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15 March 2014, Volume 46 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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文学与现代性

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How to Create “Universality” in a New Way?: Kojin_Karatani’s “Written Language and Nationalism” and the Idea of “Particular Universality” 2014, 46 (2):  1-15.  Abstract ( 1297 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (620KB) ( 1687 )   Save In its rereading of Saussure on the one hand and Derrida’s and Tokieda Motoki’s reading of Saussure on the other, Kojin Karatani’s “Written Language and Nationalism” shows a methodological awareness of the “surface reading” and how to reread classics with this method as well. Similarly, this paper interprets Karatani’s work at two levels: we not only read the discussion of Karatani but also interpret how he read Saussure on the one hand and Derrida’s and Motoki’s reading of Saussure on the other hand. In addition, Derrida’s direct response to Karatani lets us see closely the rereading of the reader, which helps to form a complete process of reading. It is in a series of rereading that Karatani criticizes important Oriental and Western theories of language. His critique is not only a critique of language, but also a critique of modernity - especially a critique of modernity based on the special historical experience in East Asia, that is, the complicated relations among Western, Japanese and Chinese languages. However, it is not a critique of universality from the perspective of particularity since Karatani tries to universalize his “Japanese issue”. “Written Language and Nationalism” demonstrates a valuable effort to recreate universality through particularity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The “Urban Narrative Group” and “Non-Western Modernity”: On the Relation between the Concept of Decadence in Leo Ou-fan Lee’s Shanghai Modern and Modern Literature as a Discipline as well XIA Wei 2014, 46 (2):  16-23.  Abstract ( 855 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (658KB) ( 2193 )   Save Shanghai Modern was once misunderstood as a “spokesperson” of the official mainstream ideology, but it is in fact a serious academic work. Its contributions can be described in such a way: it uncovers the “urban narrative group” represented by Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying, which has been ignored in modern Chinese literature as a discipline before 1980s due to the “decadence”; it discovers two typical “non-Western” modernity in modern Shanghai, that is, “identity depression” and “criticism deficiency”, so that it illustrates a feasibility of examining modernity through modern literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

文学

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Aesthetic Emotion and Will, Social Concern, and Humanistic Ideal: On the Similarities between The Literary Mind and The Carving of Dragons and Marxist Aesthetics LU Xiao-guang 2014, 46 (2):  24-32.  Abstract ( 693 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (756KB) ( 1707 )   Save The study of Wenxin Diaolong (The Literary Mind and The Carving of Dragons), which is a classical work of literature theory in ancient China, needs a new approach of putting it in the context of the “world literature”. On the other hand, the literature theory in Marxist aesthetics, which originated from the West, also requires a new way to combine itself with Chinese cultural resources so as to realize its development in contemporary China. This paper explores the similarities between Wenxin Diaolong and Marxist aesthetics from three aspects, namely, aesthetic emotion and will, social concern, and humanistic ideal. Related Articles | Metrics

儒学研究

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The De-metaphysicalizing of the “Dao”: Ogyu Sorai’s Attempt at Constructing Politicized Confucianism during the Tokugawa Period in Japan WU Zhen 2014, 46 (2):  33-40.  Abstract ( 851 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF (602KB) ( 1568 )   Save The Ogyu Sorai School in the intellectual history of Tokugawa takes it as its mission to revive the Dao of Confucian sages and subvert the Neo-Confucian metaphysics. In deconstructing the Neo-Confucian concept of Tiandao, Sorai claims that “the Dao is a general name”, the Dao “is created by former kings”, the Dao is diverse, etc. In this way, he emphasizes that the Dao is a posteriori, artificial and concrete so as to subvert the a priori, abstract and metaphysical Dao. After the de-metaphysicalization and de-moralization of the “Dao”, he attempts to construct a Japanese type of politicized Confucianism. Ogyu Sorai is against the opinion of rejecting the Dao of Confucian sages since cultures of different lands are different. He argues that the ritual and music system from Dao has universal applicability in achieving virtue. On the other hand, he claims a principle which is also suitable for Japanese society: the system even arranged by sages should change with time because of the historical diversity of the Dao. In this sense, Ogyu Sorai’s doctrine of the Dao is characterized by concrete universality. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Mou Zongsan’s “Moral-history Teleology” LU Xing 2014, 46 (2):  41-46.  Abstract ( 761 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (456KB) ( 1516 )   Save Mou Zongsan’s historical philosophy inherits Hegel’s basic ideas such as “spiritual dialectics” and historical progress. However, he reconstructs in a Confucian way the “spirit” that controls and drives the world history process, highlighting the moral connotation of the “spirit”. The integration of Hegel’s “progress teleology” with traditional Confucian “moral teleology” forms “moral-history teleology” with distinctive characteristics of modernity. Promoted by morals, the purpose of national history is to establish the nation-state, and the purpose of world history is to realize datong, the “great union of the world”. Mou’s concept of datong illustrates the transformation of Confucianism from tradition to modernity. Related Articles | Metrics

