Journal of East China Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)

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Facing a Historical Opportunity：The Sino-American Rapprochement and Sino-North Korean Relations（1971-1974）

chen zhi hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 1-14.

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To extricate themselves from diplomatic predicaments，both China and the United States needed a rapprochement in their relationship. At the same time，it offered a historical opportunity for the peaceful resolution of the Korean issue. In its diplomatic negotiations with the United States，the Chinese government paid special attention to the interests and demands of North Korea and promised to assist Pyongyang in achieving peaceful unification. With China’s diplomatic maneuvers with the United States and efforts at the UN，the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea was disbanded in November 1973. In this process，North Korea adopted more radical and uncompromising measures，which were in sharp contrast to the Chinese tactics. Primarily due to the escalated tension between South and North Koreas，the issue of U.S. withdrawal from South Korea was not resolved. Taking advantages of the Sino-American rapprochement，the international standing and security environment of North Korea was greatly enhanced. During this period of time，China and North Korea was able to maintain friendly relations，and the relationship was further improved. In sum，China made an effort to help North Korea，while North Korea depended too much on China.

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Zhou Enlai and Kissinger’s November 1973 Visit to China

Chen Jian

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 15-26.

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By comparing declassified American documents with available Chinese materials, as well as referring to the author’s dialogue with Dr. Kissinger himself at the “Kissinger documentary conference” at Yale University in March 2012, this paper tries to have some fresh exploration of Kissinger’s visit to China in November 1973, Zhou’s discussion with him about Chinese-American military-intelligence cooperation and, in relation with them, the Politburo’s criticism of Zhou after Kissinger’s visit.

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Some Features of Technical Cognition in Ancient China

Li Quanmin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 27-32.

Abstract （726）

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The traditional knowledge in technology is the production of natural cognition. In the technological activities of ancient China, the content of value was fused into technical knowledge, and the function of embodied cognition and tacit knowledge was intensified. These cognitive features brought about the prosperity of practical technology, but on the other hand, inhibited the development of theoretical aspects of rationality and knowledge.

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Intention and Action：causal relation or logical relation?
— A study on von Wright’s theory of logical connection argument

Zhang Su-zhen

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 33-39.

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The most controversial point between intentionalists and causalists is whether the relation of intention and action is logical or causal. Logical connection argument is posed by intentionalism to against causalism. Von Wright supports LCA and proves it in a new way. But concerning strong or weak logical relation, his view experienced a change from strong version into weak version. His view of change reflect the Neo-Wittgensteinian’ s probe on this subject, that is, to insist the peculiarity of explanation of action is to point out the misplace of causal explanation on one hand, and on another to base the explanation on the richness of social life which had to be accepted seriously.

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A despotic Rousseau or a liberal Rousseau?

Liu Shi-gong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 40-46.

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The classical liberalists such as Edmund Burke and Constant de Rebecque usually magnify the difference of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, regarding Locke as one of the founders of liberalism and Rousseau as an advocate of despotism. This is a serious misunderstanding for Rousseau’s political philosophy, for they do not interpret The Social Contract as a whole, but just understand it by twos and threes. Actually, if we read the book carefully faithfully, we will find that Rousseau also recognize human rights and guard against the dangers of government’s usurping the sovereign. He not only defined strictly the concepts of general will, the whole body and sovereign which are misunderstood repeatedly, but also design some projects to confine the power of government so as to realize the general will.

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The Decline of the Action: Arendt’s Thought about the Source of the Alienation

WU Xing-hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 47-52.

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Arendt thinks that vita active include three aspects: Labor, Work and Action. Labor related to the natural life and restricted people in narrow private realm, so it has nothing to do with human nature. Political activities make people break away from natural life and the private realm, and enter the public realm. So the action makes up the root of the person’s behavior. The modern people just violated nature characteristics of the human and in order to material desires addicted to labor. They disaffiliated from the public realm and restricted themselves in narrow private realm of the labor, so become the individual. So in order to liberation from the alienation, the modern people must return to action. Arendt’s research stands out the importance of the field of the public political and emphasizes the political participation which is an unavoidable responsibility and destiny to everyone. It has strong warning role to the modern people focused on themselves.

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Procedural Regulations of Simultaneous Sound and Video Recording Applied in the Investigation and Interrogation in the New Criminal Litigation Law: Predicaments and Solutions

WANG Yong-jie

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 53-60.

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Although the new criminal litigation law has stipulated the system of simultaneous sound and video recording, some problems still exist. For example, the sound and video recording is optional, and the delivery of sound and video records is not clear. After analyzing the causes, this paper suggests that we should, by drawing upon the legislation and judicature experiences in other countries, clarify and solve the following issues concerning sound and video recording so as to ensure the benign operation of this system: its litigant status, its judicial scope, its testimony and the punishment for violating the stipulations.

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The International Maritime Dispute Settlement Organs’ Jurisdiction Power on China

Luo Guoqiang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 61-67.

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The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea established an international maritime disputes settlement mechanism centered on the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea and supplemented by international arbitral tribunals, which is the foundation of Philippians’ applying for international arbitration on South China Sea disputes. However, the forming of arbitral tribunal is not equal to determination of jurisdiction, the tribunal must find out it really have jurisdiction power on the case before entering into any formal trails. And according to article 298 of the convention and the written announcement China had made before, the arbitral tribunal should have no jurisdiction to the case. From theory of law, Philippians’ asking China to accept a jurisdiction that never agreed by China, is against the essential logic of international and an unjustified abuse of the right to sue. China should point out Philippians’ abuse of this disputes settlement mechanism has violated the good faith obligation posed by article 300, make objection to the jurisdiction and make clear that China has the right to withdraw from the convention in order to protect its national sovereignty.

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On the Development of Nongovernmental Charity Network in Modern Shanghai

RUAN Qing-Hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 68-77.

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By analyzing the history of nongovernmental charity in Shanghai before 1949, this paper discovers that various charity groups integrated and formed some large-scale charity organizations in modern times. They knitted a huge social net in terms of organization structure, charity activities and fund support. The charity network played a role of bridging in charity, which helped the civil society have great capacities to organize and manage itself even in the time when Shanghai was suffered from unstable political situation with complicated mix of foreigners and Chinese people. This demonstrates that during the process of social transformation in modern China, the civil society, instead of in a status of disunity, disorder and chaos, gradually formed and developed a self-organizing and self-managing system.

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Reason or Fanaticism? Study on the Shanghai Housewives’ Participation in Industrial production from 1958 to 1962

Zhang Niu-mei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 78-84.

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A Large number of Shanghai housewives flooded in industrial production from 1958 to 1962. In 1958, with the continuing leap, industrial production of the city had rapid growth due to the “take steel as the key link” policy, while labor resource of the planned economy system could not meet the need of radical industrial production. It was a wise choice for government flexibly use housewives to fill the employment gap. However, in practice, factories,enterprises and urban governance institutions had complicated performance. Different participants played the “polyphonic” and “out of tune” of the Great Leap theme.

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Fan Wencheng and the Transplantation of the Ming Dynasty Imperial Examination System in the Early Qing Dynasty

ZONG Yun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 85-91.

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The early Qing Dynasty witnessed the overall transplantation of the imperial examination system in the Ming Dynasty. It was Fan Wencheng who copied the system. Before Manchu government’s entering Shanhaiguan, Fan Wencheng, authorized by Hong Taiji, built schools and held imperial examinations under the regime of Manchu government so as to pave the way for recovering the imperial examination system in the Ming Dynasty. After the government’s entering Shanghaiguan, Fan Wencheng’s point of view that “if the hearts of literati and officialdom are won, the hearts of common people will be gained as well” was deeply approved by the Emperor. While implementing the imperial examination system, Fan Wencheng worked as the chief examinerof the metropolitan examinationfor three times and put forward many constructive suggestions about improving the imperial examination system referring to the practice in the Ming Dynasty. The reason why Fan Wencheng became a promoter of “copying the imperial examination system in the Ming Dynasty” in the early Qing Dynasty is obviously related to his family background and his knowledge about Han culture, but more profoundly is due to the Emperor’s policy of winning Han intellectuals over and alleviating contradictions among different peoples.

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Study of path of urbanization in China

Zhang Yong-yue & Wang Yuan-hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 92-100.

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At present, China's urbanization has entered the accelerating stage. It is very important for us to choose the path of urbanization. This article discusses the Chinese urbanization path in depth. The path is to strengthen the large city agglomeration effect, promote the formation of city agglomeration, promote urbanization with industries as the leader, government instructs and market operates, establish the integrated urban-rural ecological wisdom city. The main measures are to continue to promote the industrialization and agricultural modernization, strengthen education and consciousness of citizenship, accelerate land reform, clear the obstacles in the urbanization process.

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A Study on Equalization of Basic Public Service in Rural and Urban Areas in the Process of Urbanization in China: Analytical Framework and Path Choosing from a Supply-demand Perspective

Yu Ji1 YU Jia2

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 101-106.

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Against the background of urbanization, China’s basic public service in the rural and urban areas has shifted from the urban-rural dual structure to the more complex urban-semi-urban-rural trinity structure. The study of the equalization of basic public services should take into consideration the supply-demand relations, and focus on the common and different needs of three heterogeneous groups for public service, i.e. citizens, quasi-citizens (rural-to-urban migrants) and rural residents, as well as on how to mobilize resources from the government, society and the market to meet their needs. Firstly, the financial input system should be improved, in order to ensure the satisfaction of the common needs of urban and rural population. Secondly, the synergy supply from the government, society and the market should be encouraged, so as to meet, with more efficiency, the rural and urban population’s distinct needs for public service. Last but not the least, reforms on the land system and the household registration system should be conducted so as to remove obstacles on the way to the equalization of basic public service in the rural and urban areas.

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The Characteristics of Social Psychology and the Innovation of Social Management of Township in Transformational Period

Xie Wei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 107-112.

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The concept of social management was mentioned and confirmed in the background of the comprehensive transformation of China’s society. In the transformational period of China’s townships, there are some characteristics as followings: the self-consciousness of the members of rural society strengthened; economic psychology more active; relative deprivation improved; obvious public's ambivalence in consumption; anti- authority and so on. The structure of relative balance of townships has been broken and the functions of social systems are in the new coordination process, what’s more, the breakdown of social order has appeared. The current social management in rural areas should focus on the maintenance of social order and create the orderly and vibrant social conditions and social environment with the establishment government supports and participating of more organizations which can promote the enhancement of social harmony.

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Regional Differences on Income Distribution Effects of Price Fluctuations: Empirical Study Based on inter-Provincial Panel Data in China

ZHANG Chuan-Yong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 113-120.

