聚集居住与农民工工资——来自CLDS数据的实证

doi:10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2021.02.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

聚集居住对移民经济结果的影响至今在学术界仍充满争议。在中国背景下厘清这一问题，既有利于为后疫情防控时代“双循环”战略夯实内需基础，也是新型城镇化有序推进的本质要求。基于中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据库中的农民工数据，利用内生转换模型展开实证，探析聚集居住对农民工工资存在的影响及其程度和机制，结果发现：第一，聚集居住使农民工小时工资增长了50.8%；第二，影响机制上表现为聚集居住虽在一定程度上阻碍了农民工对本地技能的学习，但却更多地为农民工提供了人力资本溢出和社区网络支持；第三，正向影响在中等偏下和高工资农民工，以及男性、高技能和自雇农民工中尤其明显，社区网络支持对此显示出关键作用。上述结论对正确认识“城中村”“棚户区”等聚集居住社区在农民工市民化进程中的作用，改善农民工居住条件，促进农民工城市融合，具有重要政策含义。

关键词: 聚集居住, 农民工, 工资, 居住隔离, 经济融合

Abstract:

There is still some controversy over the effect of enclaves on migrants’ economic outcome in post literatures. Exploring this issue against the background in China helps to expand domestic demand for the “double circulation” strategy in the post-pandemic era, and also satisfies the essential requirement of the development of new style urbanization. Basing on the data of migrant workers in CLDS （China Laborforce Dynamic Survey） database, this paper conducts empirical research with the endogenous transformation model and tries to make clear the true effect of enclave on migrant worker’s income and its mechanism. The results show that enclaves increase immigrant workers’ hourly income by 50.8%. Although enclaves hamper the improvement of local skill of immigrant workers, they gain more spillover of human capital and supporting of social network. Moreover, the positive effect is more evidently in low-middle and high income, male, high-skill and self-employment migrant workers, with social network playing an important role. The findings help to understand better the role of enclaves such as villages and run-down areas in cities in the citizenization of migrant workers. Hence, we shall ameliorate the living conditions of migrant workers and promote their integration in cities, which is significant for policy-making.

Key words: enclave, migrant workers, income, residential segregation, economic integration

叶俊焘. 聚集居住与农民工工资——来自CLDS数据的实证[J]. 华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2021, 53(2): 146-163.

Jun-tao YE. Enclaves and Migrant Workers’ Income：Evidence from CLDS[J]. Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2021, 53(2): 146-163.

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	均值	标准差	观测值
结果变量
小时工资（对数值）	3.220	4.488	2 883
核心解释变量
聚集居住（社区人口组成：1=以外地人为主；0=以本地人为主）	0.489	0.500	3 367
聚集居住（社区形态：1=未改造的老城区、村改居住宅区、　移民社区、棚户区；0=其他）	0.720	0.449	3 375
工具变量
社区外来人口占比（%）	0.481	0.300	2 950
机制分析相关变量
本地技能（本地语言掌握程度：1=根本不会；5=完全掌握；　2、3、4介于其中）	3.467	1.539	3 331
社区质量（社区人均年收入：万元）	2.954	1.990	2 895
工作区位（工作地是否位于本社区：1=是；0=否）	0.824	0.381	3 254
个体层面特征变量
年龄（岁）	35.605	11.207	3 368
性别（1=男；0=女）	0.479	0.500	3 375
婚姻状况（1=已婚；0=未婚）	0.802	0.398	3 374
民族（1=汉族；0=少数民族）	0.910	0.286	3 375
受教育程度（年）	8.622	3.975	3 362
健康状况（1=非常不健康；5=非常健康；2、3、4介于其中）	3.830	0.862	3 372
迁移时间（年）	12.251	7.821	3 375
长期居留意愿（1=非常不可能；5非常可能；2、3、4介于其中）	2.629	1.472	3 331
原始社会关系（1=有；0=无）	0.342	0.474	3 375
社区层面特征变量
社区贫困程度（贫困人口占比%）	0.022	0.047	3 350

	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）	（5）
聚集居住	0.707^***（0.170）	0.590^***（0.165）	0.683^***（0.167）	0.662^***（0.166）	0.515^***（0.168）
地区FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
行业FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
年度FE	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
个体层面外生控制变量	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
个体层面内生控制变量（长期居留意愿）	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
个体层面内生控制变量（原始社会关系）	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
社区层面控制变量	No	No	No	No	Yes
观测值	2 880	2 869	2 831	2 831	2 809
R²	0.012	0.092	0.104	0.113	0.118

内生转换模型	聚集居住（ATE）	0.508^***^①（0.016）
	观察值	2 462
	沃尔德chi2统计量	142.01^***
内生性检验	稳健得分chi2统计量	16.303^***
内生性检验	稳健回归 F统计量	16.226^***
第一阶段回归	工具变量：社区外来人口占比	0.530^***（0.037）
	稳健F统计量	201.444^***
	观测值	2 462
	R²	0.157
弱工具变量检验	最小特征值统计量	201.731
弱工具变量检验	5%的沃尔德检验临界值	16.38

		其他核心自变量	剔除工资异常值样本	PSM处理后
		（1）	（2）	（3）
内生转换模型	聚集居住（ATE）	1.928^***（0.032）	0.258^***（0.002）	0.501^**（0.015）
	观测值	2 463	2 426	1 187
	沃尔德chi2统计量	305.77^***	225.25^***	36.10^***
内生性检验	稳健得分chi2统计量	8.223^***	15.305^***	9.616^***
内生性检验	稳健回归 F统计量	8.167^***	15.210^***	9.365^***
第一阶段回归	社区外来人口占比	0.110^***（0.035）	0.528^***（0.038）	0.464^***（0.056）
	稳健F统计量	10.175^***	196.034^***	68.012^***
	观测值	2 463	2 426	1 187
	R²	0.236	0.155	0.070
弱工具变量检验	最小特征值统计量	11.366	195.697	66.465
弱工具变量检验	5%的沃尔德检验临界值	8.96	16.38	16.38

	OLS	Oprobit
	（1）	（2）
聚集居住	?0.428^***（0.101）	?0.304^***（0.081）
观测值	2 881	2 881
R²/Pseudo R²	0.225	0.085