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15 May 2017, Volume 49 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The “Revolution within Abdication” in the Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Its Intellectual Background LOU Jin 2017, 49 (3):  1-15.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.001 Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 212 )   PDF (1255KB) ( 1106 )   Save As for the abdication mode prevailing in the Wei-Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was profound historical and intellectual background. It can be called as the "revolution within abdication". Under the influence of the legends about the abdication of Yao and Shun and the revolution of Tang and Wu, and with the modification of their implications to form a series of highly routinized abdication ceremonies, this mode confirmed the adaptability of the principle of selecting talent and worthy men both in an age of "the world of the people" and that of "the world of a family", and affirmed the positive relationship between the revolution conforming to Heaven and the people on the one hand and the abdication on the other. In this way, it provided a feasible approach to transfer power in a peaceful way in a time when sagely kings would no longer exist while the constant virtues had been established and solved the difficult problem of how to prove the legitimacy of the change of dynasties, which was key to the development of the dynasty system. In this sense, it should be regarded as a historical progress in ancient political civilization. Since it was still difficult to affirm the will of the people and the mandate of Heaven, the authorities appealed to policies in accordance with the political teachings of ancient sagely kings to prove that the change of dynasties did conform to Heaven and the people. Consequently, the mode was transforming from abdication to revolution. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Political Risks of “Internet Plus” and Their Prevention (Symposium) HAO Yu-qing, WANG Li-xin, HUANG Yong-peng, LIN Tuo, WANG Duo, SI Yang, WANG Zi-qi, WU Zhi-yong, KE Wei, ZHANG Jing-song 2017, 49 (3):  16-34.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.002 Abstract ( 279 )   HTML ( 10 )   PDF (1246KB) ( 956 )   Save Internet Plus means the coming of a new age. It has brought and will continue to bring tremendous reforms and even "revolutions" in political, economic, cultural and social fields for human beings. As a double-edged sword, "Internet Plus" may be beneficial to social development and political progress, but also can bring about some political and social crisis and even political instability. For Communist Party of China who pursues long-term governing, it is urgent to improve the leadership of the party, the way and capacity of governing in multi-dimension political space with the interplaying of the real and the virtual in the context of "Internet Plus". From the "marginal revolution" caused by internet games to the features of new media in regards to the ideological propagation, from the opening of information to public opinion guidance and from the supervision in the Party to administrative decision, we all need to study both possible positive influence of "Internet Plus" and the prevention of potential risks, so that we can enhance the Party's administrative authority and confidence via newly produced cyberspace. Related Articles | Metrics

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Rethinking the Enlightenment John Robertson 2017, 49 (3):  35-41.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.003 Abstract ( 605 )   HTML ( 16 )   PDF (725KB) ( 1437 )   Save The Enlightenment was a movement that aimed to improve human beings' life of this world rather than other world in the 18th century in Europe. It was meanwhile a movement in which thinkers preached their ideas to a wider range of audience. To rethink the Enlightenment, we should notice that thinkers of the Enlightenment not only criticized the power of religious authorities but tried to understand religion as well. Efforts were made not only to improve human beings' life of this world at the practical level but also to deeply understand the condition of human beings. The philosophers of the Enlightenment not only paid attention to "society" but also elaborated on the concept of the "public". In terms of the relationship between the Enlightenment and modernity, what is important is to inquire the conceptual histories of the "Enlightenment" and "modern"(or "modernity"), returning to the primary terms of the "Enlightenment", that is, "lumières" and "Aufklärung", and examining their relationship with the historical facts in the 18th century. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Scottish Origins of Cesare Beccaria's Enlightenment Thought: Focusing on His On Crimes and Punishments ZHANG Zhi 2017, 49 (3):  42-47.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.004 Abstract ( 219 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (543KB) ( 626 )   Save Besides French Enlightenment, Beccaria is influenced by Scottish Enlightenment, especially Francis Hutcheson and David Hume. Just like Hume, Beccaria emphasizes the value of a modern commercial society and tries to discuss this topic from the perspective of law. Influenced by the "science of human", his consideration involves some metaphysical themes such as justice and morality. Beccaria develops his own discourse by learning from Hutcheson when he considers the themes of legislation, laws and punishments from the perspective of social utility. He opposes the death penalty and torture, arguing that one of the principles of legislation should be "the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of individuals". With the development of his thought, Beccaria gradually attaches the importance to justice and humanism instead of happiness and utility. To study the relationship between Beccaria and Scottish Enlightenment can not only deepen our understanding of Beccaria but reveal the richness of and the interaction in European Enlightenment as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clausewitz and Military Enlightenment: An Investigation Based on War Metaphors LIU Shu-cai 2017, 49 (3):  48-55.