Abstract （656）

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In recent years, housing prices continued to rise, especially with rapid growth rates periodically in some areas. This phenomenon and its possible economic and social problems caused widespread attention. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of 27 provinces in central, eastern and western regions of China in 2000-2010, we found that regional income disparities and the rate of change of housing prices exists co-integration relationship. Further, our results show that distribution effects of housing price fluctuations have obvious regional differences by LSDV method, that is, income gaps and housing prices fluctuations have positively correlation in eastern and western regional ,but the correlation is not obvious the central region. Therefore, in addition to the real estate macro-control policies to curb speculative demand, we should focus on solute the widening income gap and other social problems which produce by housing prices fluctuations, and should be treated differently in different areas.

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Real Estate Rental Market and Tenure Choice Mechanic of Real Estate Market
——Based on Empirical Analysis of Residential Market in Developed Countries

CUI Pei, HU Jin-xing and ZHOU Shen-long

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 121-127.

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This paper is engaged on theoretic study and empirical analysis of the function of rental real estate market to real estate tenure choice mechanics by the international comparison of rental housing market in main developed countries and co-integration test of the house price index and residential rental index in US and Germany. It’s disclosed that in the countries with mature rental housing market, there are housing tenure choice mechanics which forces the house prices keep away from more fluctuation under the restriction of rental. In China, the rental housing market is hardly mature. That’s one of the main reasons of lack of the mechanics for housing market to adjust its movement itself in China. Chinese government ought to improve its administration by focusing on that.

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On the Impact of Interest Rate Fluctuation on the Housing Prices in the Framework of Partial Balance Analysis

SHI You-wen, WANG Ming-fu and LIN Xiao-hong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 128-137.

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Based on the structure of consumers in the real estate market, this paper constructs a theoretical mode that balances partially the property purchasers and developers and investigates the impact of interest rate fluctuation on the housing prices. The result shows that the impact of interest rate fluctuation on the housing prices depends on the structure of purchasers. When the number of purchasers who get loans from banks is larger than the critical point, the increase of interest rate causes the decrease of housing prices. The GMM estimation of the panel data of China’s 35 large and middle sized cities in 2000-2012 shows the actual interest rate fluctuation in a short term has a reverse relation with housing prices. Although the impact is weak, it verifies the conclusion of our theoretical analysis. Empirical tests also find out that other macroeconomic variables, including policies and world economy, have remarkable impacts on housing prices. Therefore, the interest rate policies should be implemented with other measurements in order to regulate and control the real estate market.

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Digest of “ History should not Be Dramatized ——A Review of “ The Sight of a Dynasty’s Back”

XIONG Yupeng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 138-147.

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“The Sight of a Dynasty’s Back” ist the representative work of Yu Qiuyu’s culture theme essays. It is an article not worthy of the fame it enjoys in the literary arena. Firstly, the argument of the article is false. Ignoring the historical facts, the article eulogizes the Qing Dynasty’s emperors as the best in China’s history, admires the Imperial Summer Villa as the blessed symbolic construction of Qing Dynasty which could even match the significance of the Great Wall, and declares the fall of Qing Dynasty was due to the loss of the enormous vitality demonstrated by the Imperial Summer Villa. Secondly, the writing lacks the basic academic ethics. To reverse the negative evaluation of Qing Dynasty, Yu Qiuyu fabricates stories, distorts slogans, and lodges false accusations against history teachers and forerunners of the Revolution of 1911. The suicide of Chinese ancient civilization studies Master Wang Guowei ist even depicted as a typical tragedy of an old die-hard of Qing Dynasty. Aware of the article’s absurdity, Yu Qiuyu tries hard to cover up his errors through switching concept in the argument, which exposes both dishonest attitude and unserious style of writing.

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Problems or Opportunities concerning University Journal Style, Homogenization and Marketization: A Review of the Seminar of “Strengthening the Academic Construction of Humanities Journals at Colleges and Universities”

LIU Xiao-hong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (1): 148-151.

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How to Create “Universality” in a New Way?: Kojin_Karatani’s “Written Language and Nationalism” and the Idea of “Particular Universality”

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 1-15.

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In its rereading of Saussure on the one hand and Derrida’s and Tokieda Motoki’s reading of Saussure on the other, Kojin Karatani’s “Written Language and Nationalism” shows a methodological awareness of the “surface reading” and how to reread classics with this method as well. Similarly, this paper interprets Karatani’s work at two levels: we not only read the discussion of Karatani but also interpret how he read Saussure on the one hand and Derrida’s and Motoki’s reading of Saussure on the other hand. In addition, Derrida’s direct response to Karatani lets us see closely the rereading of the reader, which helps to form a complete process of reading. It is in a series of rereading that Karatani criticizes important Oriental and Western theories of language. His critique is not only a critique of language, but also a critique of modernity - especially a critique of modernity based on the special historical experience in East Asia, that is, the complicated relations among Western, Japanese and Chinese languages. However, it is not a critique of universality from the perspective of particularity since Karatani tries to universalize his “Japanese issue”. “Written Language and Nationalism” demonstrates a valuable effort to recreate universality through particularity.

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The “Urban Narrative Group” and “Non-Western Modernity”: On the Relation between the Concept of Decadence in Leo Ou-fan Lee’s Shanghai Modern and Modern Literature as a Discipline as well

XIA Wei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 16-23.

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Shanghai Modern was once misunderstood as a “spokesperson” of the official mainstream ideology, but it is in fact a serious academic work. Its contributions can be described in such a way: it uncovers the “urban narrative group” represented by Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying, which has been ignored in modern Chinese literature as a discipline before 1980s due to the “decadence”; it discovers two typical “non-Western” modernity in modern Shanghai, that is, “identity depression” and “criticism deficiency”, so that it illustrates a feasibility of examining modernity through modern literature.

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Aesthetic Emotion and Will, Social Concern, and Humanistic Ideal: On the Similarities between The Literary Mind and The Carving of Dragons and Marxist Aesthetics

LU Xiao-guang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 24-32.

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The study of Wenxin Diaolong (The Literary Mind and The Carving of Dragons), which is a classical work of literature theory in ancient China, needs a new approach of putting it in the context of the “world literature”. On the other hand, the literature theory in Marxist aesthetics, which originated from the West, also requires a new way to combine itself with Chinese cultural resources so as to realize its development in contemporary China. This paper explores the similarities between Wenxin Diaolong and Marxist aesthetics from three aspects, namely, aesthetic emotion and will, social concern, and humanistic ideal.

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The De-metaphysicalizing of the “Dao”: Ogyu Sorai’s Attempt at Constructing Politicized Confucianism during the Tokugawa Period in Japan

WU Zhen

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 33-40.

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The Ogyu Sorai School in the intellectual history of Tokugawa takes it as its mission to revive the Dao of Confucian sages and subvert the Neo-Confucian metaphysics. In deconstructing the Neo-Confucian concept of Tiandao, Sorai claims that “the Dao is a general name”, the Dao “is created by former kings”, the Dao is diverse, etc. In this way, he emphasizes that the Dao is a posteriori, artificial and concrete so as to subvert the a priori, abstract and metaphysical Dao. After the de-metaphysicalization and de-moralization of the “Dao”, he attempts to construct a Japanese type of politicized Confucianism. Ogyu Sorai is against the opinion of rejecting the Dao of Confucian sages since cultures of different lands are different. He argues that the ritual and music system from Dao has universal applicability in achieving virtue. On the other hand, he claims a principle which is also suitable for Japanese society: the system even arranged by sages should change with time because of the historical diversity of the Dao. In this sense, Ogyu Sorai’s doctrine of the Dao is characterized by concrete universality.

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On Mou Zongsan’s “Moral-history Teleology”

LU Xing

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 41-46.

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Mou Zongsan’s historical philosophy inherits Hegel’s basic ideas such as “spiritual dialectics” and historical progress. However, he reconstructs in a Confucian way the “spirit” that controls and drives the world history process, highlighting the moral connotation of the “spirit”. The integration of Hegel’s “progress teleology” with traditional Confucian “moral teleology” forms “moral-history teleology” with distinctive characteristics of modernity. Promoted by morals, the purpose of national history is to establish the nation-state, and the purpose of world history is to realize datong, the “great union of the world”. Mou’s concept of datong illustrates the transformation of Confucianism from tradition to modernity.

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The Issue of the Present and the Double Dimensions of Historicism

WU Guan-jun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 47-55.

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Taking the recent heated debate on China’s particularities among Chinese scholars as its starting point, this paper endeavors to tackle the issues of the present and particularism at a philosophical level. It consists of four parts. Firstly, the paper addresses the question why the present matters significantly to sociopolitical deliberations. Then it moves on in discussing the inner ambiguities of Hegel’s historicism, and the problems of Leo Strauss’s anti-historicist thesis. The last section of the paper proposes a dialectics between the particular and the universal, and argues that once (re)viewing the “China model” topic from the perspective of the Foucauldian “ontology of the present” as critical ontology, participants of this current debate will be able to free themselves from the factionalist opposition between “Rightists” and “Leftists”, and turn the debate into a more productive one.

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International Relations, Morality and Moralism: An Ethical Examination of Realism

REN Jun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 56-63.

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In Western theories of international relations, realism is an important tradition. The relation between the theory of global justice and realism is an issue that political philosophers have to treat seriously. On the one hand, we should clarify that morality is relevant to international relations and criticize the strong version of realism in order to pave the way for the theory of global justice. On the other hand, we should notice that it is not morality but moralism that contemporary mainstream realism represented by Hans Morgenthau rejects. In this sense, the theory of global justice seems compatible with temperate versions of realism. They present two indispensable perspectives for the normative study of international relations.

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The Tianxia Consciousness of Baekje and the Tianxia Order of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties

LI Lei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 64-71.

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In the historical trend that different ethnical groups began to build their own regimes after the disintegration of the great union of the Easter Jin Dynasty, Baekje represented a typical performance. With the tianxia Consciousness, Baekje formally constructed a unified political system and shared a same cultural world with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The reason why the King of Baekje obtained a title in Baekje’s first presenting tribute to the Eastern Jin lies in the international situation and respective domestic demands at that time on the one hand and the fact that the king family of Baekje was the offspring of Buyeo on the other. Since then, almost each King of Baekje sent an envoy to the court of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties to accept the former king’s title at the beginning of his reign. In the 5th century, especially after the King Dongseong submitted to the imperial court, it became a usual practice that the officials in Baekje must be appointed by the court of the Southern Dynasties. Compared with King of Dangchang and King of Henan, King of Baekje enjoyed special privileges from the imperial court in terms of absorbing the culture system of the region of jiangzuo due to their cultural and emotional identity. Baekje and the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties shared the same tianxia order, and the decline of the Southern Dynasties also caused the decline of Baekje.

