华东师范大学(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2017, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (4): 1-11.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.04.001

• 特稿 •    下一篇

“结构的平行性”和语法体系的构建——用“类包含”讲汉语语法

沈家煊   

  1. 中国社会科学院语言研究所研究员 北京, 100732
  • 出版日期:2017-07-15 发布日期:2017-07-14
  • 作者简介:沈家煊,中国社会科学院语言研究所研究员(北京,100732)。

Structural Parallelism and the Building of a Grammatical System: Exploring Chinese Grammar in Terms of Class Inclusion

SHEN Jia-xuan   

  • Online:2017-07-15 Published:2017-07-14

摘要: "结构的平行性"是本地人语感的来源和表现,是语言成为一个系统的事实基础,在构建语法体系的时候,决定形式类(词类)的分合和句法成分类的分合,都要以结构的平行性为依据。重视结构的平行性,要着眼于大格局,不要纠缠于枝节。已经成熟的英语语法体系就是以结构的平行性为依据,建立在"类分立"的格局上。构建汉语的语法体系,以结构的平行性为依据,应该建立在"类包含"的格局上。具体说,汉语的"是"属于动词的一个特殊小类,是判断动词而不是别的;汉语的"没(有)"属于动词的一个特殊小类,是存现动词而不是别的;汉语的"在"属于动词的一个次类,是处在动词而不是别的。把"是、有、在"放在一起看,汉语的述谓语一律具有指称性,汉语名词和动词的关系因此呈名词包含动词的"类包含"格局。汉语的主谓结构是所谓—所以谓结构,"所谓"和"所以谓"都具有指称性。以结构的平行性为依据,汉语的句法成分宾语和补语呈宾语包含补语的"类包含"格局,补语是宾语的一种,即动态结果宾语;定语和状语呈定语包含状语的"类包含"格局,状语是定语的一种,即动态定语。要知道,不是只有"类分立"才能讲语法,"类包含"也能讲语法,对汉语而言,用"类包含"讲语法讲得更顺畅、更简洁。

关键词: 结构平行性, 类分立, 类包含, 语法体系, 汉语

Abstract: Structural parallelism, as the source and manifestation of native speakers' intuition of their language, is the factual basis for a language to become a system. In building a grammatical system for a particular language, it is important to depend on structural parallelism in dividing form classes and grammatical functions. Depending on structural parallelism, the well-established grammatical system of English is built on the setup of "class distinction". To build an elegant grammatical system for Chinese, we should also depend on structural parallelism and adopt the setup of "class inclusion". For instance, the word "shi"(be) in Chinese, as a judgment verb, constitutes a specific category of verbs; the word "you", as a verb indicating existence or possession, constitutes another specific category of verbs; the word "zai", similar to "there be" in English, constitutes a subcategory of verbs. Putting "shi", "you" and "zai" together, we can find that all predicates in Chinese are signifying something so that nouns "include" verbs. The subject-predict structure in Chinese takes a signifying form of suowei(signified)-suoyiwei(signifier). Based on structural parallelism, there is "class inclusion" as far as objects and objective complements in Chinese are concerned. In other words, objective complements are included in objects as dynamic resultant objects. Similarly, adverbials are included in attributives as dynamic attributives. We should adopt the setup of "class inclusion" rather than "class distinction" to analyze Chinese grammar. Only in this way can we simply and conveniently describe and explain Chinese grammar.

Key words: structural parallelism, class distinction, class inclusion, grammatical system, Chinese language