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15 November 2001, Volume 33 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Some Issues about the Study of China and History of the International Cold War Jian CHEN 2001, 33 (6):  16-25.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.005 Abstract ( 70 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1387KB) ( 6 )   Save The Cold War was characterized by a confrontation between the two superpowers——the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Yet China's position in the Cold War, in many key aspects, was not peripheral. Why did the Cold War fail to evolve from a "cold war" to a global "hot war"? One reason was that with China and East Asia standing in the middle it became less likely for the two competing ideologies. The Cold War was not only referred to the fighting caused by allotting the international rights, but also represented a crucial part taken by opposite ideologies in the development of international relations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the U. S. Strategy of the Pacific-Area Expansion in the Early 20th Century Zhi-sen YU 2001, 33 (6):  26-33.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.006 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1162KB) ( 3 )   Save The early 20th century U. S. government's strategy of expansion in the Pacific area was to make the Pacific an "American inland sea". To achieve this goal, Americans took many measures that included building a passage way over the Pacific Ocean, occupying the Philippines as a springboard into China mainland, putting forward the "Open Door" policy, and trying to maintain a balance of power in East Asia by making use of Japan to control China and restrain Russia. Such a strategy had its economic motives and historical origins. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Value of Travels of XU Xia-ke Shen HUANG 2001, 33 (6):  34-41.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.007 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1243KB) ( 6 )   Save As a fine historical writing, it must be true, good and beautiful. The truth of history reflects not in concepts but in social phenomenon. It is the scholars who are independent, free from all the fetters, and fond of learning and deep thinking, for example, XU Xia-ke, that can make a true account of an era. A good historian should have a strong sense of social responsibility and spirit of deep reflection and criticism when the facts are fully revealed. He can go in and out of his studies. The science of history is a science of human beings. It can not be no feelings and emotions. It can not evade the feelings and emotions of a social community and an ethnic group. The appearance of Travels of XU Xia-ke supplies an example of a combination of liberal arts and history, a combination of science and history. The top goal of history is not a ture record but an objective lesson for people in future. The reason why XU Xia-ke wrote down his travel notes was that he considered them as a piece of immortal social work, not as a personal glory for the time being. Travels of XU Xia-ke, a most direct, true and active account of South China in the late Ming Dynasty, is a history in the form of travel notes. It is worthy of a true history. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of The Thirty Years of the CCP by HU Qiao-mu Yi-ping ZHOU 2001, 33 (6):  42-50.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.008 Abstract ( 53 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1116KB) ( 8 )   Save The Thirty Years of the CCP written by HU Qiao-mu, was a most influential book on the history of the CCP during the period from the initial stage of new China to 1960's. The book has a positive role and value in politics and scholastic studies, and has some limitations as well. Based on a realistic and scientific attitude, we should affirm its positive aspects and deny its negative aspects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Administrative Safeguard De-hai JIANG 2001, 33 (6):  51-56.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.009 Abstract ( 64 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (800KB) ( 4 )   Save The most essential funciton of government by law is to safeguard against misuse of power and have control over power. In government by law the most important expression of the lawful spirit of controlling power is administrative safeguard. It includes substantial safeguard, procedural safeguard, and ideological and moral safeguard. The substantial safeguard represents the most general content in administrative safeguard, in which the legal safeguard is fundamental. The procedural safeguard is the center of administrative safeguard, and all forms of substantial safeguard have to be realized throuth the procedural safeguard. The ideological and moral safeguard is the purpose of administrative safeguard. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Critical Consciousness of Chinese Philosophy——A Response to Professor Metzger Zhen-hua YU 2001, 33 (6):  57-64.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.010 Abstract ( 60 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1116KB) ( 2 )   Save Mr. Metzger, an American professor, recently published a review on the book, How Is Metaphysical Truth Possible——A Critical Exposition of Modern Chinese Philosophy. This is a responsefrom the author. In the response the author points out Professor Metzger's some misunderstandings in his reading of the book. Ideas on some fundamental questions in both Western and Chinese philosophy are also exchanged with Professor Metzger. Most importantly, a great effort is shown to demonstrate the criti-cal consciousness of Chinese philosophy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From the Awakening of "Ego" to the Establishment of Principle of Freedom——A Tentative Exploration of the Process and Logic of Modern Chinese Enlightenment Philosophy Breaking through Holism Xiao-hong LIU 2001, 33 (6):  65-71.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.011 Abstract ( 70 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1161KB) ( 3 )   Save It is an inevitably confronted problem in the transition process from conventional to modern society to smash the bonds of holistic system of values and set up a new value system based on individual independence, freedom atid right. Carrying on the enlightenment thought in the turn of Ming and Qing dynasties, and taking the rediscovery of individuality of human existence as a breakthrough, modern Chinese enlightenment philosophy set about to charge the essentialist tendency represented by Neo-Confucianism and relevant authoritarianism and absolutism. To value and demonstrate the ego, to have speculative discussions on the relationship between individual and collective, and to positively affirm non-rationalism, all this expressed, philosophically, those modem thinkers' concerns of human individual existence and its freedom. According to modern enlightenment philosophy, when the principle of freedom is to take place of holism in the relationship between collective and individual, an internal slave-like personality must be got rid of, and an external institutional suppression must be broken through as well. The former finds a primary expression in a pursuit of independence of individual personality and personal freedom, and the latter, a pursuit of political liberty and civic democratic rights. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Ritual Performance of Chinese Village Girls——An Investigation into the Cult of Kengsan Maiden in Two Villages of Songjiang County Qin-jian CHEN 2001, 33 (6):  72-78, 128.