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On the Establishment of the Unemployment Insurance in Weimar Germany

Meng Zhongjie

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 72-81.

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Since the end of the 19th century, unemployment had become one of dominant phenomena in German society. However, the unemployment insurance was shelved by the imperial government due to many disputes. During the World War I, in order to get the support from the working class, the imperial government changed its position and started the reform of the poor relief system. It was not until 1927 that the unemployment insurance system was finally established in Weimar Germany. Nevertheless, a fuse that caused directly the decline of Weimar democracy had been buried in this insurance system since it was at best a product of complicated social relations, postwar political transmission and economic fluctuations. Weimar government regarded it as a way to control and solve social crises and it failed to foresee financial capacity and possible development in the future.

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Eternality and Historical Change: Livy’s Understanding of History in Ab Urbe Condita

WANG Yue

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 82-87.

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Collingwood, a prominent philosopher of history, claims that a defect in Greek and Roman Historiography is substantialism, which is based on the concept of substance in Plato and Aristotle. According to Collingwood, substantialism has determined the way to describe Rome in Livy so that it remains eternal from the very beginning of its foundation with distinctive institutions and unique spirits. However, Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita shows how Rome changed from her beginning to Livy’s own age. Augury, senate, legion and other institutions were in the course of evolution, and Roman virtues declined with the accumulated wealth from abroad. In effect, Livy understands history in an evolutional way.

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Economic Folklore: To Explore the Trace of Identity Economy

TIAN Zhao-yuan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 88-96.

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Folklore economy is very prosperous in today’s China, but economic folklore hasn’t been started until the late 20th century and has merely focuses on the arrangement of general resources of folklore economy. Economic folklore and folklore economy, as the basic object of economic folklore, are two important categories, between which there are both distinctions and connections. A large-scale investigation of Chinese folklore economy resources is required in order to build a database for the development of such resources. Political and institutional culture has a crucial impact on folklore consumption custom. Folklore economy is very significant to cultural continuity and identity. Consumption custom constitutes one of the core driving forces for economy. Folklore ecology is comprehensively related to the development of economy. As an enormous knowledge system, economic folklore requires a systemic construction. As for the productive protection of intangible heritage, which is a cultural focus in recent years, we should go beyond the simple perspective of production and solve the survival predicament of traditional intangible heritage by constructing culture identity so as to effectively promote the benign development of intangible heritage.

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The “Unusual” Cuisine and Escape Culture in China’s Southern Minorities

WU Xu

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 97-102.

Abstract （761）

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With the development of agri-tourism in China’s southern minority villages, some unique local diet customs (the so-called “unusual” cuisine such as wild, raw and stinky food) become a heated topic in media and among common people. The unusual cuisine, widely recorded and commented by Chinese scholars in history, has been taken as the label of minorities’ alienness and primitiveness. From the perspective of escape culture, this paper argues that such cuisine had important cultural functions in helping minority peoples escape from the state control. The “savage” food reduced the importance of staple food (i.e., rice), avoided the accumulation of surplus food and served as markers of boundaries between minorities and plain states.

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The Myth of “a Stone Buddha Floating on the Sea” and Shanghai Regional Image Construction

BI Xu-ling

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 103-109.

Abstract （709）

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As a famous myth in Chinese history of Buddhism, “a stone Buddha floating on the sea” happened in Shanghai in the Six Dynasties. It is said that a stone Buddha floated to Hudu seaside, and it was finally placed in Suzhou Tongxuan Temple. This myth was advocated by Emperor Jianwen of Liang in an article. The Tang Court sent officials to visit the Buddha and then duplicated it in Chang’an City. The myth was also painted in Dunhuang Grottoes and spread oversea. The myth, which originally happened in Hudu, became national. Since the Song Dynasty, Shanghai region has started to compete for the resources of the myth. Clouds Chorography (Yunjian Zhi) applies it to construct the early history of Jing’an Temple, and develops new plots, including a story that the stone Buddha was placed first in Hudu Chongxuan Temple (Jing’an Temple) in Shanghai. Records of Temples (Siji) in the Southern Song Dynasty, Collected Poems of the Eight Scenery Spots at Jing'an Temple (Jing’an Bayong Ji) in the Yuan Dynasty and other chorographic writings construct the sacred history of Shanghai regional society. Shanghai gradually controlled the discourse power of the myth. Jing’ an, originally a name of a temple, became a name of a central area in Shanghai. “Hudu”, the birthplace of the myth, became the landmark of Shanghai and even its new name. The evolution of the myth reflects that mythical resources have unique value in the construction of local society, and it also shows that Shanghai local society sticks to the mythical resource.

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Towards Landscape Narrative: Modern Evolution of the Form and Function of Legends: A Case Study on Fahai Cave and Leifeng Tower

YU Hong-yan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 110-117.

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Landscape narrative is a narrative system comprised of many elements such as images, sculptures, billboards and tour guide manuals with legendary characters and plots as the premise and landscape buildings as the core. When the function of traditional oral narrative in modern society becomes weaker and weaker, landscapes undertake more and more narrative functions of narrating legends and inheriting legend values. This is a remarkable feature of modern folklore. The personage “Fahai” in the legend of the “White Snake” has been gradually transformed into the visual landscape “Fahai Cave”. The positive image of Fahai has been reconstructed, playing an active role in constructing regional politics and culture. The reconstructed Leifeng Tower extends the legend to real life surrounding the landscape by narrating systematically the legendary plots closely related to Leifeng Tower. This is a typical case that the legendary landscape surpasses the linguistic form. Today, folk legends are rather presented by landscapes than spread orally. In this way, the regional image is improved and local tourism is developed. Legends have become important resources of the cultural industry and regional politics. Behind this evolution, economic factors overwhelm moral factors and regional demands replace value demands.

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Industrial Structure Low-Carbon Optimization under Double Targets in Chinese Industrial Sectors: To Achieve Emissions Reduction Target of 2020

ZHANG Yun and DENG Gui-feng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 118-124.

Abstract （968）

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China faces dual pressure of emissions reduction on international climate negotiations and domestic economy transformation, and Chinese government has announced the specific quantitative targets in 2020. This article constructs an industrial model with double targets to analyze the results about industrial output and employment maximization with constraint conditions including emissions intensity, water resource, employment, upper and lower bounds, of output value and nonnegative constraint. The result confirms industrial structure low-carbonization is an effective way to achieve the emission reduction target. And the simulation results after adjusting the parameters confirms that output increase can help achieve emissions reduction target of 2020 under certain condition. Therefore, China need to keep industrial growth and try industrial structure low-carbon optimization in transformation period of economic development pattern, and strictly controlling the growth rate of highly polluting industries is the breakthrough point.

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The Comparison Study of Effect on Emission of FDI and Domestic Capital: An Empirical Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data

LIN Ji and YANG Lai-ke

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 125-130.

Abstract （1013）

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The rapid expansion of foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates high-speed economic growth in China, and inevitably results in the increase of CO2 emission. This paper compares the impact of FDI and that of domestic investment on CO2 emission based on provincial panel data of China from 1999 to 2011. It shows that there is a long-term relationship amongst CO2 emission, foreign investment, domestic investment, industrial structure and urbanization level. Although investments from both domestic and foreign enterprises increase CO2 emission in China, the foreign enterprises have less impact on CO2 emission. A 1% increase in FDI leads to increase CO2 emission by 0.22% and CO2 emission per capita by 0.20%. A 1% increase in domestic investment leads to increase CO2 emission by 0.42% and CO2 emission per capita by 0.32%. The panel data analysis also shows the raise of the secondary industry proportion and urbanization level increase CO2 emission in China significantly.

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Comparative Research on WEEE Extended Producer Responsibility between America and Japan and Its Implication

LV Jun, PANG Ya-nan, and CHANG Xin-yuan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 131-137.

Abstract （785）

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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) are polluting global environment. Many developed countries are implementing extended producer responsibility (EPR) to efficiently take back and reuse WEEE. America and Japan are the countries that have implemented EPR for a long time and have similar electronic products as China. This paper argues that the main characters in American EPR are collective collection, collective recycling and cost allocation mechanism. American collection and recycling system is based on collective producer responsibility, while Japanese collection and recycling system is based on individual producer responsibility. In American financial system, producers are charged, and cost allocation is based on the combination of return share and market share. In Japanese financial system, end-users are charged and information is traced with the use of circulating receipts. China should learn from the implement models of America and Japan in order to design reasonable fund levy mechanism, develop subsidy allocation mechanism, implement IPR mode and cultivate consumer environment consciousness.

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Research on Verification and Measurement of Environmental Cost Based on Material Flow Balances

ZHANG Xiu-min, CAO Liu-long and FENG Xiao-yu

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 138-144.

Abstract （863）

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In current environmental management practice, the connotation of environmental cost definition is still very inconsistent.Especially on the environmental cost confirmation caliber and measurement methods, there are still obvious discrepancy. So it’s essential to verify and measure enterprise environmental cost. From the view of environmental management accounting (EMA), intention and category of environmental cost is investigated, based on its various interior decision-making functions. Then material flow balances is introduced, and corresponding appraise project and process program are presented. And consistency check of information system is further discussed. Thus the data of production technology in the processing and financial account numbers can be compatible with each other. By improving the multiple material management flow balance, the material management system of the enterprise and inventory storage system improvement can be achieved, as the core of environmental cost assessment results. To a certain extent, it can help the integration of enterprise environment information systems and financial information system.

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Fundamental Goals and Core Ideas of International Chinese Education: A New Analysis Based on “Emotional Geopolitics” and “International Understanding Education”

HU Fan-zhu, HU Yu-hua, and LIU Yu-min

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (2): 145-150.

Abstract （727）

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What are the goals of international Chinese education? Some valuable possible answers are the following: the acquisition of Chinese language proficiency, the construction of communicative ability, the realization of economic interests, and the spread of Chinese culture. However, a series of questions appear: How shall we deal with the relations between these goals? Is there any goal that is more important than these ones? What is the core that goes through these goals? International Chinese education is by no means a simple way for language teaching or cultural dissemination. We can do more than strengthening Chinese economy and enhancing China’s international political status through international Chinese education. In essence, international Chinese education is a sort of “international understanding education” based on language proficiency training. It is a process which can affect “emotional geopolitics” and it should be an important power which can create emotional communication in the international society.

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The Political Unreality of Political Realism

Michael Freeden

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 1-06.