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.005 Abstract ( 276 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (620KB) ( 837 )   Save The military enlightenment occurred along with the Enlightenment has been overlooked for a long time. The debate between enlightenment and anti-enlightenment in the military field at that time formed the intellectual background and starting point of Clausewitz's war discourse. Both sides of the debate useda structural metaphor to answer "What is war?". The affirmative side applied the metaphor of "clock" to stress that there were laws for war and material force played a dominant role in war. On the contrary, the opposition side used the metaphor of "drama" to highlight contingency and spiritual power. For Clausewitz, the clock metaphor neglected the roles of ideas and uncertain factors in war, while the drama metaphor underestimated the role of reason. Clausewitz argued that war is a complex trinity of reason, emotions and decisions based on practice. Providing a new understanding of the complex relationship between war, Clausewitz's idea brings insights for contemporary war and the Enlightenment study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Enlightenment Discourse and China's Faith Order ZHAO Cui-cui 2017, 49 (3):  56-60.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.006 Abstract ( 212 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (568KB) ( 606 )   Save Britain, France and the United States possessed three different kinds of enlightenment thought and practice mechanism, so they embarked on different ways ofsocial structure transformations and modern evolution. Not only the Enlightenment movement in Britain, France and the United States but also the essence of the Enlightenment emphasizes the rights of individuals and the spirit of freedom and independence. By contrast, in Chinese social tradition and cultural resources, "individuals" are always "private persons" restrained or squeezed by the general rules rather than the individualized individuals, and consequently the private seriously depends upon the public. In light of religious sociological theories, this paper investigates Chinese religious faiths and their transformations in modern times and finds out that in the context of China's Enlightenment, the order form of "relations equal structures" in religions makes personal religious faiths in Chinese society lack proper approaches to the public, which is a common social phenomenon in people's intercommunication. In this sense, the Enlightenment is still unaccomplished in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Sino-US Relations in the Context of the Cold War in East Asia NIU Jun 2017, 49 (3):  61-66.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.007 Abstract ( 298 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (556KB) ( 1049 )   Save During the Cold War, the correlation and mutual impact between the Sino-US relations and the strategic pattern in East Asia, together with numerous important events, formed the international political climate in East Asia at that time, which impacted the domestic politics both in China and the U.S. as well as their historical development of diplomatic relations and caused profound changes to the politics in the world. Some of the consequences continue to exert influence today. For instance, the transformation of the Sino-US relations from opposition to cooperation will naturally result in extensive changes in the political situations in regions and the whole world such as intensity or relief of regional tensions, turmoil or stability of international security environment, cease or increase of economic cooperation and multi-lateral trade, prevention or development of extensive cultural communication, etc. Most importantly, the transformation catalyzed two revolutionary and influential events in the world history in the past four decades: first, the four-decade-long Cold War ended in peace with the collapse of the Soviet Union and fortunately, human beings were relieved from the terror of being destroyed by nuclear war; second, the peaceful rising of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Genealogy Concept in Folklore Studies and Its Research Practice:A Case Study of Religious Faiths on the Islands in the East China Sea TIAN Zhao-yuan 2017, 49 (3):  67-74.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.008 Abstract ( 253 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (664KB) ( 694 )   Save Folklore genealogy, which manifests itself in the aspects of group, space, time and structure, provides an important angle and methodology for studying culture from an integrate, interrelated and structural perspective. As a sub-system of folklore genealogy, the genealogy of faiths has its structure. This thesis studies the religious faiths on the islands in the East China Sea and finds out that its faith genealogy demonstrates the complexity of folklore genealogy. Moreover, the islands in the East China Sea constitute a protective barrier for national security, where the common nature of faiths among the people provides a resource for culture identity, which plays an important role in constructing the security of the East China Sea. So it is important to examine the cultural integrity and coherence on these islands to improve the regional security construction. Therefore, the case study of the faith genealogy on these islands has profound significance in the cultural history and high value in national cultural identity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Landscape of “Taoyuan”: Imagined and Constructed Space XU Gan-li 2017, 49 (3):  75-83.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.009 Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (869KB) ( 776 )   Save Taoyuan (Land of Peach Blossoms) is an image with profound influence created by intellectuals in ancient China. As an ideal land for living, "taoyuan" is of artistic charm with continuous new connotations for a thousand years. In an era with prosperous tourism, "taoyuan", as a classical image carrying abundant traditional cultural implications, has become a gold brand. This paper examines the landscapes of "taoyuan", its connotations and symbolic meanings, the types of Chinese fairyland landscapes and the social causes behind the prosperity of taoyuan landscapes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transformation Mode of Temples and Urban Folk Economy: A Case Study of the District Market around Peking Longfu Temple WEI Cai-hua 2017, 49 (3):  84-93.