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15 March 2002, Volume 34 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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From Aristocratic Liberty to Democratic Liberty——On Tocqueville's Liberalism Hong-tu LI 2002, 34 (2):  3-11.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.001 Abstract ( 41 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1161KB) ( 0 )   Save Tocqueville, although born of a noble family, rationally considered that an aristocratic society would decline and a democratic society would be coming, and that democracy was an important character of modern society. Accordingly, he made an analysis of characteristics, values and shortcomings of aristocratic liberty and the nature of democracy. He believed that in a democratic era it was impossible for liberty to be built on the basis of aristocracy, and meanwhile he was especially interested in how to avoid democratic despotism and how to avoid destroying liberty in the name of democracy. Hence, Tocqueville expected that the coming society was not only democratic but also liberal.In such a society the union of liberty and democracy would be achieved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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About the Customs of Ancient Thracians Jian SHEN 2002, 34 (2):  12-17.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.002 Abstract ( 66 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (930KB) ( 7 )   Save As one of the most ancient inhabitants in the Balkans, the Thracians left some cultural marks in history. Thanks to the records of some ancient writers, we can recognize that the Thracians not only had their own independent language and tradition, but also kept their special customs, which revealed evident features of the time and embodied characteristics and ethical values of the people. This comprises an important aspect that we should not ignore when we study such an ancient ethnic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Theoretical Reflection on the Multi - polarization Framework and China's Foreign Affairs Min-kai ZHOU 2002, 34 (2):  18-24.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.003 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (933KB) ( 3 )   Save Now people are quite concerned with the discussion of the world framework after the cold war. It is not purely an argument about the theory of international relations among scholars for the mono -polarization or multi - polarization. It is an objective requirement, and also an objective formulation and a subjective response to the variety of world paradigm and world framework in the post cold - war period. Any kind of description about a new world framework contains its objectivity, various value orientations, subjective predictions, and policy orientations. The multi - polarization in the 21st century will offer a lot of new features. The multi - polarization of international politics has become a developing tendency of history, which is independent of people' s will. Facing the trend of economic globalization and-political multi - polarization, China should grasp the opportunities of entering WTO and shaping the international alliance of anti - terrorism, keeping a prudential rein on the relations between China and U. S. A., between China and Russia, between China and Japan, and between China and neighboring Asian countries, and concentrating her forces to realize the "Three Great Tasks". References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Is It Possible for Transitional East European Countries to Draw Lessons from the East Asian "Strong Government Model"? Ye YANG 2002, 34 (2):  25-29.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.004 Abstract ( 49 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (722KB) ( 1 )   Save This article focuses on a new progress emerged in researching the transitional economy- a research of government functions in the period of economic transition of Central - East Europe. The East Asian "strong government model" is a typical successful case of "government substitution" in the market developmental course of developing countries. Although in the course of economic transition of Central -East European countries there is a "government substitution" to certain extent and in certain scope, those transitional countries should not draw lessons from the East Asian "strong government model" in a simple way. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Witchcraft and the Chinese Religious Spirit Jing-dong WU 2002, 34 (2):  30-35.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.005 Abstract ( 49 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (958KB) ( 1 )   Save What is the most basic spirit and trend of Chinese religion? It is witchcraft! There were extensive possibilities and wide space for existence of witchcraft in Chinese society. Taking this as a precondition and background, witchcraft was established and grew up in strength. It found expressions both in Chinese political life and daily life. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Primitive Confucian Theory of Virtuous Nature according to the Guodian Bamboo - slip Inscriptions in Chu Zhao-guo DAI 2002, 34 (2):  36-43.