华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (6): 46-56.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2022.06.007

• 政治哲学研究 • 上一篇    下一篇

论马基雅维利“政治难题”的当代变奏

王时中   

  • 接受日期:2022-10-15 出版日期:2022-11-15 发布日期:2022-12-03
  • 作者简介:王时中，南开大学哲学院暨政治哲学与和谐社会建构研究中心教授（天津，300350）
  • 基金资助:
    国家社科基金一般项目“五四以来科学观念的变迁与马克思主义的深度中国化研究”（项目编号：19BZX019）

On the Contemporary Variations of Machiavelli’s “Political Dilemma”

Shi-zhong WANG   

  • Accepted:2022-10-15 Online:2022-11-15 Published:2022-12-03

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摘要：

马基雅维利《君主论》与《论李维》之间的主题差异，显示了“君主”与“人民”之间存在着“错位”，如何弥合这种“错位”构成了近代以来政治思想中常读常新的“政治难题”。葛兰西以“现代的无产阶级政党”与“民族—人民”之间的统一关系，实现了“君主”与“人民”的可能和解；施米特的“主权决断论”从政治神学出发，重新定位了“创建”与“维护”、“革命”与“秩序”之间的关系；阿尔都塞则将马基雅维利的“政治难题”解读为一种“革命的乌托邦”。在现代中国，马基雅维利的“政治难题”表现为“自由”与“国家”之间难以两全的“悖论”，这个“悖论”构成了百年来中国政治思想交响曲的主基调，至今还是一个亟待突破的思想困局。

关键词: 马基雅维利, 政治难题, 自由, 国家

Abstract:

The difference between the themes of Machiavelli’s The Prince and Discourses on Livyshows a “dislocation” between the “monarch” and the “people”. How to reduce this “dislocation” has always been a new “political dilemma” since modern times. Gramsci realized the possible reconciliation between the “monarch” and the “people” through the unity between “modern proletarian party” and “nation-people”. Based on political theology, Schmitt’s “sovereignty decision” re-positioned the relationship of “creating” and “maintaining” and that of “revolution” and “order”. Althusser interpreted Machiavelli’s “political dilemma” as a “revolutionary utopia”. In modern China, Machiavelli’s “political dilemma” is expressed as a “paradox” between “freedom” and the “state”. This “paradox” has constituted the keynote of the symphony of Chinese political thought over the past century, and remains as an intellectual dilemma to be overcome today.

Key words: Machiavelli, political dilemma, freedom, state