华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ›› 2000, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 100-107.doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2000.05.014

• 文学 语言 •    

看客论——试论鲁迅对于另一种“国民劣根性”的批判

缪军荣   

  • 收稿日期:2000-02-25 出版日期:2000-09-15 发布日期:2026-03-11

Of the Play-Looker: LU Xun's Criticism at Another Kind of "National Bad Habits"

Jun-rong MOU   

  • Received:2000-02-25 Online:2000-09-15 Published:2026-03-11

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摘要：

对于“国民劣根性”的批判是鲁迅先生毕生最重要的贡献, 其中, “精神胜利法”随着“阿Q”形象而家喻户晓。然而, 所谓“国民性”问题, 并不仅仅是一个“精神胜利法”所能概括的, 鲁迅先生还在各个方向就此作了深刻的探究和剖析, 对“看客”人格的批判就是其中一个重要的方面。“看客”人格的核心是“看戏的虚无党”, 通过“看”这一活动, 看众不断地拒绝和解构“崇高”, 于是, 悲剧和正剧在“看”中被转化成了滑稽剧。“看客”的心理是残酷的鉴赏、无聊的起哄、敌视的嘲笑与幸灾乐祸。“看客”其实是“吃人的同时被人吃”。为了使“看客”们“无戏可看”, 鲁迅进行了不懈的奋斗。

关键词: 鲁迅, 国民劣根性, 看客, 庸众, 残酷, 赏鉴, 悲剧

Abstract:

LU Xun's criticism of "national bad habits" is one of his most important contributions in his life. His generalization of "the national character" includes not only the so-called method of spiritual victory of Ah Q, but also another important aspect, that is, the personality of a play-looker. Through the activity of "seeing a play the audiences refuse or dismember the sublime again and again. Consequently, the tragic and the orthodox are turned into the farcical through "seeing". Mentalities of a person as an onlooker of plays include cruel appreciation, senseless disturbance, hostile irony and taking pleasure in others' misfortune. Actually a playlooker is eaten by others when he is eating others.

Key words: LU Xun, national bad habits, play-looker, vulgar audience, cannibalism, appreciation, tragedy