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.006 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1043KB) ( 1 )   Save It has always been an important issue puzzled by the intellectual circles that the developmental process from Confucius to Mencius theory of virtuous nature went through what changes. With the unearthing of the Guodian Chu bamboo - slip inscriptions, this situation has improved. The Confucian literature contained in the inscriptions unfolded an important link in the development of the primitive Confucian theory of virtuous nature, deepened Confucius theory of mind and nature, and provided a theoretical presupposition for Mencius' theory of the union of mind and body. Consequently, the Confucian theory of virtuous cultivation was preliminarily systematized, and the ideal of government by virtue showed its initial theoretical light, thus offering a foundation for Mencius who further expounded his Confucian theory of virtuous nature. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Reason for Refugees' Leaving Shanghai in 1860s Yan-ting SHAO 2002, 34 (2):  44-50, 87.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.007 Abstract ( 49 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (986KB) ( 1 )   Save The group of refugees existed commonly in past Chinese dynasties. Affected by natural and social environments such as wars and disasters, about one million refugees accommodated in Shanghai in 1860s, but most of them left Shanghai at last. The causes for their leave were as follows. The first was their motive of living to Shanghai, which predicted that if they could not make a living in Shanghai, they would leave firmly. Second, Shanghai's living conditions were very terrible in the time of 1860s. Restricted by the then standard of Shanghai economic development and the refugees' qualities, most of the refugees would be unemployed. Thirdly, the Qing Dynasty had taken effective measures to open up its virgin soil and reduce taxes. In most of the refugees opinion, since the soil was permanent, they would be back as soon as they learned the information. In conclusion, people' s notions were changed step by step, and the process of city modernization was also a gradual course. Accordingly, it was reasonable for the refugees to leave Shanghai in 1860s. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Second Discourse on the Wen Zi and Relevant Issues according to New Unearthed Materials Zhen-jiang NING 2002, 34 (2):  51-56.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.008 Abstract ( 60 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (917KB) ( 3 )   Save This article makes use of the latest unearthed materials about the Lao Zi to prove that the original Wen Zi began to appear as early as in the first half of the third century BC. The relationship between the current version of Wen Zi and the Huai Nan Zi can be explained in terms of the model of "Twice Copies". On the one hand, the Wen Zi quoted and used the Lao Zi, and on the other hand, the text of Lao Zi changed itself more or less in its spread owing to the influence of the Wen Zi. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Yuanyou Learning and Poets Guo-zhong PENG 2002, 34 (2):  57-64.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.009 Abstract ( 55 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 0 )   Save The majority of ci (a Chinese poetic genre) poets led by Su Shi in the Yuanyou period were scholars, or possessed certain scholar s characters. They had a common feature of "taking poetry as ci and meanwhile had various styles. They described national affairs and current events, which was closely linked with the critical spirit, comprehensive spirit, creative spirit and realistic spirit of the Yuanyou learning. Their inclination for argumentation and humanistic interests benefited from the learning too. However, at the same time the Yuanyou learning brought some abuses to those poets who had excessive arguments and liked using allusions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Sentimental Atmosphere of Lutan's Poems Hui-guo ZHU 2002, 34 (2):  65-69.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.010 Abstract ( 65 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (810KB) ( 0 )   Save A strong sentimental atmosphere characterized JIANG Lutan's poetry. The sentimental elements and features are discussed in this paper through a quantitative analysis of those images and words employed by Lutan in his poems. The flavor of times, his sorrow experience and his unsociable personality constituted the most fundamental elements of sentimentality in his poetry. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Functional Difference between Subject Word and Subjective Phrase Hu-yang QI, Ai-hong WANG 2002, 34 (2):  70-77.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.011 Abstract ( 58 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (896KB) ( 0 )   Save The subject word and the subjective phrase are two language units that have a similar function in a sentence structure, but they still have certain difference. In a specific syntactic context the free degrees of the subject word and the subjective phrase each as an element of sentence structure are quite different. The reason of the difference can be analyzed and explained. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Semantic and Pragmatic Study of "Give - type" Verbs Feng XU 2002, 34 (2):  78-87.