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描述 源服务器未能找到目标资源的表示或者是不愿公开一个已经存在的资源表示。
Land market reform is an important institutional variable which affects the urban-rural income gap. Using the data of 232 prefecture-level cities from 2001 to 2013, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of land marketization on the urban-rural income gap in China. It is found that land marketization significantly expands the urban-rural income gap at the national level, but there are regional differences in this impact. Land marketization in eastern China has narrowed the urban-rural income gap, while land marketization in central and western China has widened the urban-rural income gap. Therefore, from the perspective of the whole country, the land expropriation compensation mechanism shall shift from static monetary compensation to dynamic compensation, and reflect regional differences. In particular, the integration level of urban and rural land market in central and western regions should be improved. We shall also break away from the dual structure of unequal rights and interests in agricultural land and urban land, open up the urban and rural real estate market, establish a unified urban and rural land system and housing market, and promote equal rights and prices for same land. We shall properly handle with the relationship between the government and the market, reduce the government's improper interference in the allocation of land resources, balance the supply of land between regions, and encourage urban and rural residents in eastern, central and western regions to share the fruits of reform and development.
Based on the data of "Chinese Social Survey", this paper studies the intergenerational difference of migrant workers' housing difficulties and their influencing factors. The results show that the intergenerational difference is obvious. Through the analysis of the function mechanism of the intergenerational difference, it turns out that the intergenerational variables not only have a direct impact but also have an indirect influence on their housing difficulties. The factors of marital status, employment status, unit nature and area types have significantly different influence on two generations of the migrant workers' housing difficulties. Household income in the previous year not only has a significant negative influence on the housing difficulties of the old generation of migrant workers, but also has a significant negative influence on the housing difficulties of the new generation of migrant workers. Whether the new generation of migrant workers or the old generation of migrant workers, the probability of housing difficulties of migrant workers who rent low-rent houses and private rental houses is lower than that of migrant workers who rent dormitories. Therefore, the government shall take specific measures to ease the housing difficulties of different generations of migrant workers. To reduce the probability of their housing difficulties, we shall improve their income, increase the supply of rental housing appropriate to their affordability, supply common-property affordable housing for the married new generation, encourage and support employers to renovate dormitories or build high quality blue-collar workers apartments.
With the implementation of the "Universal Two-Child Policy", urban women's reproductive habits and fertility behaviors have gradually changed, facing the dilemma of career interruption due to childbirth and second childbirth. Focusing on childbearing and career interruption has become an important part of women's employment at current stage. Based on the yearbook and survey data, this paper uses the Fixed-Effect Model to measure the influencing factors of urban women's career interruption, and the Probit Model to analyze the influence of fertility on career interruption and its mechanism. The results show that women with stronger fertility and supportive desires are more likely to experience career interruption. The older childbearing age, as well as the longer birth interval, is more conducive to women's employment; family care, employment support and parental leave are positively affecting women's re-employment; maternity insurance, maternity benefits and childcare services have positive effects on avoiding career interruption; labor contracts, employment guidance and employment subsidies are important guarantees for women's employment; and gender discrimination can aggravate career interruption. We should improve the supporting policy for two-child families, establish a work-family balance mechanism within the family, strive to increase the stock of women's human capital, create an employment environment with high resilience, and establish a sound system of fertility and employment security.
Frontier literatures begin to pay close attention to technological progress bias problem, but generally ignore the mismatch between technological progress direction and factor endowment of developing countries. The role of FDI in the multinational technological progress direction transfer has been rarely noticed. Based on this, according to Acemoglu's technology progress bias model, this paper applies the three-equation method of standardized system to calculate the technological progress bias, using panel data to analyze the impact of American direct investment on China's technological progress bias. It also explores the role of technology gap in the transnational transfer which takes FDI as the carrier, and the difference between FDI's horizontal spillover and vertical spillover. The results show that:(1)The technical progress directions of China and the United States are both capital biases. FDI plays an important role in the multinational technological progress bias transfer, which is the reason why China's manufacturing technology progress direction and its factor endowment structure don't match. (2)The transfer effects of different FDI technology spillovers are heterogeneous. Horizontal spillovers and backward spillovers lead to China's capital technological progress bias. (3)There is a threshold effect on the technology progress bias transfer. The larger the technological gap between China and the United States, the more obvious the technology transfer effect.
