began after the collapse of the Bretton Woods System in 1970s. The fictitious economy in its true sense has expanded at a high speed and presents some structural features. Viewed from the angle of relations between securities exchanges, investment funds (such as mutual funds and pension funds) and financial derivatives markets with real economy, fictitious economy produces its positive and negative dual effects on real economy. Meanwhile, it promotes the social economic welfare on the one hand and reduces the social economic welfare through its influence on the direction of social investment and the structure of income distribution on the other. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Encouragement Model and Restraint Mechanism for the Enterprise Management Run-kui JIN, Li-xin LI 2001, 33 (5):  204-210.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.019 Abstract ( 48 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (920KB) ( 0 )   Save In present the annual - salary system and the stock - right encouragement model represent two material encouragement patterns for the enterprise management prevalent in developed countries. Some of our state - owned enterprises are conducting tests of the two patterns. According to the practice at home and abroad, no matter which is the annual - salary system or the stock - right encouragement model, they both can not become a uniform encouragement pattern in our country. Starting from our specific national conditions, we should promote a kind of pluralized encouragement patterns in our state - owned enterprise management; for example, stock - holding pluralized pattern, quasi - public servant pattern, non - stock - holding pluralized pattern, and contracted encouragement pattern. In the meanwhile the restraint mechanism for the management must be set up and improved so as to check some possible opportunist risks. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Normalization of the Instrument for Administrative Enforcement of Law Bao-ying GUAN 2001, 33 (5):  211-217.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.020 Abstract ( 52 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (676KB) ( 0 )   Save The normalization of the instrument for administrative enforcement of law includes the normalization of the name, the class, the process of execution, and the object, of the instrument for administrative enforcement of law. The restriction of the instrument for administrative enforcement of law is an indispensable link in our administrative government by law. We must strengthen a legal control over the instrument for administrative enforcement of law so as to systemize the employment of the instrument, to make the instrument correspond to the authority of administrative subject, to program the operation of the instrument, and to locate the responsibility of improper employment of the instrument. References | Related Articles | Metrics