政治哲学研究

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The Issue of the Present and the Double Dimensions of Historicism WU Guan-jun 2014, 46 (2):  47-55.  Abstract ( 681 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (592KB) ( 1402 )   Save Taking the recent heated debate on China’s particularities among Chinese scholars as its starting point, this paper endeavors to tackle the issues of the present and particularism at a philosophical level. It consists of four parts. Firstly, the paper addresses the question why the present matters significantly to sociopolitical deliberations. Then it moves on in discussing the inner ambiguities of Hegel’s historicism, and the problems of Leo Strauss’s anti-historicist thesis. The last section of the paper proposes a dialectics between the particular and the universal, and argues that once (re)viewing the “China model” topic from the perspective of the Foucauldian “ontology of the present” as critical ontology, participants of this current debate will be able to free themselves from the factionalist opposition between “Rightists” and “Leftists”, and turn the debate into a more productive one. Related Articles | Metrics

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International Relations, Morality and Moralism: An Ethical Examination of Realism REN Jun 2014, 46 (2):  56-63.  Abstract ( 837 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (525KB) ( 1506 )   Save In Western theories of international relations, realism is an important tradition. The relation between the theory of global justice and realism is an issue that political philosophers have to treat seriously. On the one hand, we should clarify that morality is relevant to international relations and criticize the strong version of realism in order to pave the way for the theory of global justice. On the other hand, we should notice that it is not morality but moralism that contemporary mainstream realism represented by Hans Morgenthau rejects. In this sense, the theory of global justice seems compatible with temperate versions of realism. They present two indispensable perspectives for the normative study of international relations. Related Articles | Metrics

历史

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The Tianxia Consciousness of Baekje and the Tianxia Order of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties LI Lei 2014, 46 (2):  64-71.  Abstract ( 724 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (789KB) ( 2489 )   Save In the historical trend that different ethnical groups began to build their own regimes after the disintegration of the great union of the Easter Jin Dynasty, Baekje represented a typical performance. With the tianxia Consciousness, Baekje formally constructed a unified political system and shared a same cultural world with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The reason why the King of Baekje obtained a title in Baekje’s first presenting tribute to the Eastern Jin lies in the international situation and respective domestic demands at that time on the one hand and the fact that the king family of Baekje was the offspring of Buyeo on the other. Since then, almost each King of Baekje sent an envoy to the court of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties to accept the former king’s title at the beginning of his reign. In the 5th century, especially after the King Dongseong submitted to the imperial court, it became a usual practice that the officials in Baekje must be appointed by the court of the Southern Dynasties. Compared with King of Dangchang and King of Henan, King of Baekje enjoyed special privileges from the imperial court in terms of absorbing the culture system of the region of jiangzuo due to their cultural and emotional identity. Baekje and the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties shared the same tianxia order, and the decline of the Southern Dynasties also caused the decline of Baekje. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Establishment of the Unemployment Insurance in Weimar Germany Meng Zhongjie 2014, 46 (2):  72-81.  Abstract ( 679 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (567KB) ( 1229 )   Save Since the end of the 19th century, unemployment had become one of dominant phenomena in German society. However, the unemployment insurance was shelved by the imperial government due to many disputes. During the World War I, in order to get the support from the working class, the imperial government changed its position and started the reform of the poor relief system. It was not until 1927 that the unemployment insurance system was finally established in Weimar Germany. Nevertheless, a fuse that caused directly the decline of Weimar democracy had been buried in this insurance system since it was at best a product of complicated social relations, postwar political transmission and economic fluctuations. Weimar government regarded it as a way to control and solve social crises and it failed to foresee financial capacity and possible development in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Eternality and Historical Change: Livy’s Understanding of History in Ab Urbe Condita WANG Yue 2014, 46 (2):  82-87.  Abstract ( 835 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (562KB) ( 2357 )   Save Collingwood, a prominent philosopher of history, claims that a defect in Greek and Roman Historiography is substantialism, which is based on the concept of substance in Plato and Aristotle. According to Collingwood, substantialism has determined the way to describe Rome in Livy so that it remains eternal from the very beginning of its foundation with distinctive institutions and unique spirits. However, Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita shows how Rome changed from her beginning to Livy’s own age. Augury, senate, legion and other institutions were in the course of evolution, and Roman virtues declined with the accumulated wealth from abroad. In effect, Livy understands history in an evolutional way. Related Articles | Metrics

