华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2001, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 3-28.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2001.05.001

• 文学  语言 •    下一篇

华夏考

詹鄞鑫   

  • 收稿日期:2001-07-10 出版日期:2001-09-01 发布日期:2025-12-19
  • 作者简介:第一联系人：

    1984年7月笔者将有关甲骨文字考释的一组文章汇集成《研契论从》(油印稿)在西安举行的中国占文字学会第五届年会 1:交流，稿中《释华》·文即本文雏形，草于1981年，是硕士学位论文的局部内容。该文在年会上获得裘锡圭、李学勤先生的肯 定。李先生还建议在字形上进一步搜集资料加以比较。在论文答辩时，徐复先生又指示章太炎《中华民国解》曾提出“华”“夏” 二字作为民族之称与上占地理有密切联系。经前辈老师指点，遂萌生把甲骨文“华”和“夏”同考虑的念头，并陆续搜集考释 资料。但此后一直无暇动笔，只在一些论著中以注文形式就“华”字的考释先作提示，如H作《卜辞训诂四则》(《语言研究》 1984年1期85 贞)和《神灵与祭祀》(67 页注②，江苏占籍出版补1992年)等。这个问题酝酿近二十年之久，最近因胡范铸兄 极力敦促才完成写作，写作中曾与沈培兄交换看法，水蒙提出许多宝贵意见。对各位帅友的帮助，在此一并表示谢忧，

A Research in "Hua Xia

Jin-xin ZHAN   

  • Received:2001-07-10 Online:2001-09-01 Published:2025-12-19

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摘要：

在殷墟甲骨文中, “华”“夏”二神具有与“河”神相似的崇高地位, 这点提供了揭示华夏文明起源和“华夏”名称来源的重要线索。然而, 百年来这两个字一直被误释为“岳”和“”。本文主要通过甲骨文字形与周秦两汉古文字中已确认的“华”、“夏”等字的形体比较, 考释甲骨文“崋”(华)“夏”二字。“华”和“夏”本来都是地理上的名称, 分别指华山和大夏。两者对峙于黄河南北, 遥遥相望, 迤逦相连, 自古以来就流传着“河”神擘开“华、夏”的神话。由此得以理解甲骨卜辞“河”、“华”、“夏”三神相提并祀在认识上的根源。“华夏”一带正是上古尧舜禹和商周秦各代相继据有的核心重地, 被视为“中土”。“华”“夏”由此转化为“中国”(指中土)的代称, 而与“四方”、“四夷”相对; 又以处“中”之义转化为“中华”、“中夏”之称, 均为地域概念; 然后以地域文化的内涵转化指“中国”人民。“华夏”作为民族之称, 代表的不是血缘上的, 而是地域文化意义上的民族概念。论文分四部分: 一、释甲骨文“崋”; 二、释甲骨文“夏”; 三、“华”“夏”地望及开辟神话; 四、“华”“夏”地位与华夏族称。

关键词: 甲骨文, 崋(华), 山川祭祀, 夏, 夏字本义, 右宗, 大夏地望, 巨灵神话, 华夏地位, 中土, 中国, 中华, 中夏, 华夏民族

Abstract:

In the oracle - bone inscriptions of Yin times both the gods of "Hua" and "Xia" had a similar high position with the god of "He" (river), which afforded an important clue for revealing the origin of Hua - xia civilization and the source of the term "hua xia". In the past hundred years, however, these two characters were always misinterpreted as "yue" and "nao". "Hua" and "Xia" were originally geographical terms, referring to Hua Mount and Great Xia respectively, which were located in and connected by the opposite south and north banks of the Yellow River. And there was a legendary myth about the god of "River" who ripped "Hua" and "Xia". Accordingly, the fact that the three gods were mentioned together in the inscriptions could be understood from their cognitive source. The region of "Hua Xia" was just a core place that was occupied in succession by Yao, Shun and Yu and by Shang, Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and was regarded as "zhong tu" (middle land) and further an alternative name of "zhong guo" (literally, middle country, that is, China), as opposed to the "four directions". Then, its implication of regional culture was transformed and referred to the people of "zhong guo" (the Chinese people). As a name of the nation, "Hua Xia" represented a national concept in the sense of regional culture instead of blood relationship.

Key words: oracle - bone inscription, hua, xia, China, the Chinese nation