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.012 Abstract ( 52 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1150KB) ( 0 )   Save The "give - type" verb asks for three obligatory semantic elements in a basic semantic structure. The verbs of different registers make different semantic demands, which include animacy, spatial quality, and control - orientated relationship between actor and dative. There are two models when obligatory semantic elements map to syntactic elements: one is complete - mapping, and the other is incomplete - mapping. Actually, these sentence types result from different functional requirements. The obligatory semantic elements also have some features in pragmatic changes such as ellipse, movement and transformation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Source and Evolution of the Phrase "Guo Zu" Shao-hua WANG 2002, 34 (2):  92-97.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.014 Abstract ( 57 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (927KB) ( 0 )   Save The Chinese term guo zu comes from different sources. The one can be seen in the phrase "guo zu bu ru qin" (from the Jian Zhu Ke Shu) and in "du kou guo zu" (from the Zhan Guo Ce), and the other in MO Zi' s words "lie chang guo zu". The two sources have developed into different meanings and usage. The former means hesitating to move forward, and the latter describes a weary traveler who hurries on, or the luggage and money he carries with him. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Nature of the Enterprise Group Dong-an YUAN 2002, 34 (2):  98-104.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.015 Abstract ( 50 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (933KB) ( 0 )   Save Since 1980s some scholars have done some researches on the nature of the enterprise group in the frame of transaction cost founded by Ronald H. Coase.The frame of transaction cost is nothing but a static method, so it can be only used to analyze which commercial transactions should be organized by the internal market of an enterprise group, which should be organized by the external market of an enterprise and/or an enterprise group, and which should be organized by the internal market of an enterprise in a static state. It can not be used to analyze the nature of the enterprise group in a dynamic state.Accordingly, the conclusions drawn from the frame of transaction cost have their limitations. If the factors of monopoly, competition and specialization are introduced into the frame of transaction cost, we may have a better understanding of the nature of the enterprise group. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of Effectiveness of a Company's Encouraging Policy Li-xin LI, Run-kui JIN 2002, 34 (2):  105-109, 124.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.016 Abstract ( 33 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (864KB) ( 0 )   Save Encouragement and restraint are two main aspects in a modern company. In the theoretical research of organization of a present enterprise, however, encouragement is usually paid much attention, while restraint is taken little notice.In fact, the substitutional restraint as the basis and destination of all restraints is not only the foundation of market economy but also enables an encouraging policy more perfect. The reliable substitutional restraint is also an encouragement. The personification of property rights can make substitutional restraint more reliable. This not only enables a manager to study on his job so as to obtain an entrepreneur s qualities, but also enables a qualified entrepreneur to take the place of a person who has a right of decision - making but lacks abilities, thus making a encouraging policy more effective. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comparison of Population Distribution, Migration and Urbanization between China and Japan Gui-xin WANG 2002, 34 (2):  110-117.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.017 Abstract ( 96 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1056KB) ( 3 )   Save China and Japan have similar cultural traditions in East Asia. The population development of the two countries is not only similar in population transition, population increase and population aging structure, but also similar in the comparative relation between their population and land. This paper mainly studies population phenomena of distribution, migration and urbanization affected deeply by the basic relation between population and land of China and Japan. Although there are some essential differences of the development of population distribution, migration and urbanization between the two countries and there is no evident "East Asia Model" in population transition, increasing and aging, there are many common characteristics in their developmental courses and expressive formations. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of Suburbanization of Shanghai Urban Population and Its Tendency Xiang-dong GAO, Shan-yu ZHANG 2002, 34 (2):  118-124.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2002.02.018 Abstract ( 49 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (854KB) ( 1 )   Save The population suburbanization is a new trend in the population development of big cities in our country. Since 1990 Shanghai has entered into the stage of population suburbanization. The majority of moving to suburban belong to ordinary urban people who live on their wages. In the coming twenty years the population suburbanization will be further strengthened. The population of the central city in Shanghai will reduce half; most of them will move to the outskirts. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics