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15 May 2020, Volume 52 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Panorama of the Study of Chinese Grammar in the West in the Past Three Hundred Years LI Bao-jia 2020, 52 (3):  1-24.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.001 Abstract ( 315 )   HTML ( 286 )   PDF (4217KB) ( 371 )   Save This thesis describes the trajectories of modern Western scholars' study of Chinese language by examining more than 60 works of Chinese grammar in the West. Generally speaking, in the 17th century, Dominican School studied Chinese grammar based on a "Latine vision", making a comparative study of Chinese and Latin grammars; in the 18th century, Romance School studied Chinese grammar based on "Western grammar frame+Chinese function words and semantic syntax", combining Chinese and Western methods; and in the 19th century, Germanic School studied Chinese grammar from a "perspective of linguistic typology", with theoretical and methodological innovation. A panorama of the study of Chinese grammar in the West in the past three hundred years can help to further explore the history of cultural exchanges in the world, the history of linguistics in the world, the history of Chinese studies in the West, and international education of Chinese language. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Goals and Achievements of the Creation of Minority Characters in New China: A Case Study of Monguor Characters DU Min, LIU Zhi-gang 2020, 52 (3):  25-34.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.002 Abstract ( 453 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (1521KB) ( 287 )   Save Initially, the creation of minority characters aimed to change the backward cultural state of minority ethnic groups to fit socialist construction and development as soon as possible, improve the educational level and the cultural quality of minority ethnic groups and accelerate the development and inheritance of minority languages and cultures. The creation of Monguor characters in 1979 fully guaranteed the freedom of the Monguor people to use and develop their own native language and characters, which showed the responsibility of the Monguor intellectuals for the development of their native language and culture. To some extent, it also promoted the development of the Monguor language and culture. According to the investigation of the actual situation of the application, trial use of the new Monguor characters has ceased since 2001. The original goals were not realized effectively. Judging from the perspective of the development laws and social functions of a written language, Monguor characters lack the mass base and fail to effectively expand or make up for the communicative functions of the oral Monguor language. The role of Monguor writing in literacy education is limited. Related Articles | Metrics

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Confucian Political Philosophy: The State of the Field HUANG Yong 2020, 52 (3):  35-46.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.003 Abstract ( 420 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (1910KB) ( 285 )   Save In recent Confucian studies in the English-speaking world, Confucian political philosophy, which has long been regarded a weak spot in the Confucian tradition, has become the most prominent area of interest. There are two unique features of this interest in Confucian political philosophy. On the one hand, instead of being exclusively focused on interpretations of relevant Confucian classics, it aims to bring the ancient Confucian tradition to bear on the social and political issues we are facing today. On the other hand, it is carried out in living dialogues with prominent Western political philosophers, which makes it possible for Confucianism to make its unique contributions to contemporary political philosophy. This trend in the interest of Confucian political philosophy has produced high quality works in, among others,(1) virtue politics,(2) state perfectionism,(3) distributive justice, and(4) Confucian democracy, each of which includes a number of creative positions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Why Confucianism Is not a “Virtue Ethics” XIAO Yang 2020, 52 (3):  47-57.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.004 Abstract ( 450 )   HTML ( 22 )   PDF (1847KB) ( 309 )   Save The flourishing "Confucian virtue ethics" has its blind spots and prejudices. When "Confucian virtue ethics" gradually becomes the mainstream, the "ethical" tendency and the tendency of an "ethical theory" make us away from rather than close to Confucianism. A virtue ethics is not a theory of virtue, and to prove that Confucianism is a "virtue ethics," one has to show not only that virtue is an important concept, but also that it is a basic concept in Confucianism. As an ethical theory, standard virtue ethics has a "global hierarchical structure". However, Confucius' doctrine is closer to a non-standard ethical theory with a "global non-hierarchical structure". From Confucius and Mencius, we can reflect on the independence dogma of ethical theory. Furthermore, the concept of "virtue ethics", which is derived from the standard typology, is not appropriate for Confucius and Mencius's "ethics in a broad sense" or "ethical-political economy". Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Paradigm of Political Discourse Analysis HU Jian 2020, 52 (3):  58-69.