Technology authority is a common phenomenon in heavy industry cluster. Taking a case of Shanghai Lin'gang equipment manufacturing cluster from the perspective of technology hierarchy and using structural equation model, this thesis analyzes the networking, cooperation and location of innovation under technology authority. Theoretical and empirical research reveals:technology authority is an important factor affecting heavy industry cluster innovation path, and the core firm has the absolute controlling force; the authority cause difficulties in innovation networking, and cluster members cooperate along industry chain, focus more on process innovation than product innovation, and depend on suppliers more than the market; to improve innovation location has no effect on alleviating technology hierarchy, so we should rethink the cluster mode innovation; innovation networking as an important intermediary factor is an effective way to break the technology authority, and the key lies in the efficient integration in manufacturing sector. In order to optimize China's heavy industry cluster innovation and accelerate its innovation upgrading, we should embed in a value chain and an innovation chain by embedding in a production chain through process upgrading to create innovation trends; we need to change the old way of cluster building, reducing the dependence on cluster innovation externalities and focusing on the optimization of manufacturing innovation position to avoid too much dependence on local markets and policies; we should also form a multi-vendor and multi-segment linkage by innovation networking.
Taking the manufacturing, financial, high-tech and cultural industry in the Yangtze River Delta region as the research object, and using the data from 1999 to 2015 of 36 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region to build eight spatial weight matrices, this thesis applies static and dynamic spatial Durbin model (SDM) for empirical analysis of the characteristics of industrial agglomeration development and its short-term and long-term direct, indirect and overall economic benefits to regional economic development. According to the empirical results show that financial agglomeration is unfavorable in the short term but beneficial in the long term to urban economic development. On the contrary, the cluster of manufacturing and high-tech industry is beneficial in the short term but unfavorable in the long term to urban economic development. The agglomeration of cultural industries is not conducive to urban economic development in the short term, and its influence on urban economic development is unclear in the long term. In order to stabilize the leading position of the Yangtze River Delta region in economic development in China, the government needs to ensure industrial agglomeration beneficial to urban economic development through breaking the administrative boundaries, making overall planning, intervening and adjusting its development direction and rhythm.
To study the specific mechanism of the impact of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase, this paper selects panel data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2005 to 2014 to test the threshold effect of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase. It shows that in the model, human capital level in the countryside, rural recreation and sports investment in fixed assets, agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets are threshold variables. In different intervals of different threshold variables, the promoting effect on farmers' income with the increasing level of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries has remarkable difference. Human capital level in the countryside, recreation and sports investment in fixed assets, agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets are unidirectional granger cause of the level of convergence. Therefore, the relevant departments should keep the agriculture, forestry and fishing investment in fixed assets at an appropriate level, cultivate new types of innovation talents and entrepreneurs in agriculture and enhance the integration of recreation, tourism and agriculture in order to improve the effect of rural convergence of primary, secondary and tertiary industries on farmers' income increase.
The early works of overseas studies of the Miao nationality were mainly influenced by colonialism and linguistic methods. During this period, the missionaries were the majorities conducting the researches. The first work on the Miao nationality, for example, was the French priest Francois-Marie Savina's Histoire des Miao. Later, the Miao studies became more and more diversified in terms of research methods, including anthropology. Anthropologists have become the main force in this stage. In addition, with the development of the Miao studies, local Miao scholars have also grown up and become the writers and researchers of the history of their own nationality. In this setting, how to understand the identity of the Miao nationality and the writing of its history has also become a problem that needs serious discussion.