Abstract （693）

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The paper contends that political realists shrink the complexity of the political, confining it to macro-discussions of power, confusing realism with liberal legitimation principles, reintroducing the ethical concerns from which they sought to distance themselves, and overlooking the emotional and the vernacular. In particular, recent realists engage in prescriptive rather than interpretative analysis in which democratic and humanitarian ideals are regarded as the basis of a realist approach, ignoring the fact that a properly real understanding of the political cannot be reduced to those features.

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Several Factors Impacted the Transformation of Rites in the 18th Century

YANG Nian-qun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 7-15.

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The discussion about the transformation of rites in the 18th century should not limit itself in the intellectual history or the history of ideas. Rather, the transformation should be understood in a more complicated network of the interaction between institutions and ordinary life. Therefore, we should not only focus on the relation between the ritual system and the intellectual transformation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also take into account the connection of this transformation with the guidance of the emperors’ cultural tastes in the Qing Dynasty. By reflecting on the predicament of Confucian “dual rites”, we can see how the emperors and the gentry in the Qing Dynasty search the ways to overcome it, understand better the relation between textology and the “administrative practice” of rites, revaluate the function of the imperialist examinations system, and explain the leading role of the identity and rational movement of the literati with low social status in the rites reconstruction.

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A Key Step to Establish the Value Ideal of Socialism with Chinese aracteristics

CHEN Wei-ping

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 16-23.

Abstract （743）

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The significance of the heated discussion about humanism and alienation in 1980s in the history of contemporary Chinese thought lies in that it is a key step to establish the value ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. First, it functions as a theoretical stage to recognize clearly the value ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics; second, it helps to take the overall development of human beings as the basic principle of contemporary Chinese Marxism. The two papers written by Zhou Yang and Hu Qiaomu respectively are important historical texts for examining this heated discussion.

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Rethinking the Evolution of Western Humanism

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 24-35.

Abstract （678）

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The Western humanism originates in Ancient Greece. A theory of humanism presupposes an understanding of human nature. With the different understanding of human nature in different historical periods, the Western humanism has greatly different versions in Ancient Greece, medieval and modern times. Nevertheless, no matter how different its versions are, the Western humanism mainly focuses upon virtue and cultivation, taking as its core the cultivating of good human nature.

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“Rendao Zhuyi” and “Renwen Zhuyi”: On the Translation of the Term Humanism”

LAI Hui-liang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 36-40.

Abstract （1228）

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In the heated discussion about humanism in 1980s and thereafter, there are three different opinions pertaining to the Chinese version of the term “humanism”: some suggest Rendao Zhuyi, some Renwen Zhuyi, and others Rendao Zhuyi or Renwen Zhuyi. In fact, since the term “humanism” in Western languages has various meanings, it should be translated into different Chinese expressions proper to specific contexts.

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“Home”, “Nation”, “Manchu” and “Han”: On the Abdication of the Qing Emperor and the Big Compromise in 1912

SHEN Jie

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 41-50.

Abstract （727）

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The abdication of the Qing Emperor and the Big Compromise in 1912 was a dramatic change in China’s political culture, not only because it represents the transformation from a monarchy to a republic, but also because the compromise, to some extent, updated the “shifts of dynasties” in the traditional sense. In China’s political history, revolutions had been always cruel, in which “emperors died for the nation; officials died for the territory; literati died for the institutions”. “Death” has become a political protocol. However, in 1912, they decided to compromise: the emperor rather granted the nation to the common people than died for it; it was unnecessary for officials and literati to die for the emperor, embracing the new institutions of the “republic”. In various entanglements of home, nation and ethnical groups, “adhesion to the feudalism” lost its rationality and value foundation, while it was an appropriate choice to “compromise”. Western revolutions and modern transitions were usually achieved in the spirit of contract. This kind of compromises guided by the contract spirit is rare in China’s traditional politics. Therefore, if we regard the compromise as a principle of the parliament and constitutionalism, the Big Compromise in 1912 has more specific significance in the sense that it at least terminated the imperialistic politics and culture formally and initiated the modern transformation of China’s politics.

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Feng Jingru in the Political and Cultural Vortex in the Late Qing Dynasty

ZOU Zhen-huan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 51-58.

Abstract （814）

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Feng Jingru escaped to Japan in his early age due to his father’s participation in the Red Turban Rebellion. He ran Wenjing Shop in Yamashitacho, Yokohama, which engaged in selling foreign stationery and print production. Feng treated Sun Yat-sen warmly when he went to Yokohama after the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising in 1895. Soon after, China Revival Society was established on the 2ed floor in Wenjing Shop and Feng was elected as the first president of Yokohama Sub-association of China Revival Society. He often sponsored Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary activities in Japan afterwards. In 1898, Feng founded Datong School, the first Chinese school in Japan. In 1901, Wenjing Shop caught a fire. In the same year, Feng became the nominal general manager of Guangzhi Book Company in Shanghai. He promoted the new publishing business with his own social status and influence. In the political and cultural vortex in the late Qing Dynasty, Feng made a great contribution to the cultural and educational career.

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A New Study of Zheng Guanying in the “Mutual Protection of Southeast China” Period

DAI Hai-bin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 59-68.

Abstract （678）

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With the consideration that “one should be suffered from a real disaster resulted from the pursuit of a vain fame”, Zheng Guanying secretly and carefully conducted the “Flag Changing” activity on the ship of China Merchants Steamship Company with a businessman’s calmness and reason. With political consideration, he also provided lots of advices concerning strengthening and developing the “Mutual Protection of Southeast China” from the political perspective. He participated in Chinese Parliament. With the acceptance of “being dutiful to the throne”, he consciously opposed Boxer Movement, exclusivity and the Northern Government. On the other hand, he had strong desire about the prospect of the political reform and carried it into practice by submitting petitions. The profound historical information implied in these facts not only provides us with clues to understand more deeply the relation between his words and his time, but also provides us with excellent material to rethink the monotone paradigm in the extant historical narrations which holds the sharp confrontation between the new and the old.

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On the Dilemma of Choosing a Successor in Shakyamuni’s Later Years as well as Its Result

XIA Jin-hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 69-76.

Abstract （730）

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In his old ages, the issue of choosing a successor became a key flash point that ignited a series of internal and external conflicts and problems in the sangha. The issue was not only constrained by the conflicts between Shakya monks and Brahman monks, but also was closely related to the struggle between Buddhism and Jainism. The Buddha was in a dilemma and failed to make the final decision. The fact that the records in sutras seem to avoid this issue intentionally makes the issue particularly perplexing and complicated. This paper makes preliminary investigation by analyzing carefully documents and historical texts. It aims to reveal the actual situation in the ancient Buddhist circle in India and to put forward the author’s own opinion.

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On the Religious Implications of Laozi’s Dao

AN Lun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 77-83.

Abstract （722）

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As the core of Dao De Jing, the Dao is the mostly discussed topic which has caused most disputes and misinterpretations. According to the original idea of Dao De Jing, the metaphysical Dao, as the origin of the all things in the universe, is effortless and spontaneous, weak and far from having intention for struggle, and ready for turning to the opposite. The Dao for human conduct, the Dao for administration, and the Dao of the sage – all of these advocated by Laozi are worldly principles following the example of the metaphysical Dao. The essential attributes of the metaphysical Dao, including having no image, no sound and no substance, being ineffable, existing for itself and being eternally, make the Dao similar to the supreme God or the Creator in other civilizations in the world.

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The Whole Course of the Debate on the Relationship between Bergsonism and Buddism around 1921

Yaobinbin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 84-88.

Abstract （651）

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Around the year 1921 when Bergsonism was wide spread in Chinese academia, the debate on the correlation between Bergsonism and Buddism appeared and Zhang Taiyan, Lv Cheng, Liang Shuming, Li Xijin and other famous scholars took part in this debate successively. Zhang and Li argued that Bergsonism and Buddism were related to each other and intuitionism, vital impetus and other categories conform to Alaya-consciousness and other thoughts in Vijnana-vada, whereas Lv and Liang held opposite opinion against this idea. Through exploring original materials, this thesis teases out the whole course of this debate and points out that this two opposite opinions represent the typical attitude toward the issue of “comparision between China and the West” among Chinese academia over a hundred years.

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Debt Scale, Asset Value and Local Government Debt risk

Pan Zhibin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 89-97.

Abstract （719）

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Using the Contingent Claims Approach (CCA), this paper measures debt risk of thirty one Chinese local province governments at 2013, presents several scenarios which the local government asset value and debt scale changes, analyzes and assesses relevant movements of the risk indicators. Our results suggest that the debt risk of Chinese local province governments is still in control. It positively associates with the debt scale of local government and negatively associates with the asset value of local government, and becomes worse or even defaults when debt scale increases or asset value reduces. So the most important job for the local government debt management is to treat the existing debt, control the increasing debt, evaluate the assets that the debt formed, and improve the debt paying ability.

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An Empirical Study on the Sustainability of U.S. Public Debt

LI Jing, YI Nan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 98-106.

Abstract （671）

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The paper describes the concept, classification and current situation of U.S. public debt, defines the meaning of public debt sustainability, and then by comprehensively using multiple methods, including comparing the rate of economic growth and public debt interest rates, specific reference value determination method, the inter-temporal budget constraint test and fiscal reaction function test, the paper does empirical study on the sustainability of the public debt of the United States. The conclusion is that the U.S. public debt is not sustainable.

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Empirical Study of the Impact of the US Exchange Rate Strategy on China’s Inflation

GONG Xiu-Guo, CAI Ruo-Fan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 107-112.

Abstract （702）

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This paper analyzes the transmission channels of the US exchange rate strategy on China’s inflation in the post-Crisis era, and then constructs an econometric model to test the obvious international spillover effects. Based on the empirical results, the paper finds that the US strategic devaluation of the dollar had significant and negative impact on China’s inflation, while RMB exchange rate as well as China’s growth also had significant but positive impact on China’s inflation. Finally the paper recommends a broader daily fluctuation band of RMB exchange rate and a reduction of the various growth-stimulus policies for China.

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Overtime Willingness and Labor Supply of Migrant workers, and Demographic Divident

Kong Qingyang, Guo Bin & Li Qiongyeng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 113-122.

Abstract （751）

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Migrant workers in China are willing to work extra hours.They have double futures of modern workers and traditional peasants,and the logics of their overtime working behavior is to accomplish expected wage savings.Under the constraint of expected wage surplus , wage surplus effectis more powerful than substitution effect, which make the labor supply curve downward sloping.Migrant workers’ overtime working sustain the unlimited supply of labor and strengthen the dual economic structure.This is a new annotation to Lewis dual economic structure theory.For the steep labor supply curve of migrant workers , labor supply hours reduce by the rapidly rising wages, the cost shock and labor supply shock will occur at the same time. Urbanization is a double-edged sword, it can increase aggregate demand, but also reduce the labor supply of migrant workers. We suggest to strengthen skill training of migrant workers, to accelerate the land circulation, to achieve scale managment of agriculture; to establish and perfect the social security system of rural areas, to establish the policies which is people-oriented and to share the achievements of economic development.