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.005 Abstract ( 531 )   HTML ( 20 )   PDF (1917KB) ( 284 )   Save The traditional paradigm of political research, from Plato, Aristotle to Enlightenment thinkers and behaviorist political researchers, mostly focuses on political structure, value and power operation and distribution. Combining politics with linguistics and communication science, Ruth Wodak created a paradigm of political discourse analysis. This paradigm mainly uses the critical discourse analysis created in 1990s. Introduced into Chinese academic circle at that time, the critical discourse analysis was mainly applied in linguistic studies at the initial stage but rarely in the analysis of political phenomena and political practices. In her research of "politics as usual", Wodak constructs a theoretical frame for political discourse analysis via the field investigation of MEPs' daily discourses, reveals the truth that politicians and political actors are "doing politics", and the truth behind the political practices conducted by "behind-the-scene backers" and behind discourses by uncovering political fictionalization and the political practice of "fabricated agreement". Nowadays, politicians "do politics" in the environment of various new media and technology, which functions as a double-edged sword, has put "doing politics" at great discourse risks. Given this, the political research combining political discourse analysis, politics and linguistics has more theoretical and practical significance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sino-American Talent War in the Context of America's Online Public Opinions GAO Zi-ping 2020, 52 (3):  70-80.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.006 Abstract ( 403 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (3212KB) ( 181 )   Save Since May 2018, FBI and other American strong departments have initiated a series of negative measures that were detrimental to Sino-American talent exchange and academic cooperation. Subsequently, the Sino-American talent war broke out. After several rounds of official deliberate speculation, it seemed that the US authorities and citizens reached an extensive consensus on the talent policy towards China. The Sino-American talent war has turned into an important element in the new bilateral competition between China and the US. Based on an examination of the general history of the Sino-American talent war, this paper analyses the generative mechanism of America's online public opinions on issues concerning Chinese talents by means of big data and data mining. The result shows that some American right-wing politicos and strong official departments manipulate the public opinions and the so-called "social common sense" by populism means. Professional institutions and rational power from the two countries should work together to guide and control the trend of online public opinions, and lead the Sino-American talent war to go beyond the "fifth quadrant" and return to the normal track of benign competition. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Conversation by Writing and the Circulation and Interaction of Medical Knowledge in East Asia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties CHEN Ming 2020, 52 (3):  81-95.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.007 Abstract ( 379 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (3887KB) ( 234 )   Save The conversation by writing was a special way of cultural communication and also an important way to exchange medical knowledge in East Asia, including China, Korea and Japan. Although medical science was not a major topic in the conversation by writing, the medical content included in the conversations and especially the records between professional doctors reflect the transmission path and process of medical knowledge. Focusing on the conversation by writing in East Asia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this paper analyses the circulation and multi-construction of medical knowledge in East Asia by examining the spreading of medical knowledge and outlining the paths of internal spreading and external interaction of medical knowledge. The discussion about medicine in the conversation by writing in East Asia can be roughly divided into three stages. The exchange of medical knowledge was neither in a linear process nor in three parallel lines among China, Korea and Japan, but in a multi-layer and mutually mingled style. It is necessary to examine the internal circulation and external communication of medical knowledge in East Asia from the perspective of a global history. This kind of examination is also conducive to the research of the history of medical communication between Asia and Europe. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exchanges and Mutual Learning of the Knowledge and Painting Craft of Marine Animals between China and the West: A Case Study of Atlas of Marine Animals Collected by the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty ZOU Zhen-huan 2020, 52 (3):  96-106.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.008 Abstract ( 344 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (2500KB) ( 516 )   Save Atlas of Marine Animals Collected by the Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty is one of the five painting atlases collected in the Qing Dynasty, which illustrate marine life, birds, beasts and other animal subjects. It is the only atlas painted by a folk artist called NIE Huang and is also the earliest extant "composite image-text" on marine biology in China. The book has the duality of naturalistic knowledge and the art of painting natural animals. The "Ma fish" and "Jing fish" in the book on the one hand and the content in Chinese translations of Western books such as Answers from the West, Strange Western Fish Pictures and Sea Monsters Illustration on the other show an exchange of knowledge of marine animals between China and the West. Among them, the description of the "mermaid", from the perspective of imaginary animals, illustrates some knowledge interaction between China and the West concerning marine animals after the era of great navigation. As a painting atlas of natural science, Atlas of Marine Animals was not limited by the official mainstream painting style at that time. It shows the characteristics of traditional Chinese fish painting on the one hand, and absorbed the expression techniques of Western paintings of natural science on the other. Therefore, it serves as an outstanding historical text for the comparative study and mutual learning of fish knowledge and painting craft between China and the West. Related Articles | Metrics