The elderly living alone in urban areas form the most difficult group in home care and those aged 70 and above are more difficult among them. Investigating 3363 elderly aged 70 and above and living alone in Chengdu, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hohhot and Shanghai, and collecting and analyzing data on their income security, medical security, service security, participation security, environment security and their needs, this paper finds out that there are diverse characteristics on the need for caring and the group that need targeted care most is explicit. Therefore, the government and the society should improve some policy suggestions on targeted care for the elderly living alone in urban areas on the supply side, including strengthening the notion of targeted care, precisely selecting focus groups of the elderly living alone, exactly determining different care measures for the elderly living alone with different demands, exactly establishing a all-weather and multifunctional system of emergency service call for the weak people of advanced age, effectively advancing institutional care for the elderly living alone and quickly establishing database on the elderly living alone in community.
Although family caregivers can play an important role in providing old-age care services, they are still eager to get the support from the outside. As a result of long-term engaged in care work without any support, family caregivers tend to face a lot of physical, mental and social pressure. Therefore, many countries and regions have established various kinds of support policies for family caregivers, including practical, informational, social, psychological and emotional support policies. These policies can not only effectively protect the rights and interests of family caregivers, but also reduce the financial burden of the government. In recent years, the Chinese government has gradually begun to attach importance to the role of family care. However, the policy system and service content need to be improved. China should strengthen rules and regulations to provide financial aid and support services for relatives and caregivers of the elderly living at home.
With the faster speed of population aging and urbanization, the proportion of the elderly living alone in urban areas has risen rapidly. The issue of loneliness has attracted wide attention. The present study examined the prevalence and influence of loneliness among the aged population (those aged 70 and over) living alone in the cities in China. The data used are from the Aged Population Living Alone in Urban Areas Survey. We find that the participants had a moderate level of loneliness, with 40%, 45% and 15% reporting no, sometimes and often suffering from loneliness, respectively. But the heterogeneous groups among people had different risks of being lonely. Loneliness is associated with advancing age, females, widowhood, poorer income and poorer health. Less family support and losing relatives and friends significantly increases the risks of being lonely. More supports, including those from neighbors, community staff and volunteers, are needed to decrease the risk of feeling lonely for the elderly living alone.
Based on a literature review of comprehensive performance evaluation of government purchasing public services,this paper designs a model of the comprehensive performance evaluation of government's purchasing social services and then scientifically estimates its parameters by using the data of social services purchased by family plan system in Pudong New Area,Shanghai. The model consists of four sub-models,namely (1)standard of basic management system construction of the entrusted social service units;(2)organization management performance(Employee Engagement)of the entrusted social service units;(3)satisfaction of related government officials,and (4)satisfaction of service beneficiaries. This paper sums up some replicable and practicable methods for performance management and evaluation of government purchasing social services so as to institutionally make up the shortages of the institutional construction of government purchasing social services.
As the basic unit of China's administrative divisions,county is an important platform for the integration of urban and rural development. Under the background of a new era,with the increase of return migration and rural-urban migration within county,and the implementation of the strategy of rural vitalization, it is necessary to accelerate the development of county urbanization. On the basis of related theories on in-situ urbanization,this paper proposes the concept of in-situ urbanization within county. We believe that current characteristics of migration,villagers' migration intentions to move to cities,and national policies are the realistic basis for promoting county-level urbanization development. However,local governments are also facing some problems in the process of promoting county urbanization development. To accelerate the development of county-level urbanization are proposed,we shall increase villagers' abilities to settle in cities,pay attention to returning migrant workers,improve the attractiveness of small and medium-sized cities and small towns,and build distinctive towns.