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Study on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging and the Synchronization with Economic Development in China

SUN Lei, CHANG Tian-jiao, GUO Quan-yu

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 123-132.

Abstract （798）

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According to three census data in 1990, 2000 and 2010, we analyze the current situation of population aging in China and the relationship between the trends of aging and economic development. Then we use the spatial autocorrelation model and innovative economic autocorrelation model, including global and local Moran indices, Getis-ord local G, to investigate the spatial correlation and economic relevance of the regional population aging. The conclusions show that the spatial correlation and economic relevance are both significantly positive, and the aged-child ratio depends more on economic level than spatial location, which means economic development has greater influence on the regional differences of population aging than spatial location. Therefore, the government should make policies according to different economic level.

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A Study on the development trend of aging population and its influence factors based on Grey Theory ———Taking An Hui province as an example

Jiang shi-quan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 133-139.

Abstract （681）

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The aging of the population has become a huge challenge for Anhui Province,In this paper, based on statistical yearbook data in anhui province from 2001 to 2012.Using GM (1,1) model to predict the development of population aging in Anhui Province in the future forty years, Prediction results show that anhui province aging trend will experience a rapid phase, accelerated phase and stable stage of severe three stages in the next forty years.In order to better cope with an ageing population, The population aging related factors be analyzed by Using grey correlation model .Finally, the policy implications are presented combined the GM (1, 1) forecast model and relational model the result

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On the Verification of the Author of the Records of the Elites in the Poetic Circles during the Reigns of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing: Removing Qiang Zhongshu’s Suspicion

Liu Yong-xiang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 140-144.

Abstract （762）

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It is always thought that the Records of the Elites in the Poetic Circles during the Reigns of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing was written by the poet Shu Wei (Tieyun) in the Qing Dynasty. It is only Qian Zhongshu who asserts that “it is sufficient to prove that Shu Tieyun is not the real author” according to the poem of the “Inscription of the Records for Senior Ye Ting” in the collection of Bei Qingqiao’s works in the Qing Dynasty. However, Qian’s opinion is suspicious. We can see that the book was absolutely not written by Ye Zhangting according to the following elements: the scholars’ elegant manners at that time, no objections from the poets mentioned in Records, and the interactions between Ye Ting, the collector of the book and the author of the “Inscription”. The explicit statements in the works of Ye’s then prove that the book was really written by Shu Wei.

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“Strict Versification having Little Sympathy”: On the Exquisiteness of “Little Dongpo” Tang Geng’s Lvshi Poetry

TANG Ling

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (3): 145-151.

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As a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, the so-called “Little Dongpo” Tang Geng has been praised by scholars in all ages because of the exquisiteness of his poetry, especially his Lushi poetry. His lvshi poetry is featured by refined antithetical couplets, appropriate quotations and fine structures. This results from his repeated deliberation of each word. His view of poetics is well demonstrated in the expression that “strict versification having little sympathy”.

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On the Historical Context and Historical Contradiction of the Imperial Examination System Pursuing Fairness

YANG Guo-qiang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 1-20.

Abstract （442）

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When the feudal system was replaced by the province-country, emperors had to select officials for administration. Guided by the Confucian political ideal, selected officials should be wise men. Therefore, both the previous recommendatory system and imperial examination system afterwards were aimed to select “the wise and the competent”. In the recommendatory system, a small number of people choose another small number of people. By contrast, in the imperial examination system, officials are selected according to their intellectual performance in exams, and a large number of people are allowed to attend the selection by “registering with their own resumes”. The selecting process is so extensive, widespread, communal and public that fairness is essential to it. During over 900 years from the early Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, various measures, including the final imperial examination (presided over by the emperor), locked examination hall, covered names of examinees, transcription, regional differentiation, provincial examination, different examinations for sons of officials and common people, and stereotyped writing with eight parts in the range of the Four Books, are all aimed to eliminate some partial advantages and subjective elements in order to maintain fairness that between the influential and the common, the rich and the poor, regions favoring learning and those indifferent to learning, examiners and examinees. Nevertheless, since the wise and the competent are distinguished from the common, eliminating all partial advantages inevitably results in the fact more and more common and ordinary persons are selected, which is against the original purpose of selecting the wise and the competent. Correspondently, the most open official selecting system coexists with the most severe ideological control, and in the process of maintaining fairness, an anti-knowledge tendency arises in the official selecting system, which originally takes knowledge as measurement.

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The Concept of the “State” in the Entanglement of History and Reality

LI Lei, QU Jun, MENG Zhong-jie, QIU Li-bo, LIU Yong-hua, WANG Xiang-min, MOU Fa-song, LIU Qing, and XU Ji-lin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 21-40.

Abstract （698）

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In “The Notion and Self Empowerment of the State in Ancient China”, LI Lei states that it is necessary to make a distinction among the significance of the “state” endowed by researchers, the self statement of the ancient state and the actual structure of the state. The notion of the state in the Western political context cannot express the self statement of the ancient Chinese state, which has had profound impact on the construction of China and its dynamic change. The “politics” of the “state” in ancient China need be justified with the notion of tianxia. In “The Entanglement of Cultivating tianxia and Competing in the World: An Element of Intellectuals’ Cognition of the State in the Transitional Age”, QU Jun argues that in regards to the intellectuals’ cognition of the state in the transitional age (1895-1925), the academic circle is mainly concerned about “how tianxia shrank into a state”; however, if probe into the intellectuals’ understanding, we will more easily find a process transforming from tianxia to the “world”. Therefore, this provides another dimension to examine how the intellectuals molded China with the discovery of the “world” and how cultivating tianxia and competing in the world entangled with each other. In “The ‘State’ in German History”, MENG Zhong-jie argues that Germany is one of few countries that embrace all types of state. By discussing this, we can understand: What are the self proofs of the power in the formation of different types of state? How does each of them construct an effective governance structure? What is the motivation for the state transformation? The combination of these three questions leads to reflection on how the legitimacy of the “state” formed. In “Historical Resources and Legitimacy Construction”, QIU Li-bo states that the transcendence of Chinese history and the historical types of state in China can hardly be realized within China’s historical state, or by simply adding up Chinese historical and political resources. In other words, the transcendence of China’s historical state can hardly be realized in the way of looking back at history. Instead, it should be realized by looking into the future. We should let the future emancipate the past rather than let the past enclose the future. In “Towards a Rational State: On KONG Fei-li’s View on the State”, LIU Yong-hua states that KONG Fei-li concludes that China’s national construction shall be founded on rather China’s own conditions than others. The key to understand this conclusion lies in the fact that people are capable and wise enough to realize the “fundamental task” that they should accomplish. What we should do is to let people participate in politics and political competition. Through the free participation in politics, people will reach common views on the basic principles that we should hold in the political system in public domain. These common views are stable and constitute “an invisible constitution”. In “The National Situations in American Politics”, WANG Xiang-min claims that the notion of state refers to many forms and meanings from the perspective of different stages in American politics. Therefore, methodologically speaking, we must take the particular historical context and theoretical direction into account in using the notions such as state, civil society and benign governance. In “The State and Tianxia: How a Political Organization above the State Is Possible?”, MOU Fa-Song discusses the relationship between tianxia and the state, which seem to be separated from each other at the first glance. If there is or there will be a political organization above the state, it must emerge in a contradictory and dialectical process. On the one hand, there is the integration process of the world; on the other hand, there is a tendency of separation, polarization and even violent division. These two trends existed in China’s history and exist in her reality. In terms of Chinese history, at least before the Song Dynasty, tianxia had been a big state. Only in the Song Dynasty, the demonstration of the legitimacy of the state became especially necessary. After the Song Dynasty, whenever a political entity as a state appears in China, it has to prove its legitimacy or the rationality of its existence. In “The State and Authority”, LIU Qing points out that the notion of the “state” is varied and complicated. It has three important correlative dimensions, that is, the origin of legitimacy, the governance capacity, and transformation ability. The legitimacy in ancient time is founded on authority rather than rational argumentations. Nevertheless, with the decline of hereditary authority, it is hard for us to imagine a modern Chinese or Western state of paternity In “The State Identity and Family-State-Tianxia”, XU Ji-lin argues that in the ancient Chinese notion of “family-state-tianxia”, tianxia represents universal civilization. As the soul, civilization needs a structural body, that is, “state”. The “state” is “China” as a political entity, which overlaps “China” as a civilization entity. However, “China” as a political entity in this sense is not a modern nation-state with its definite sovereignty, territory and people; instead, it is comprised of successive dynasties featured by disruption and unification from time to time. The identity of abstract “China” in ancient China was manifested through the identity of some orthodox dynasties that represented “China” concretely. The nation identity in modern sense is the identity of Chinese nation. Chinese nation is an imaginary “empty body of nation” that has been constructed since the late Qing Dynasty rather than a “national entity” with empirical evidences and self-consciousness. Although Chinese nation regards Huaxia-Han people as its main body, Huaxia-Han people is not equal to Chinese nation.

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The Concerto of the State and Society: On the Logical Structure of Fukuyama’s Theory of Political Order

GAO Li-ke

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 41-48.

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By integrating the state, the rule of law, accountable government as the institutional assembly of modern political order and explaining the formation of political order in the theoretical frame of the interaction of the state and society, Fukuyama’s theory of political order reviews the evolution of the state, the rule of law and accountable government and their fusion in the interaction of the state and society, regarding the balanced development of the state and society as the goal of a civilized political order. Focusing on religion, Fukuyama interprets the precocious mode of a strong state in China and the mode of strong society with the rule of law in Europe. The most courageous idea in Fukuyama lies in its emphasizing the significance of the national structure to political order and defining the Qin Dynasty established in 221 BC as the origin of the modern state, which endows his theory of political order with capacity to explain both oriental and occidental civilizations.

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The Mutual Coordination and Development of Modern State Governance and Deliberative Democracy

QI Wei-ping & CHEN Peng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 49-55.

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The structural transformation of modern state governance shows that cooperation is its inner logic and fundamental strategy. Modern state governance needs both reasonable institutional structure and stable social foundation. As a kind of governance democracy, deliberative democracy can undertake the primary demands of modern state governance effectively at the level of social foundation: deliberative democracy can produce two elements that modern state governance requires, that is participants and social order. On the other hand, modern state governance supports deliberative democracy in political life and social space. Hence modern state governance and deliberative democracy can be well-coordinated. When cooperation and consultation constitute the common values of modern state governance and deliberative democracy, cultivating appropriate public spirit is essential to their development.