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.010 Abstract ( 199 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (944KB) ( 967 )   Save With its rich historical heritage and its special status as a royal temple, Longfu Temple creates a civil space with high popularity. On this basis, the Longfu Temple Fair shows the vitality of "folk economy". It is this kind of commercial tradition based on cultural identity that makes Longfu Temple constantly change its social status and coordinate the relationship between regimes, beliefs and folk life in its centennial development. The three transformations of Longfu Temple in terms of management, economy, commercial activities (temple fair) and civil life form a unique folk custom in a historical urban district. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Local Discourse of the Three-god Myth in Contemporary Shanghai and Its Evolution: A Case Study of Village A in the Outskirts of Shanghai LEI Wei-ping 2017, 49 (3):  94-101.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.011 Abstract ( 206 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (774KB) ( 767 )   Save Contemporary faith custom is the product of the combination of folk myth and folk faith. The transformation from female three-god myth to Yao-Shun-Yu three-god myth in Village A in Shanghai shows that local discourse was against at the beginning but finally in compliance with national discourse. The traditional female three-god narrative shows people's admiration for chivalrousness in order to achieve self-protection. From 1960s to the early 21st century, local people insisted the traditional female three-god myth by propagating "witchcraft stories". Since 2008, local people have started to accept myths in which the heroes have royal backgrounds corresponding to official faiths, so that the worship for three gods of Yao, Shun and Yu and the faith in three female gods have coexisted. The re-construction of the Three-god Temple, together with the ritual performance of intangible cultural heritage, has been utilized to strengthen people's memory of the three gods of Yao, Shun and Yu. However, the decline of the faith in the female three-god myth is worthy of attention. We should re-account the myth to help traditional local culture return to people's life. Therefore, the policy adjustment to folk myths and faith management should be the premise for the healthy development of folk culture. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Reconstruction of Literary Paradise and the Spirit of Freedom and Democracy: A Case Study of New Trends of Literature DU Ying 2017, 49 (3):  102-109.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.012 Abstract ( 232 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (780KB) ( 901 )   Save The New Trends of Literature (1956.2.18—1959.5) was honored as a representative modernist journal in Hong Kong in 1950s. By investigating the journal, this paper provides a new horizon for its literary value and significance. The editors and writers of the journal formed a literary community of young people crossing Hong Kong, Taiwan and the mainland, who connected modern aesthetic appreciation with realistic concerns of the time, compared modern literatures in Hong Kong, Taiwan and the whole world, and pursued to reconstruct a literary paradise and a utopia of the spirit of freedom and democracy. In addition, this paper also discusses the operation of the New Trends of Literature during the Cold War, the structure of local literary domain and the significance of literary subjective creation, and examines the multi-relationship among the faculties of the journal, the left-wing and right-wing cultures in Hong Kong, American aids or dollar culture, the mainland aesthetic tradition, and literary circles in Taiwan and the world. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Naissance of a Popular Novelist: On YU Qie in St. John's University FENG Yuan 2017, 49 (3):  110-117.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.013 Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (749KB) ( 732 )   Save YU Qie engaged in literary creation in his youth when he studied in St. John's University. The literary circle in St. John's University presented a blend of old and new elements in the early 1920s, which provided plenty space and possibilities for his new literary creation. His absorption of new literary creation theories, retrospective thinking of the difficulties in new literary creation and future solutions, and inheriting of the drama tradition in St. John's and creation based on the tradition—all of these helped to lead to the naissance of a "new civil novelist" in 1940s. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development of Shakespearean Criticism from the Marxist Perspective in China ZHANG Wei 2017, 49 (3):  118-124.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.014 Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (814KB) ( 860 )   Save Chinese Shakespearean criticism from the Marxist perspective is highly original in Chinese Shakespeare studies. Scholars such as MAO Dun, YANG Hui, ZHAO Li, FANG Ping, YANG Zhou-han, BIAN Zhi-lin, MENG Xian-qiang, SUN Jia-xiu, ZHANG Si-yang and WANG Yuan-hua, who adopt basic principles and methods of Marxism to elaborate on Shakespearean works, have made great achievements. With ideas changed in different political climates, they have engaged in Shakespeare studies for over eight decades since the 1930s. At the beginning of the revolutionary age, they advocated revolutionary literature, followed Russian Shakespearean criticism from the Marxist perspective, and established the mode of class analysis and highlighted realism. Before and after the Cultural Revolution, they were concerned about class, reality and people. They also showed the "left-wing" inclination, taking literature as a tool to serve politics. Since the 1980s, they have been free from politics and entered the pure academic realm, analyzing Shakespearean dramas with Marxist aesthetic theories and transforming from sociological criticism to literature criticism. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Multiple Dimensions of Personality and Its Internal Tension: Libertines in French Literature in the 17th and 18th Centuries YANG Yi-yu 2017, 49 (3):  125-131.