In order to systematically analyze the policy effect of housing accumulation fund system,this paper subdivides it into three policy dimensions,namely,participation breadth,participation depth,and participation activity,based on the China Household Financial Survey(CHFS)data. We analyze the impact of the first housing,multiple housing,and housing wealth of urban employees in China according to the general life circle of family wealth. Using computation model and regression analysis based on the time series of historical background and sample age characteristics,this paper finds that there are differences in the policy effects of the three dimensions of China's housing accumulation fund system:participation breadth has obvious promotion effect on urban employees' ownership of housing;participation activity has obvious positive effect on housing ownership and housing wealth;participation depth has positive effect on housing wealth. Further date analysis also reveals that the benefiting surface of the housing accumulation fund system is too narrow,which reduces the general value of the system. Especially,the system has basically not been used to housing renting. This paper suggests that the system function orientation should be adjusted,opening the system's function on housing renting in order to construct balanced development of both housing renting and purchasing.
The aging of the population in China is becoming more and more serious and the three pillars of the pension insurance system are out of balance. In order to promote the development of commercial pension insurance as the third pillar and relieve the pension pressure,China has carried out the pilot project of the deferred commercial pension insurance system. The current pilot scheme adopts the so-called "one-size-fits- all"policy. However,under our calculation,some people will not receive tax concession under such a policy. Based on the revised tax rate table of personal income tax,we classify people according to monthly income and calculate corresponding pension tax rate. We put forward some suggestions to improve the current tax deferred pension system in China. Also,the income classification can be converted into the classification of the receiving amount. Finally,the sensitivity analysis of consumer age,retirement age,personal income rate and the threshold of personal income tax are given.
Judging from the volume of transactions in the international foreign exchange market,the yen has become the third largest foreign exchange currency in the world. The reasons why the yen has become a major international exchange currency are as follows. Firstly,Japan has three basic conditions,namely, economic power,trade power and moderate degree of dependence on foreign trade. Secondly,Japan has completely abolished foreign exchange control and established a highly developed financial market by promoting financial liberalization for a long time,thus creating a good market environment for the internationalization of the Japanese yen. Thirdly,through the channels of euro-yen bond,yen international bond,international direct investment and indirect investment,Japan has become a major net creditor country in the world,and the yen is not only universally accepted in Japan,but also has strong universal acceptance all over the world. Finally,the long-term value stability and low interest rate have made the yen a high-quality safe-haven currency and an arbitrage currency with good price,so that it is favored by international investors. We can learn much from the successful experience of the Japanese yen to promote the internationalization of RMB. We should give priority to the realization of free convertibility of RMB and then consider expanding the use of RMB in international transactions. We should build a highly developed domestic financial market and make it become one of the basic conditions for expanding the international trade of RMB. The stability of RMB value and exchange rate should be maintained to make it become an international asset preferred by international investors.
In the crucial period of RMB internationalization,the top priority for the monetary authorities is a market-oriented reform of the mechanism of RMB exchange rate and an establishment of a RMB exchange rate target zone. It is essential for the establishment of such a target zone is to determine the central exchange rate. Through Johanson co-integration test between nominal exchange rate and labor productivity,it is proved that there exists Barrassa-Samuelson effect in China. With this as the theoretical basis,the VEC model of RMB central exchange rate is estimated by taking into account policy objectives and other factors. According to the error between the central exchange rate and the average exchange rate,it can be determined that the fluctuation range of the target zone is ±[3%-5%]:When the fluctuation of the exchange rate of RMB against US dollar deviates from the central exchange rate within ±3%,the authorities need not intervene;when it touches ±3%,it is regarded as an early warning signal,and if it exceeds ±3%,the intervention depends on the specific situation;and interventions must be carried out when more than ±5%. To this end,the People's Bank of China should further deregulate general position of SSFE,and avoid to intervene passively;a small portion of the excess foreign exchange reserves should be used to set up an exchange stabilization fund to intervene in the foreign exchange market and manage the exchange rate,and the remaining excess foreign exchange reserves should be converted into gold reserves.