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The Evolution of Privileged Bureaucrat and the Fall of the Soviet Communist Party

TANG Jing ＆ LI Peng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 56-62.

Abstract （461）

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When the Communist Party was in power in the Soviet Union, the bureaucratic stratum gradually formed, strengthened itself and eventually collapsed. This phenomenon was characterized by the forming of hierarchy, interest groups and internal closed communication. The bureaucratic stratum and privileges were entangled together, and bureaucracy evolved with the appearance of privilege enjoyment, privilege corruption and multiplied privileges. When the privilege alienation and the institutional transformation eventually occurred, the bureaucratic group cut the flesh and blood ties to the people and party members on the primary level, and its vulnerability became the last straw that caused the final collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. A study of the lesson of the Soviet Union is conducive to understanding the issue of combating corruption and building a clean government and provides important research dimensions and profound historical insights for us to deliberate over party construction, modernization of state administration and their relationship.

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Social Transformation、Time-Space Compression and The Construction of Ecological Civilization

Bao Shuangye

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 63-68.

Abstract （450）

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The current Chinese social transformation characterized by features of "Time-space Compression"，that meant the "Time-space Compression" of social transformation aim and each field of social system. "Time-space Compression" feature has dual effect on the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, the "time space compression" to the construction of ecological civilization in China has brought the advantage of backwardness, This is a "preferred" external conditions and win-win cooperation international environment. On the other hand, the "time space compression" also make ecological civilization construction of China face a more urgent task and the pressure of the international community. In order to steadily promote Chinese ecological civilization needs the optimization of social transformation aim and social structure, and the transcendence of the local ecological thinking.

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The Relationship between the Local and the National in the Sacrifice System of Jiangnan: A Case Study on Jinze Town, Suzhou Province and Songjiang Province

LI Tian-gang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 69-78.

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The gods in folk religions have their symbolic meaning of both the local and the national. However, the relationship between the local and the national in folk religion has been seldom discussed in today’s religious circle. By studying the sacrifice forms in folk religion in Jinze Town, this paper attempts to provide a new dimension. A folk religion with “Lord Yang” as the main god has been preserved till now in Jinze Town, Qingpu District, Shanghai. The religious pattern of “temple and bridge” in the town forms a sacrifice system of Confucianism dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which reflects many features of local religion in Jiangnan area since medieval times. Jiangnan folk religion is a complete faith system, in which Confucian sacrifice is national while various “Lords” are local. Based on the field investigation in Jinze and the examination of local chronicles of Suzhou Province and Songjiang Province, this paper shows that the sacrifice system on the township level is an important pillar that supports local societies in Jiangnan.

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The Advocating of Daoist Religion in Jingzhou and the Political Fortunes of the Rulers of Liao in the Ming Dynasty

WANG Gang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 79-92.

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This paper discusses the advocating of Daoist religion and the fortunes of the rulers of Liao state in the Ming Dynasty. Daoist religion played a key role when the rulers of Liao was favored and then suspected by the emperors. While Daoism helped the first ruler of Liao survive from a political risk, it was also one of the elements which led to the destruction of the last ruler of Liao named by ZHU Xian-jie. Because of his advocating of Daoism, Zhu was favored by Emperor Jiajing but was deprived of the title and attacked by Emperor Longqing. Although the collapse of Liao was related to Zhu’s self-indulgent personality, it was also a result of political persecution. The political rival of ZHU took the advantage of Confucians’ hatred of Emperor Jiajing’s following the Daoist doctrines, framed up ZHU and made a false charge of his conspiracy against the empire. However, ZHU’s advocating had an indelible impact on the Daoism in his feod Jingzhou.

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On the Self Issue from the Perspective of Anthropocentricism

TU Ke-guo

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 93-100.

Abstract （399）

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Self, as the reflective reference to oneself, has several meanings. It is the agent of social activities, the carrier of social relations, an organic element of social system, the creator and recipient of social values, the subject of social consciousness, the matrix of social culture, and the source of social impulse. In order to promote the development of society, or to realize the healthy and all-around development of individuals, self-consciousness of social subjects at different levels, along with self restoration, is necessary in practice, and theoretically, some problems such as limiting self merely to self of individuals, symptom of non-ego, and egotism dilemma must be explained reasonably. The self issue from the perspective of anthropocentricism contains three main aspects: first, the essence, types, characteristics and significance of self and other basic theoretical issues; second, introverted problems of self, including infantile-self, lost-self, devastated-self, shrinking-self, disdaining-self and commiserating-self; third, external problems of self, including externalized-self, narcissistic-self, egotistic-self and expanded-self. The introverted and external problems respectively represent two opposite attitudes of the subjective self towards objective self and external non-ego.

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The Application and Development of the Western Concept of “Enlightenment” in the Study of the History of Chinese Philosophy in Modern China

WU Gen-you

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 101-108.

Abstract （530）

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The concept of “enlightenment” in modern Western philosophy has had extensive influence on every aspect of modern Chinese society. In their writing of the history of Chinese philosophy, HOU Wai-lu and XIAO Jie-fu inherited LIANG Qi-chao and HU Shi’s achievements in the study of the intellectual history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and applied the theoretical pattern of Marxism to define the over 300 years’ history from the late Ming Dynasty to the Regime of Emperor Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty as the “transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty”. They believed that “early Chinese enlightenment thought”, with arising capitalist sprouts, had appeared in this period. XIAO even argued that “early Chinese enlightenment thought” was mainly against “ethical alienization” while European enlightenment against “religious alienization”. The interpretation and application of the modern Western concept of “enlightenment” in the study of the history of Chinese thought in modern China reflects the polysemy and diversity of the concept of “enlightenment” in modern world history.

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Epicurus and “the quarrel between philosophy and poetry” in Plutarch’s De audiendis poetis

Zhang Xuanci

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 109-115.

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Plutarch mentions Epicurus twice in his De audiendis poetis. These two mentions appear separately in the beginning and the end of the essay which both focus on the relationship between poetry and philosophy. Epicurus appears as an adversary at the first time, while he becomes a friend of Plutarch at the second time. The examine of Epicurus in the De audiendis poetis can not only help us to understand Plutarch’s thoughts on education by poetry, but also help us to understand the ancient issue of “the quarrel between philosophy and poetry”.

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External governance environment, Financial leverage and Over-investment ——based on the Shenzhen stock exchange listed companies

Yang Rong, Lu Lina

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 116-126.

Abstract （429）

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Research on the relationship between financial leverage and over-investment, as well as how external governance environment influences the effect which the financial leverage exerts on over-investment has important theoretical and practical significance. In this research, 2251 observation samples in the year 2008 to 2011 from the listed companies in Shenzhen Stock Exchange are selected, for analyzing the relationship among external governance environment, financial leverage and over-investment. Through the empirical research, we find that financial leverage has inhibitory effect on over-investment. And there is a negative correlation between over-investment and local product market competition, information disclosure quality, local degree of marketization, while a positive correlation between over-investment and local government intervention.

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Analysis of management earnings forecast

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 127-137.

Abstract （402）

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: This paper investigates the effects of internal and external governance mechanism on annual earnings preannouncement and its characteristics. Using analyst number following to measure the entity’s supervision from outside, and ownership nature, equity restriction degree and earnings management to measure internal efficiency of governance, empirical results show that analyst following promotes the disclosure of annual earnings preannouncement, thus increasing information transparency. The less analyst following is, the later annual earnings preannouncement is disclosed and the more bad news presents. Relative to SOEs, non-SOEs prefer to preannounce yearly earnings, but the precision is lower and good news is predominant. The higher the degree of equity restriction among top five shareholders, the less annual earnings preannouncement is, but when it is disclosed, precision is higher and date is later. We also find that the behavior of annual earnings preannouncement does have continuity. In general, effective external supervision and internal governance mechanism do influence annual earnings preannouncement and its characteristics.

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The Predicament of “Changing the Background”: On Beidao’s Poetry Creation after His Immigration Oversea

LIANG Yan

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 138-143.

Abstract （521）

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The study on Beidao’s poetry creation after his immigration oversea shows that Beidao does not understand and even repels the present era. Meanwhile, he reflects on the background of the past age, which makes Beidao face more grief in nowadays. We can perceive today’s Beidao and previous Beidao, and the tension in his mind when he faces today’s Beijing and Beijing in the past. In fact, this demonstrates that he hovers between poetry creation and real background, poetry and reality, the reality in the poet’s imagination and the actual reality. The entanglement of life at present and in the past pushes Beidao to reflect on the past and the current. Hence, “changing the background” becomes the most important imagery in Beidao’s poetry creation oversea.

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Chinese-language Media and the Construction of Cultural Identity of Chinese Immigrants: A Case Study on Australia

CHEN Hong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (4): 144-150.

Abstract （476）

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Along with the increase of Chinese immigrants in Australia, the Chinese-language media in Australia have been developed. Up to now, the Chinese-language media in Australia have played an important role in the establishment of the cultural identity and community consciousness of Australian Chinese, as well as in the harmonious life and development of oversea Chinese under the guidance of multi-culture policy. Meanwhile, they played an irreplaceable role in the cultural and social ties of new and old immigrants, and in inheriting and developing Chinese culture. In Australia, the Chinese-language media have become the most important channel to propagate Chinese language internationally. The cooperation between local media across China and the Chinese-language media in Australia provides realtime broadcasting of “Chinese voice” and consequently forms a stronger identity of hometown for oversea Chinese.

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Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 0-0.

Abstract （630）

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The Questions from Emperors: the Questions in the Final Imperial Examination and the Patternized Anxiety in the Song Dynasty

FANG Xiao-yi

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 1-9.

Abstract （637）

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The current study on the questions in the final imperial examination in the Song Dynasty usually confines itself to their historical values and stylistic significance. After being accepted as the only content in the final imperial examination, the practice of questioning and answering became an important way of communication between the emperor and the literati. The palace questions normally reflected the anxiety of the emperor, which often derived from the contrast between the present governance and the ideal one in the ancient, the excellent one in the Han or Tang Dynasties, or that of previous emperors in the Song Dynasty. The anxiety also came from natural calamities or the doctrines and recordings in the Confucian Classics. Such anxiety, as well as its causes, had occurred in the palace questions before. It can be called “the patternized anxiety”, which belongs to the political discourse shared by the emperor and the literati. It shows the serious limitations of ancient emperors in political imagination. Once the political situation was severe, however, the palace questions would possess some special political imprints mingled with and conceived by the patternized anxiety and usual political discourse as well.