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.015 Abstract ( 221 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (839KB) ( 924 )   Save Libertines have been attractive literary images in the Western culture. In the 17th and 18th centuries, there was a "libertine" fever in the French literary circle and numerous literary works described libertines. These libertines have a lot in common andcomplicated dimensions, including freedom and conquering, fulsomeness and true love, indulgence and sadness, etc. Furthermore, the multiple dimensions of the personality of a libertine reflect not only the tension between emotion and reason in his mentality but the complexity of the time as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Test on the Relationship between Population Aging and Housing Price in China:From the Perspective of Housing Reform Dividend Affect HU Ming-zhi, NONG Hui-fu, CHEN Jie 2017, 49 (3):  132-144.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.016 Abstract ( 326 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1379KB) ( 834 )   Save A soaring urban housing price coincides with a steady growing aging population in China after the housing reform in 1998. Is this correlation accidentally or intrinsically decided? A preliminary conclusion that population aging dampens housing price is drawn from a theoretical housing price equilibrium model. Findings based on Chinese province-level panel data from 1999 to 2013 and Threshold Model also indicate that the effect of population aging on housing price is negative as a whole, but shows heterogeneity in different stages. The major reason for this phenomenon may be the influx of old generation's housing wealth benefited from housing reform into the housing market through intergenerational transference. Therefore, the inhibitory action of population aging on housing price is dull in the special historical phase. However, population aging will inevitably curb the property price as the gradual exhaustion of reform dividend with time. Classified researches certify this conjecture. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Population Aging, Birth Rate and Housing Price: Based on the Regional Characteristics of the Real Estate Market WANG Xian-zhu, WU Yi-dong 2017, 49 (3):  145-154.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.017 Abstract ( 252 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 1596 )   Save This paper classifies the development level of real estate market in 31 provinces in China through system clustering and distance discrimination, and then carries out qualitative description and trend comparison on the relationship of regional population aging, birth rate and house price. Together with the empirical research of the regional panel data, this paper shows the "triangular relationship" of population aging, birth rate (as well as population growth) and housing price as follows: the short-term population aging will restrain housing price, the short-term birth rate will boost the rising of house price, and both of them have a regional "reverse" phenomenon; the aging of the population and the decline of the birth rate restrain population growth, and from the perspective of population growth, the "neutralization effect" between them will make housing price decrease in the foreseeable future. Therefore, reasonable control and guidance on housing price need to pay attention to demographic factors, encourage population mobility, help to discharge the "flood" of house price, make a plan of population growth and lower the anticipation of housing price. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Regional Differences of the Impact of Population Aging on Housing Prices: An Empirical Study Based on Panel Data of 31 Provinces in China HU Jin-xing, GU Juan 2017, 49 (3):  155-160.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.018 Abstract ( 412 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (1171KB) ( 1322 )   Save As the population aging in China is increasingly serious, it is urgent and important to study the relationship between population aging and house price. According to different economic development levels, the 31 provinces of China are divided into developed regions, sub-developed regions and less developed regions. The empirical analysis using the 2000—2014 panel data of 31 provinces finds out that population aging and housing price are correlated at the national level, while there are significant differences of the impact of population aging on housing price at the regional level. In detail, while population aging and housing prices are positively correlated in less developed areas, they are negatively correlated in developed areas in a strong way and in sub-developed areas in a weak way. Apart from population aging, GDP per capital, population size, children's dependency ratio, urbanization rate and consumer price index all have different effects on house price in different regions. Therefore, in order to deal with the impact of population aging on real estate market, and promote the healthy and stable development of real estate market in China, the central government need to further improve the population policy, promote the sustainable development of local economy and help local governments play greater roles in the stability of local real estate market. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Event of “Zhang Shou-zhen's Meeting with the Immortal Descending from Heaven”: An Occultist and the Imperial Power Shift From Emperor Taizu to Emperor Taizong in the Song Dynasty WEI Bin 2017, 49 (3):  161-171.  doi: 10.16382/j.cnki.1000-5579.2017.03.019 Abstract ( 282 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1132KB) ( 880 )   Save During the imperial power shift from Emperor Taizu to Emperor Taizong in the Song Dynasty, there was an important while mysterious event of "ZHANG Shou-zhen's meeting with the immortal descending from heaven", in which the occultist ZHANG took the advantage of people's black fiend worship to help Taizong to take the crown. By comparing different historical texts such as official National History, Authentic Records, novels and religious texts, this paper examines the differences and similarities of these texts, probes into the details and finds out that Emperor Taizong had plotted for a long time to get to the throne. ZHANG was an occultist deeply involved in the royal power strife. Though having a high position during the reign of Emperor Taizong, he was also deeply mistrusted by Taizong. When considering the shift of the imperial power in his old age, Taizong finally poisoned ZHANG as an uncontrollable factor. Related Articles | Metrics