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.012 Abstract ( 61 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (932KB) ( 1 )   Save Until 1960's a ritual performance focusing on the cult of Kengsan Maiden was prevalent in the Songjiang region, south of Shanghai. The performance consists of a complex sequence that unfolds itself like an embryonic dramatic form. There are four main steps: going out to meet the deity, showing veneration, to the deity, inviting the deity to act, and sending off the deity. In this regard the performance parallels other forms of popular veneration in China, where the gods are invited to come down, asked to carry out a particular ritual or magical action and then sent off with fanfare. In China deities are not considered to exist in one place all the time but to travel from place to place. The performance is at once a form of religious veneration, a source of entertainment, and an outlet for creative and emotional expression by young women who are the primary practitioners. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Ethical Relation and the Mutually Beneficial Principle in Chinese Village Communities——An Investigation into the Present-making Practice of Zhangze Villagers in the Sonjiang District of Shanghai Wei-lie GU 2001, 33 (6):  79-83.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.013 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (756KB) ( 1 )   Save The Zhangze people in the Songjiang district of Shanghai have a customary present-making practice, which reveals their human relations, ethics and mutually beneficial principle. The present-making has a dual funciton of fulfilling moral obligations and expressing emotions. The local folks are used to making and preserving their "auspicious accounts". This custom, still popular today, accurately records those major events in the villagers' social contacts and depicts their social networks. Also, there is a conventional custom of "arranging an adopted relative's marriage", which moulds a mutually beneficial mechanism among villagers. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Investigation on Living Environments and Customs of Chinese and Japanese Villagers Xi-xiang ZHU 2001, 33 (6):  84-90.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.014 Abstract ( 62 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1042KB) ( 8 )   Save This article is a comprehensive comparative study on different living environments for Chinese and Japanese villagers. Based on the data from on -the -spot investigations, some fundamental differences between them can be pointed out. First, Chinese emphasize a choice of living environment, whereas Japanese an arrangement of it. Second, there are more customs in building houses in China than in Japan. Third, Chinese have fewer scruples in the arrangement of house furniture, while Japanese housing involves more factors of religion and faith. Fourth, basically there is no preservation of old-style houses in Chinese villages, but Japanese villages keep traditional houses and avoid reconstruction. Finally, living in Chinese villages is considered on the principle of reserving high-quality houses to the following generation, yet Japanese stress seniority in this respect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Landholding System before Liberation in Shanghai Songjiang District Feng JIAN 2001, 33 (6):  91-95.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.015 Abstract ( 59 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (685KB) ( 1 )   Save The investigation focuses on some features of traditional rural economy, especiall land-holding and land-tenure systems in the Songjiang district of Shanghai before liberation (1949). In East China, the capitalist form of land ownership, coupled with population increase, fostered a development of a large class of tenants, and their livelihood was contingent on their arrangements with a landowner. Their subsistence insecurity was derived from the system of land tenure and casual wage labor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Test of Efficiency of Shanghai Stock Market Ji-sheng HUANG, Yi-ming CHENG 2001, 33 (6):  96-102.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.016 Abstract ( 48 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (810KB) ( 3 )   Save The efficiency of a security market is referred to the pricing efficiency that reflects the asset value in the security market. Through a test analysis of the efficiency of Shanghai stock market, the conclusion is drawn that the Shanghai stock market was non-efficient before 1996, but since 1997 it has been in a period of transition towards weak-form efficiency, far from strong form as yet. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Interest Rate, Saving and Investment in Developing Countries——A Theoretical Synthesis and a Policy Frame De-sheng YIN 2001, 33 (6):  103-108.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.017 Abstract ( 81 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (577KB) ( 7 )   Save A micro model of the saving-investment activity, based on the theory of life cycle, is built here. The deposit has different roles in different stages of wealth accumulation. The interest rate has an operational mechanism on total saving, investment and demand of currency, which is based on a macro model. Using the micro model, we may prove the compatibility between Ronald Mckinnon's hypothesis and Edward Shaw's hypothesis, and the lag of interest effect is analyzed. How to define the total investment and saving and the demand of currency in China is an imperative problem. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Several problems Requiring Hastening Resolution in the Process of Agricultural Marketization Guo-xiang JIANG 2001, 33 (6):  109-115.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.018 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (901KB) ( 1 )   Save In the course of agricultural marketization, the situation of agricultural industry is converse to the macro-economic environment. The reduction in prices of agricultural products and in increase rate of a peasant's income has lasted for four years. To make things worse, the year 2000 saw a great drop of agricultural output. Now it is a crucial time for agricultural industry after reform and opening up in 1980'. It has become the most serious problem to increase a peasant's income and lighten his burden. What's more, the conflict between traditional small-scale production in agricultural industry and market-oriented economy should be alleviated as soon as possible. The other two problems, the course of de-ru-ralization of agriculture population needs quickening its steps and reinforcement of agricultural protection should be also carried out without delay. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Outlook of the Manager's Income Distribution Mechanism Bo-geng CHEN 2001, 33 (6):  116-120.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.06.019 Abstract ( 46 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (682KB) ( 0 )   Save The distribution of a manager's income has distinct characteristics, for the management is of high intelligence, heavy-laden, outstanding achievements and contributions. The basic distribution principle for a manager's income is that of distribution according to work, achievenment, dedication and investment. There are three major problems concerning the distribution of manager's income. First, the encouragement and restriction are not well balanced. Second, the income distribution is not well regulated. And finally, the ratio of floated income to fixed income is not in line. Both material and spiritual encouragement should be applied to the establishment and optimization of manager's inspiration mechanism. The annual payment system, stock option planning, and assets mortgage are major forms of material encouragement. As to strengthening the restriction mechanism, restrictive measures inside an enterprise should be combined with those outside an enterprise. Only if the inspiration mechanism and the restriction mechanism are combined effectively, the principle of giving priority to efficiency and concurrently giving consideration to justice can be fully realized. References | Related Articles | Metrics