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Do Words Represent or Distort the Voice of the Mind?: A Case Study on the Poetry of BI Yuan

YANG Xun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 10-16.

Abstract （587）

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According to the notion that “words represent the voice of the mind”, a literary work is an authentic record and an accurate description of the author’s mind or experience. Nevertheless, ancient authors often revised their works over a long time, so that the last versions, quite different from the previous ones, did not reflect what actually had occurred. For example, BI Yuan, a famous writer during the reigns of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty, modified his own poems from style to content to some extent in editing them in old age. So we should carefully examine the effectiveness and applicability of the notion of “words representing the voice of the mind”.

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From the “Tianxia without Boundary” to the “Shadow Dynasty”: On The Ways to Establish a State In the East Jin Period as well as Its Result

LI Lei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 17-27.

Abstract （602）

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The real situation of ancient Chinese dynasties, which does not fit into the Western concept of empire, shall be understood with some concepts revolving around the notion of tianxia, the ancient Chinese version of cosmopolitanism. After the collapse of the West Jin Dynasty, the East Jin Dynasty obtained its legitimacy in the consensus of tianxia of the Han people and other ethnic groups. Although its real power was far away from that of an ideal tianxia, the East Jin Dynasty, at least formally, did maintain a tianxia regime due to the tianxia consciousness of its surrounding ethnic groups. All of MURONG Xianbei, Koguryo, and other tribes in the northeast remote from the center of the East Jin confined themselves to the consciousness of tianxia despite the fact that they chose different ways to build their states. Different from the unified “tianxia without boundary” of the Han and West Jin Dynasties, the tianxia of the East Jin consisted of numerous political powers sharing a same tianxia consciousness. Enlightened by the term of the “shadow empire” in Thomas J. Barfield, this thesis describes such a new tianxia system as the “shadow dynasty”, which was comprised of various political regimes restrained by the central imperial court.

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Returning to Rural Areas as One Aspect of the Social Mobility of the Intellectuals in Jiang’nan during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study on Kunshan

QU Jun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 28-35.

Abstract （680）

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Besides routine migration from villages gradually to small cities, big cities, and then even to foreign countries, the intellectuals’ social mobility between urban and rural areas in Jiang’nan (regions south of the Yangtze River) during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China also consisted of a tendency of returning to rural areas willingly or reluctantly due to their difficulties in the upward mobility on the one hand and the available accommodation for them in villages, towns and small cities at that time on the other. With a case study of the schools and the conditions of their teaching staff during 1912-1925 in Kunshan, this thesis discusses the tendency of returning to the rural areas in the intellectuals’ social mobility between urban and rural areas in Jiang’nan during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China and the significance of the tendency in modern China as well.

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Coordination and Suspicion: U.S.-ROK Relations Before and After EC-121 Incident of 1969

LIANG Zhi

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 36-46.

Abstract （656）

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It appears that U.S. and Republic of Korea coordinated closely to deal with the Korean Peninsula issue before and after EC-121 Incident of 1969. In fact, new evidences reveal a profound suspicion between Washington and Seoul. The incident deepened the ROK’s mistrust of U.S. security commitment and led up to new U.S.-ROK confidence crisis. Finally, Seoul sought ways to improve relations with DPRK and achieve self-reliance in national defense. On the other hand, EC-121 Incident obliged President Nixon shelve his plan of reducing U.S. armed forces in ROK. Washington considered the implementation of U.S. presence reduction until November 1969. The main reason for U.S.-ROK confidence crisis lies in the obvious difference of cognition and conduction for Korean peninsula affairs between Washington and Seoul. The case study also indicates that although common enemy may promote the two countries or regions with very different capabilities to form an alliance, they do not necessarily share similar strategic thinking and judgment.

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On the Influence of the Spirit of Christianity on HE Lin’s Philosophy of Mind

GU Hong-liang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 47-53.

Abstract （712）

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When HE Lin studied in the US, Christianity influenced not only his daily life emotionally but his intellectual life rationally as well. Thus Christianity provides a strong and vigorous spiritual support to his “new philosophy of mind”. We can see the implicit elements of Christianity in his interpretation of the “three meanings of the Supreme Ultimate (taiji)”, “the equivalence of mind with principle” and the spiritual manifestation of a Confucianist. Christianity has penetrated HE’s philosophy of mind in an imperceptible way and become one of its essential factors. This endows HE’s “new philosophy of mind” with a special philosophy of religion which is absent in other philosophical systems of modern Confucianism and provides him with a religious dimension in his new development of Confucianism.

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The Notion of Justice in Marx’s Criticism on Fetishism

SUN Liang

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 54-59.

Abstract （652）

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We cannot read Marx’s notion of justice at a literal level. Both the epistemological concept of reification (Verdinglichung) and the ontological one of objectification (Versachlichung) contained in Marx’s criticism of fetishism can serve to define the basic principles of justice. According to the concept of justice in Western political philosophy, the justice of contract based on capitalism, a special social form, is regarded as the natural property of all forms of society. Hence the justification for the justice of exchange results in a fetishism of justice. Through criticizing the traditional understanding of justice in terms of the ontological objectification and bringing out its foundation on a society of commodity transition, Marx deconstructs such justice from the perspective of Communism. In the course of developing socialist market economy nowadays in China, we shall dialectically adopt a transitional constructive notion of justice so as to achieve the “self realization of human beings”.

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Thought and Language: A Reexamination of the Thesis of the Priority of Language

YU Feng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 60-67.

Abstract （641）

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Partly due to the effort of Dummett, Evans and other thinkers, the relation between thought and language has become one of the key issues concerning the foundation of analytical philosophy. In recent decades, Dummett’s “thesis of the priority of language”, that is, linguistic analysis as the unique approach to philosophy, has been accepted by most of analytical philosophers. However, Evans, Peacocke and other philosophers oppose Dummett and insist that thought is prior to language in the order of philosophical explanations. Providing a new framework to rethink the nature of thought and a new direction to the study of concepts, this opinion challenges the basic hypothesis of concept ontology and concept acquisition in traditional cognitive sciences and the philosophy of mind.

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Body and Belief in Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Case Study on Qiushi

ZHU Jing

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 68-74.

Abstract （732）

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Qiushi, which literally means “autumn mineral”, was made from human’s urine and considered as a kind of elixir in ancient China. This thesis explores the cultural and theoretical background of the production and indications of qiushi. The function of the human body and the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine are discussed with qiushi as a case. The technology of qiushi resulted from the combination of some Daoist practices and the knowledge of medicine. Long term elements are taken into account in the evaluation of the effects of medicines, and the interaction between medicine and human body is emphasized – these constitute the features of the cognitive patterns in traditional Chinese medicine. The effects of medicines are explained in terms of yin, yang and five elements. Medicines and human body, which is in flux, interact with each other through their similar factors. The beliefs in traditional and classical theory have played an important part in the application of qiushi for a long time.

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Leo Strauss and Two Directions in Political Philosophy

WU Guan-jun

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 75-86.

Abstract （551）

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Leo Strauss has occupied the focal point of Sinophone circles of political philosophy for over a decade. His critique of modernity and effort to resuscitate classical political philosophy has attracted heated discussions. Strauss labels his political philosophy as both “Socratic” and “Platonic.” However, what Socrates and Plato have opened up are two opposite directions in political philosophy. Strauss’s subtle oscillation between these two directions is a case worthy of deep analysis. By virtue of such analysis, we are able to further trace the inner lineage from ancient Greek political philosophy to contemporary continental radical political philosophy.

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Classified Governance and Extensional System: Governance of Social Organizations in Current China

WANG Xiang-min

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 87-96.

Abstract （588）

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The rise of social organizations as well as its governance has been important themes regarding national governance in the new century. Nowadays, there have been three kinds of classified governance models towards social organizations set up by local governments: firstly, promoting the construction of pivotal social organizations, including people’s organizations and register-free organizations; secondly, managing the service-oriented social organizations under the project system; thirdly, incorporating the grassroots and diversified interest-expressing social organizations into political system by the absorption of leaders, organizations and functions. These constitute a more positive and delicate system of classified governance, which not only shows the political character of extensional system but also proves the growth of practical political knowledge.

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New Urbanization: The Return of Humanism in Urban-rural Relations

ZHANG Wen-ming

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 97-107.

Abstract （617）

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Emphasizing that urbanization is the urbanization of people, the new urbanization, from the policy’s view, will objectively lead to the change of identity. In the context of the complicate urban-rural relations in a century, the new urbanization has profound social consequences. It tried to solve the issues in the institutional stratification of the right of citizens and farmers and establish an “egalitarian society with citizenization”. The relationship between urban and rural areas, which actually equals to the “combined” relationship of human and nature deducted by the capital in the industrialization and urbanization, is the symbol of moving toward the social rationality from economic rationality in the human society. The respect of “people” in the new urbanization strategy is considered as a returning to the nature of “citizenization”: urban-rural relations essentially are the human relations. The process from competition to combination in the development of urban-rural relations is also the process to equality by dissolving the artificial social stratification and respecting citizenship.

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The Contemporary Transformation regarding the Theories of Social Construction in China

ZHENG Xiong-fei

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 108-122.

Abstract （524）

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As “an objective existing historical process”, or as “a thinking mode and conceptual innovation”, social construction has always existed along with social development of past ages. In this new century, the connotation of social construction has surpassed the set pattern that “social construction is equivalent to the construction of various social undertakings” and has penetrated into the resources allocation and the improvement of people’s livelihood. Meanwhile, its denotation can no longer be generalized as “a generic name of all kinds of constructions aiming at social survival and development”, but extends gradually to benefits allocation and pattern optimization. Social construction does not subordinate itself to political or economic field but return to sociality. It emphasizes the role of the “society” rather than “supplements the deficiency of the governmental facilities”. Its purpose is not only to solve social problems or to establish “a rich and happy society”, but also to improve people’s livelihood and beneficial relationships. Its methods are no longer limited to democratic politics, culture, psychology or education, but concentrated on the innovation of social administration mechanism and the optimization of social development path. This historical transformation has its own momentum, layers and correlations. However, it is not perfect and needs further improvement in research direction and key points.

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“Diqing Experience” of Establishing a Multi-ethnic Community: Its History, Reality and Inspiration

LIU Qi

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 123-130.