The correlation between inflation rate and actual stock return rate has always been one of the hot issues in macroeconomics. By constructing a theoretical model of asymmetric relations between stock return and inflation rate and establishing the Markov Regime-Switching VAR model to explore their relationship under the three-regime system,we come to some conclusions:Stock return is low under low inflation,the highest under moderate inflation and the lowest under hyperinflation,except the coexistence of "deflation and bull market" during the second half of 2014;by giving inflation rate a positive external impact,actual stock return changes reversely in three regimes,so that the "riddle of Fisher Effect" does exist in the A-share market of China;actual stock return rate and inflation rate also show a negative trend when the economic system transits between systems by innovatively applying the regime-switching impulse response function.
The "development view" believes that political connection can promote the performance of commercial banks through interest-transferred government project,while the "political view" believes that political connection can weaken the performance of banks by increasing the bank's non-performing loans through the government-guiding banks to implement economic policies. Based on the panel data of 14 commercial banks from 2007 to 2016,we study the impact of political connection on bank performance,and explore the moderating effect of government's macroeconomic goals and board governance. The empirical analysis shows that political connection can significantly improve the banks' financial performance,while political connection can also increase the banks' non-performing loan ratio. The macroeconomic goals will reduce the positive impact of political connection on banks' financial performance,but it will increase the positive impact of political connection on bank non-performing loan rate. Board governance structure does not affect the relationship between political connection and bank financial performance,but it will reduce the positive effect of political connection on banks' non-performing loan rate.
For a long time, the "resource curse" is an important issue that plagues the economic growth of developing countries. Can financial development effectively solve China's "resource curse" problem? It is necessary to explore whether financial development is an important transmission mechanism for "resource curse" to influence economic growth. To this end, we must explore the relationship between natural resource abundance and economic growth at different levels of financial development on a theoretical level by constructing a four-sector endogenous economic growth model that includes financial and resource elements; through the use of linear models and non-dynamic panel threshold models, it is confirmed that there is a "resource curse" phenomenon and its financial development threshold effect. The conclusions of theoretical and empirical studies show that there is a significant non-linear relationship between resource abundance and economic growth in China. Only when the level of financial development tends to be reasonable, the "resource curse" can be turned into "resource gospel". In view of this, if China's resource-based regions want to promote high-quality economic growth, they must commit to the rational development of finance.
Trade openness and carbon leakage have an important impact on China's emission reduction targets. By building a panel model, this paper empirically analyses the impact of trade openness on carbon emission intensity and total emissions of all industries in the industrial sector, and verifies the existence of carbon leakage. Based on the industry characteristics and structural differences, the input-output model is deduced to measure the direct carbon emission intensity and intensity of carbon emissions embodied in net export, which are used to classify the high-carbon and low-carbon industries as the standard for empirical tests and comparative analysis. The results show that there is no positive carbon leakage in industries of low net export embodied carbon emission intensity. In contrast, there is an inverted U-shaped curve between trade opening and carbon emission intensity in industries of high net export embodied carbon emission intensity and industries of low direct carbon emission, and the inflection point has appeared. The differences of empirical results confirm that there are obvious structural differences among different industries in China's industrial sector, and some industries may have negative carbon leakage effects. So China can play a beneficial role in opening up foreign trade to improve the environment, play a structural adjustment role in the direction of opening up policy, and adopt the policy of industry environmental regulation to restrain the development of high net export carbon industry.
With environmental issues being increasingly serious, green development has become one of the key ideas in Chinese social development progress. Analyzing the economic and social performance of Green M&A in energy-intensive industry, this paper finds that enterprises can significantly improve their economic performance through Green M&A. State-owned enterprises may sacrifice some short-term economic benefits in order to take more environmental protection responsibilities, but this decision will not affect the long-term economic performance of enterprises. In addition, the social performance of enterprises of Green M&A is not obvious. The reason may be that there is lagging effect in the social performance of Green M&A or that some enterprises use environmental protection as a gimmick to transfer economic benefits. In a word, Green M&A is a new choice for enterprises, and the government as well as related departments should guide and standardize policies more actively and effectively to promote the process of ecological civilization construction in China.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