民俗学研究

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Economic Folklore: To Explore the Trace of Identity Economy TIAN Zhao-yuan 2014, 46 (2):  88-96.  Abstract ( 707 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (553KB) ( 1733 )   Save Folklore economy is very prosperous in today’s China, but economic folklore hasn’t been started until the late 20th century and has merely focuses on the arrangement of general resources of folklore economy. Economic folklore and folklore economy, as the basic object of economic folklore, are two important categories, between which there are both distinctions and connections. A large-scale investigation of Chinese folklore economy resources is required in order to build a database for the development of such resources. Political and institutional culture has a crucial impact on folklore consumption custom. Folklore economy is very significant to cultural continuity and identity. Consumption custom constitutes one of the core driving forces for economy. Folklore ecology is comprehensively related to the development of economy. As an enormous knowledge system, economic folklore requires a systemic construction. As for the productive protection of intangible heritage, which is a cultural focus in recent years, we should go beyond the simple perspective of production and solve the survival predicament of traditional intangible heritage by constructing culture identity so as to effectively promote the benign development of intangible heritage. Related Articles | Metrics

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The “Unusual” Cuisine and Escape Culture in China’s Southern Minorities WU Xu 2014, 46 (2):  97-102.  Abstract ( 759 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (625KB) ( 1593 )   Save With the development of agri-tourism in China’s southern minority villages, some unique local diet customs (the so-called “unusual” cuisine such as wild, raw and stinky food) become a heated topic in media and among common people. The unusual cuisine, widely recorded and commented by Chinese scholars in history, has been taken as the label of minorities’ alienness and primitiveness. From the perspective of escape culture, this paper argues that such cuisine had important cultural functions in helping minority peoples escape from the state control. The “savage” food reduced the importance of staple food (i.e., rice), avoided the accumulation of surplus food and served as markers of boundaries between minorities and plain states. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Myth of “a Stone Buddha Floating on the Sea” and Shanghai Regional Image Construction BI Xu-ling 2014, 46 (2):  103-109.  Abstract ( 706 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (642KB) ( 1299 )   Save As a famous myth in Chinese history of Buddhism, “a stone Buddha floating on the sea” happened in Shanghai in the Six Dynasties. It is said that a stone Buddha floated to Hudu seaside, and it was finally placed in Suzhou Tongxuan Temple. This myth was advocated by Emperor Jianwen of Liang in an article. The Tang Court sent officials to visit the Buddha and then duplicated it in Chang’an City. The myth was also painted in Dunhuang Grottoes and spread oversea. The myth, which originally happened in Hudu, became national. Since the Song Dynasty, Shanghai region has started to compete for the resources of the myth. Clouds Chorography (Yunjian Zhi) applies it to construct the early history of Jing’an Temple, and develops new plots, including a story that the stone Buddha was placed first in Hudu Chongxuan Temple (Jing’an Temple) in Shanghai. Records of Temples (Siji) in the Southern Song Dynasty, Collected Poems of the Eight Scenery Spots at Jing'an Temple (Jing’an Bayong Ji) in the Yuan Dynasty and other chorographic writings construct the sacred history of Shanghai regional society. Shanghai gradually controlled the discourse power of the myth. Jing’ an, originally a name of a temple, became a name of a central area in Shanghai. “Hudu”, the birthplace of the myth, became the landmark of Shanghai and even its new name. The evolution of the myth reflects that mythical resources have unique value in the construction of local society, and it also shows that Shanghai local society sticks to the mythical resource. Related Articles | Metrics

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Towards Landscape Narrative: Modern Evolution of the Form and Function of Legends: A Case Study on Fahai Cave and Leifeng Tower YU Hong-yan 2014, 46 (2):  110-117.  Abstract ( 685 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (689KB) ( 2654 )   Save Landscape narrative is a narrative system comprised of many elements such as images, sculptures, billboards and tour guide manuals with legendary characters and plots as the premise and landscape buildings as the core. When the function of traditional oral narrative in modern society becomes weaker and weaker, landscapes undertake more and more narrative functions of narrating legends and inheriting legend values. This is a remarkable feature of modern folklore. The personage “Fahai” in the legend of the “White Snake” has been gradually transformed into the visual landscape “Fahai Cave”. The positive image of Fahai has been reconstructed, playing an active role in constructing regional politics and culture. The reconstructed Leifeng Tower extends the legend to real life surrounding the landscape by narrating systematically the legendary plots closely related to Leifeng Tower. This is a typical case that the legendary landscape surpasses the linguistic form. Today, folk legends are rather presented by landscapes than spread orally. In this way, the regional image is improved and local tourism is developed. Legends have become important resources of the cultural industry and regional politics. Behind this evolution, economic factors overwhelm moral factors and regional demands replace value demands. Related Articles | Metrics