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People-oriented Consciousness and Marxism: An Interpretation of LI Da-zhao's Thought before and after the May 4th Movement YANG Qi-yu 2020, 52 (3):  107-115.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.009 Abstract ( 287 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF (1656KB) ( 185 )   Save In the process of accepting Marxism, the early Chinese Marxists were greatly influenced by their own knowledge structure and the problems of the times. Correspondingly, this kind of influence made their interpretation of Marxism form a kind of Chinese expression differing from the classic texts of Marxism. As one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party, LI Da-zhao typically went through such a process. What was the impact of LI Da-zhao's people-oriented consciousness, as well as its derived ideas such as populism, nationalism and social responsibility, on his acceptance and interpretation of Marxism? How do they interact with each other? Further analysis and discussion of these issues will be conducive to a deeper understanding of LI Da-zhao's intellectual transformation before and after the May 4th Movement and the concrete ideological starting point of the spread of Marxism in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Meaning of Thusness(Tatathat) and True Unsullied Consciousness in the Buddha-nature Theory of Daśabhūmi-śāstra School SHENG Kai, CHEN Chao 2020, 52 (3):  116-124.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.010 Abstract ( 514 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (2078KB) ( 103 )   Save This paper explores the intellectual sequence of Daśabhūmi-śāstra School's theory of Buddha-nature with Thusness(Tatathat), true unsullied consciousness and other key concepts by investigating the texts of Daśabhūmi-śāstra School in Dunhuang documents as well as the works of Huiyuan(523—592), an eminent monk in Jingying Temple in the Sui Dynasty(581—619). The main aspects of this theory are as follows: First, it interprets Buddha-nature through the concepts of Thusness and the embodiment of truth and law(dharmakāya) and discusses the doctrine of existence and cultivation methodology of Buddha-nature with the concepts of ti(substance) and yong(function), yin(concealing) and xian(revealing); second, it interprets Buddha-nature with the concepts of Buddha's spirit, true Buddha-mind, and true unsullied consciousness, highlighting the subject state of Buddha-nature. This paper also explores the causality between Buddha-nature and Buddha-embodiment(buddhakāya), showing the identical Buddha-nature in both reincarnation and nirvana. In this way, truth, substance and the subject are unified. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Buddhism and Christianity on the Reconstruction of the Concept of “Heaven” in TAN Si-tong's Ren Xue ZHANG Xiao-lin 2020, 52 (3):  125-131.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.011 Abstract ( 353 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (1327KB) ( 126 )   Save TAN Si-tong's Doctrine of Humanness(Ren Xue) is a product of the comprehensive influence of Chinese and foreign intellectual traditions and the construction of its basic concepts reflects the confounding effect of different traditions. For example, the concept of "Heaven" in Ren Xue not only contains the traditional Confucian intellectual factors, but also is deeply influenced by Christianity and Buddhism. With the assistance of the Christian concept of "Heaven", TAN Si-tong reconstructs the concept of "Heaven" as the basis of human ethics in traditional Confucianism and transforms it into a metaphysical principle to demonstrate political, ethical and social equality. However, the Christian concept of "Heaven" with the God as an entity is de-substantiated in Ren Xue. In this process, the Buddhist thought of breaking the dharma attachment to "Heaven" in The Treatise On the Perfection of the Doctrine of Consciousness-Only(Cheng Weishi Lun) plays a direct role. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Third Space and Culture Vitality of Metropolitan Shanghai: A Case Study of Public Teahouses of Suzhou Pingtan in Shanghai FAN Chang-feng 2020, 52 (3):  132-137.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.012 Abstract ( 318 )   HTML ( 11 )   PDF (1097KB) ( 259 )   Save From the township economy in regions south of the Yangtze River in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties to the concession port trade and the urbanization in Shanghai, the cultural space of Suzhou pingtan(an art form of storytelling ballad singing in Suzhou dialect) teahouses has been strongly influenced by social changes as well as literary and artistic creation. As a theoretical tool of urban cultural research, the third space theory emphasizes spatial diversity, openness, negotiation and dialogue, which has great significance for cultural diversity and cultural power strategy of an international metropolis. Financial allocation from the cultural sector is a respectable effort for conserving and revitalizing traditional culture, but its spatial practice cannot produce culture vitality since it fails to provide internal motivation for cultural competence and creation. The cultural sector should consider how to wisely use the financial resources to activate cultural space vitality and creative enthusiasm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Folk Narration of Ancient Towns in Shanghai and the Creation of “Shanghai Culture” Brand YOU Hong-xia, TIAN Zhao-yuan 2020, 52 (3):  138-146.