低碳经济与可持续发展研究

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Industrial Structure Low-Carbon Optimization under Double Targets in Chinese Industrial Sectors: To Achieve Emissions Reduction Target of 2020 ZHANG Yun and DENG Gui-feng 2014, 46 (2):  118-124.  Abstract ( 967 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (663KB) ( 1270 )   Save China faces dual pressure of emissions reduction on international climate negotiations and domestic economy transformation, and Chinese government has announced the specific quantitative targets in 2020. This article constructs an industrial model with double targets to analyze the results about industrial output and employment maximization with constraint conditions including emissions intensity, water resource, employment, upper and lower bounds, of output value and nonnegative constraint. The result confirms industrial structure low-carbonization is an effective way to achieve the emission reduction target. And the simulation results after adjusting the parameters confirms that output increase can help achieve emissions reduction target of 2020 under certain condition. Therefore, China need to keep industrial growth and try industrial structure low-carbon optimization in transformation period of economic development pattern, and strictly controlling the growth rate of highly polluting industries is the breakthrough point. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Comparison Study of Effect on Emission of FDI and Domestic Capital: An Empirical Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data LIN Ji and YANG Lai-ke 2014, 46 (2):  125-130.  Abstract ( 1013 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (448KB) ( 1377 )   Save The rapid expansion of foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates high-speed economic growth in China, and inevitably results in the increase of CO2 emission. This paper compares the impact of FDI and that of domestic investment on CO2 emission based on provincial panel data of China from 1999 to 2011. It shows that there is a long-term relationship amongst CO2 emission, foreign investment, domestic investment, industrial structure and urbanization level. Although investments from both domestic and foreign enterprises increase CO2 emission in China, the foreign enterprises have less impact on CO2 emission. A 1% increase in FDI leads to increase CO2 emission by 0.22% and CO2 emission per capita by 0.20%. A 1% increase in domestic investment leads to increase CO2 emission by 0.42% and CO2 emission per capita by 0.32%. The panel data analysis also shows the raise of the secondary industry proportion and urbanization level increase CO2 emission in China significantly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Research on WEEE Extended Producer Responsibility between America and Japan and Its Implication LV Jun, PANG Ya-nan, and CHANG Xin-yuan 2014, 46 (2):  131-137.  Abstract ( 785 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1165KB) ( 1412 )   Save Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) are polluting global environment. Many developed countries are implementing extended producer responsibility (EPR) to efficiently take back and reuse WEEE. America and Japan are the countries that have implemented EPR for a long time and have similar electronic products as China. This paper argues that the main characters in American EPR are collective collection, collective recycling and cost allocation mechanism. American collection and recycling system is based on collective producer responsibility, while Japanese collection and recycling system is based on individual producer responsibility. In American financial system, producers are charged, and cost allocation is based on the combination of return share and market share. In Japanese financial system, end-users are charged and information is traced with the use of circulating receipts. China should learn from the implement models of America and Japan in order to design reasonable fund levy mechanism, develop subsidy allocation mechanism, implement IPR mode and cultivate consumer environment consciousness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Verification and Measurement of Environmental Cost Based on Material Flow Balances ZHANG Xiu-min, CAO Liu-long and FENG Xiao-yu 2014, 46 (2):  138-144.  Abstract ( 863 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (867KB) ( 1118 )   Save In current environmental management practice, the connotation of environmental cost definition is still very inconsistent.Especially on the environmental cost confirmation caliber and measurement methods, there are still obvious discrepancy. So it’s essential to verify and measure enterprise environmental cost. From the view of environmental management accounting (EMA), intention and category of environmental cost is investigated, based on its various interior decision-making functions. Then material flow balances is introduced, and corresponding appraise project and process program are presented. And consistency check of information system is further discussed. Thus the data of production technology in the processing and financial account numbers can be compatible with each other. By improving the multiple material management flow balance, the material management system of the enterprise and inventory storage system improvement can be achieved, as the core of environmental cost assessment results. To a certain extent, it can help the integration of enterprise environment information systems and financial information system. References | Related Articles | Metrics

批评与争鸣

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Fundamental Goals and Core Ideas of International Chinese Education: A New Analysis Based on “Emotional Geopolitics” and “International Understanding Education” HU Fan-zhu, HU Yu-hua, and LIU Yu-min 2014, 46 (2):  145-150.  Abstract ( 725 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (746KB) ( 1793 )   Save What are the goals of international Chinese education? Some valuable possible answers are the following: the acquisition of Chinese language proficiency, the construction of communicative ability, the realization of economic interests, and the spread of Chinese culture. However, a series of questions appear: How shall we deal with the relations between these goals? Is there any goal that is more important than these ones? What is the core that goes through these goals? International Chinese education is by no means a simple way for language teaching or cultural dissemination. We can do more than strengthening Chinese economy and enhancing China’s international political status through international Chinese education. In essence, international Chinese education is a sort of “international understanding education” based on language proficiency training. It is a process which can affect “emotional geopolitics” and it should be an important power which can create emotional communication in the international society. Related Articles | Metrics