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.013 Abstract ( 395 )   HTML ( 21 )   PDF (1685KB) ( 307 )   Save "Shanghai Culture" mainly includes culture of Jiangnan(regions south of the Yangtze River), Shanghai culture, red culture and so on. Ancient towns, where the local culture and history originated, are important bearing space of "Shanghai culture". The key to shaping the cultural brand of ancient towns in Shanghai is to "tell the stories of ancient towns well". Folk custom constructs identity through narration and the multiple narrative theory of folklore can serve as the theoretical basis to establish the ancient town culture brand. By applying them, we can excavate and sort through the cultural genes contained in ancient towns in the multiple narratives of languages, images and behaviors, highlight the cultural and economic value of ancient towns, and make ancient towns an important force in shaping the brand of "Shanghai culture". The concept of folklore genealogy has a macro and overall influence on culture. It is necessary to establish the internal connections of various elements in "Shanghai Culture" on the one hand, and spread them to the outside world and exchange with multi-cultures and learn from each other on the other. Only in this way can it be more conducive to the shaping of "Shanghai Culture" brand. Related Articles | Metrics

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Can Comprehensive Housing Reform Promote Housing Equality?: Evidence from Natural Experiments in Guiyang YI Cheng-dong, XIA Xi, ZHENG Liang 2020, 52 (3):  147-159.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.014 Abstract ( 419 )   HTML ( 13 )   PDF (2244KB) ( 110 )   Save Great achievements have been made in China's housing reform with the orientation of the monetization of housing distribution since 1998. At the same time, there are still some lessons to be learned. There are two different patterns of housing reform: one is the gradual one implemented in the majority of the country and the other is the comprehensive housing reform piloted in Guizhou Province. The main difference between them is whether to redistribute the stock assets of public housing. Guiyang's housing reform practice provides a unique natural experiment for studying the impact of these two different patterns of housing reform on housing equality. Based on the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) from 1989 to 2011 and other data of city statistical yearbooks, this paper uses PSM-DID model to test the impact of housing reform patterns on housing equality. The result shows that compared with the gradual pattern, the comprehensive housing reform can improve housing consumption, promote real estate investment, keep house price relatively stable, and lower the housing inequality of consumption and wealth. The comprehensive housing reform also has different impacts on different groups working in the sectors of public ownership or non-public ownership in Guiyang, but the gap of their housing inequality is low. On this basis, this paper puts forward some relevant policy suggestions under an equity lens and summarizes the experience of local pilot projects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rental Housing System: Value Elements and Trilemma YAN Rong 2020, 52 (3):  160-168.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.015 Abstract ( 281 )   HTML ( 24 )   PDF (1642KB) ( 180 )   Save Since the movement of industrialization and urbanization, affordability, security, and accessibility have been the three value elements concerned in housing policy. Through rapid development and change, rental housing system in current China has been composed by market-oriented rental housing, informal housing, and affordable rental housing. There are many security risks concerning informal housing although it meets affordability and accessibility. Market-oriented rental housing can balance security and accessibility, but it has poor affordability. Affordable rental housing has the advantages of affordability and security, but it is lacking in terms of accessibility. There is a so-called trilemma because any of the three types of housing can meet only two value elements rather than all of there. In order to promote the stable, healthy and sustainable development of the housing rental market, we should give priority to the development of cost-based rental housing, strengthen inclusive housing policy, intensify safety supervision for rental housing, and enhance the synergy of supportive policies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Residential Integration of Public Housing and the Accessibility of Public Service Facilities: Based on the Empirical Analysis of Low-rent Housing Projects DUAN Fang, CUI Guang-can 2020, 52 (3):  169-179.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2020.03.016 Abstract ( 355 )   HTML ( 19 )   PDF (2509KB) ( 124 )   Save As an important reason for the controversy of centralized public housing in some countries and regions, the residential segregation is also a vital issue that we shall pay close attention to and avoid during accelerating China's housing security and supply system. As a basic policy choice, China should affirmatively implement the government-led residential integration policies, promote community housing integration by the continued improvement of community service and public service facilities, and alleviate and eliminate poverty among low-income families. The empirical analysis on the subjective evaluation and objective accessibility of the public service facilities of low-rent housing in Shanghai shows that there is no significant residential segregation as far as the allocation of public service facilities is concerned, while some projects still have much room for improvement regarding public service facilities' accessibility. The "vulnerability" of the social and economic characteristics of low-rent housing tenants should be fully considered in the allocation of public service facilities. Comprehensive supporting policies such as education, employment and community services should be amply used to broaden the formal and informal social networks of low-income families, which will eventually promote the socio-economic integration of low-income families while alleviating their housing burden. References | Related Articles | Metrics