Abstract （569）

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Among the Tibetan areas in China, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is famous for its variety of ethnic groups and stability of social order. In previous studies, some scholars have summarized its experience in keeping social order from several perspectives, such as the good implement of ethnic policies, the relationship between identities of the nation and of the specific ethnic group, and the develop model of tourism, etc. However, these works are basically satisfied themselves with mere descriptions of empirical materials. Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is located at a junction of several different ethnic groups, which have established “regional communities” based on long-time communal living. After the ethnic identification in the 1950s, the new ethnic identity pushed people to redefine themselves into clear and distinct categories. However, this new identity of nationality is not much more than a hollow label, while ethic norms and emotional ties based on regional communities are still the basic forces to keep society’s cohesion and stability. By thoroughly discussing “Diqing experience”, we can have a better understanding of the predicament of contemporary ethnic policies, as well as the way to construct China as a multi-ethnic state.

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Do Chinese Elements Matter?: Consumer Evaluation on the Localized Adaption Strategy for Global Brands from the Perspective of Stereotype Consistency

HE Jia-xun, WU Yi & XIE Run-qi

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 131-145.

Abstract （793）

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With the ever enhancing of China’s soft power in the world, the adoption of Chinese elements has been popularly practiced by numerous global brands as a localized adaptation strategy, the consumer attitudes towards which has seldom been studied. Taking six global brands’ real products from three categories as study objects, this thesis adopts the construct of stereotype consistency and collects data by survey from Chinese consumers in Shanghai to explore how Chinese elements used in global brands’ product adaptation strategy affect consumer attitudes. By applying total effect moderation model to integrate the variables of brand local iconness and global identity/local identity altogether and probe into their mediation and moderation effects respectively, this thesis addresses several key findings. Firstly, the stereotype consistency of Chinese elements positively affects brand local iconness and product purchase likelihood. Secondly, brand local iconness partially mediates the relationship between stereotype consistency and product purchase likelihood. Finally, consumer cultural identity (global identity vs. local identity) plays a moderating role in the process above. These findings make innovative theoretical contributions to interpreting the influence mechanism of Chinese elements on consumer attitudes, initiating empirical study on Chinese elements and providing global brands with suggestion on effective utilization of Chinese elements. In general, to improve consumer attitudes, the marketers of global brands shall understand thoroughly the true meanings and essences of local cultural elements and integrate them into the brands in a way as consistent to the stereotypes as possible. Notably, this adaptation strategy shall be adjusted to market segmentation with different cultural identity

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The Changes of China’s Potential Growth Rate in Economic Transformation and the Breakthrough for New Round of “Promoting Reform through Opening up”

YIN De-sheng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 146-155.

Abstract （553）

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Economic restructuring is the main direction for the transformation of China’s economic development mode. But in the process of economic transformation, China’s economic growth has relatively slowed. There is a growing concern about the endogenous growth momentum and long-term trends in China. With HP filtering method and multivariate state space method, this thesis finds out that the potential growth rate in China has relatively declined from the double-digit before the global financial crisis in 2008 down to about 8% in 2012. Lower capital allocation efficiency, together with capital supply shocks, is an important reason for the recent decline in potential growth rate. For the long-term economic growth momentum in China, the breakthrough of new round of “promoting reform through opening up” lies in market-oriented reform and globalization configuration of capital element, which can take China (Shanghai) pilot free trade zone as a test base. The market-oriented reform of capital element needs the liberalization of interest rate and exchange rate, while globalization configuration of capital element depends on RMB internationalization and capital account liberalization.

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On China’s Intergenerational Income Mobility and Transfer Mechanism

LONG Cui-hong & WANG Xiao

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 156-164.

Abstract （656）

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The study on intergenerational income mobility, which reflects the equality of opportunity in economic and social conditions, is practically significant. Through the optimizing of estimation methods and eliminating the deviation factors, this thesis analyzes CHNS data from 1989 to 2009 and finds out that in 2009 the overall intergenerational income elasticity of China is about 0.6, and the urban and rural area is respectively 0.8 and 0.5. This means that China’s intergenerational income elasticity is still on the high side compared with other countries. An empirical study on the internal transfer mechanism of intergenerational income mobility from the perspectives of education, health and social capital shows that human capital plays an important role in the process of China’s intergenerational income inheritance, and social capital is also having a significant influence on the inheritance. Therefore, on the one hand, the government should further increase the intensity of public expenditure and use a variety of ways to increase the justice and fairness of people sharing public resources such as health care and education; on the other, the government should continue to strengthen the reform of market economic system and break barriers regarding labor market segmentation and labor mobility between the urban and rural area, and remove occupational segregation and industry monopoly pattern, so that we can improve social efficiency, dynamic equal opportunity and income fairness.

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On the Study of Subjectivity concerning the Quantity of Modern Chinese

LIU Cheng-feng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (5): 165-177.

Abstract （523）

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The study of subjectivity in modern Chinese concentrates on the “subjective quantity” of modern Chinese, that is, a speaker’s subjective evaluation of the deviation of the actual quantity from the supposed one. This thesis argues that the subjectivity of quantity, which is not the same as the subjective quantity, means a speaker’s subjective evaluation of the deviation of the actual comparison quantity in a unit from the potential comparison quantity in a unit. There are two types of the subjectivity of quantity in modern Chinese, namely, the “deviation” of the actual comparison quantity in a unit from the potential comparison quantity in a unit, and the “approaching” of the former to the latter. While the “deviation” mainly concerns the subjectivity of adverbs in syntax, the “approaching” is relative to the subjectivity of optimization in linguistic practice: in an unnatural conversation, for instance, the speakers will choose their subjective expressions according to their information advantage.

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The Debate of Heaven and Human from the Perspective of Value

YANG Guo-rong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 1-7.

Abstract （671）

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From the perspective of value, the debate of heaven and human involves both the being of human itself and the relation between human beings and objects. Concerning the being of human, Confucianism focuses on transforming innate nature into virtue, while Daoism aims at maintaining and returning to innate nature. Both of them have their own insights and blind points. It would be reasonable to overcome the confrontation and separation between innate nature and virtue, which implies that we shall confirm the nature of human beings and simultaneously avoid the formalization and externalization of social norms. Regarding the relation between human beings and objects, we need to realize overcoming at three levels today: First, overcome the pre-modern perspective, which adheres to the primitive unity of heaven and human; second, discard the biased modern perspective so as to overcome the abstract separation of heaven and human; third, overcome the post-modern perspective so as to re-establish the unity of heaven and human in an advanced historical stage with fully developed interaction of heaven and human. Through seeing and treating the relation between heaven and human from the aspect of historism, we value the unity of the principle of humanism and the principle of nature.

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From Poems of Renjinglu Villa to Poems of Jing’an: “Loyally Retelling” and “Creatively Saying Something More” about QIAN Zhongshu’s On the Art of Poetry

XIA Zhong-yi

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 8-26.

Abstract （827）

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In the study of academic history, while “loyally retelling” requires scholars of later generations to understand the climax reached by predecessors in certain field, “creatively saying something more” means to question its limits. Such practice could be found in QIAN Zhongshu’s evaluation of the poetry of HUANG Zun-xian and WANG Guo-wei in his On the Art of Poetry (Tanyi Lu), which demonstrates that QIAN goes beyond LIANG Qi-chao in aesthetic judgement and cultural perspective. In the poetic circle in the late Qing Dynasty, it was only WANG Guo-wei, rather than HUANG Zun-xian praised highly by LIANG Qi-chao, who was capable of blending the essence of Western learning (instead of superficial opinions concerning Western institutions and material things) into classical poetry in perfect harmony. It is a pity that no scholar of literature history has “loyally retold” the insightful view QIAN presented in 1948. However, why could WANG Guo-wei, who studied in Japan for less than one year,have a much deeper understand of the essence of Western learning than HUANG Zun-xian, who had been frequently sent to Europe and the U.S. on diplomatic missions for nearly 20 years? This key question, which should have been put forward and answered by QIAN, leaves space for scholars of young generations to “creatively say something more”.

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On Teaching Marxism as a Problem of Praxis

Josef Gregory Mahoney

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 27-37.

Abstract （657）

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The author examines his experiences teaching Marxism for three years in a liberal education paradigm in a U.S.-based university. A tension in liberal education exists between institutional inclinations to produce graduates as ideological subjects versus endowing them with the sort of critical thinking abilities that might help them see through if not deconstruct subjugating ideologies. In many respects, teaching Marxism is well suited to revealing such tensions and the dilemmas they pose. Thus, while “educating responsible citizens” might sometimes be merely a euphemism for producing disciplined, market-oriented “outputs” in a manner that Marxism fundamentally opposes, this paper concludes that teaching Marxism can provide a vital means for strengthening critical thinking abilities, particularly in a period of compounding political, economic and environmental crises. However, the predictable and perhaps insoluble problems that arise when teaching Marxism in turn help produce a radical pedagogy seeking critical praxis in the classroom and beyond.

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On the Social and Historical Bases of the Forming of the Middle Class Ideology

WANG Hao-bin

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 38-44.

Abstract （748）

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It is important for the middle class, an important impetus for modern society transformation, to form its own class consciousness, that is, transforming from a “spontaneous class” to a “class for itself” in the Marxist sense. The middle class culture and ideology took into shape in public sphere such as English cafes, French salons and bistros, as well as the wide-spread publications along with the invention and popularization of printers, all of which constructed an arena that can challenge the feudal authorities. At the same time, the modern humanities and social sciences as the reflection of zeitgeist provided the richest soil and firmest foundation for middle class ideology. Under the impact of the middle class public sphere and Enlightenment, the middle class ideology finally formed and the middle class was transformed into a “class for itself” from a “spontaneous class”. Accordingly, the political revolution was ignited, which caused great transformation of modern social power structure.

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The Outline of a Theory of Reasoning in Light of Classical Pragmatism

ZHANG Liu-hua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 45-52.

Abstract （640）

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The possibility of practical logic is a core issue in contemporary philosophy and other rational enterprises. According to classical pragmatists, reasoning, in the first, was as a constitute of human life, not as a calculus external to the world. In general, all the logical reasoning were doing things reasonably, therefore, reasoning should be seen as a committed action or an intentional inquiry. This theory of reasoning offers a better alternative to the approach of informal logic or natural logic to practical reason. This paper gives a outline of a theory of reasoning in light of classical pragmatism, and responds to its main challenge and made some prospects for its philosophical relevance.

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Three approaches to embodied cognition

HE Jing

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 53-59.

Abstract （754）

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The basic claim of embodied cognition is that the body plays an important role in human cognition. However, this basic claim involves three important questions: What is body? What is cognitive process? To what extent the body is important to cognition? This paper explains different understandings of three different approaches to embodied cognition, i.e., sensorimotor approach, extended functionalism approach and enacted approach, and finally defends the enacted approach of embodied cognition.

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"International Chinese": How Should Chinese be Developed as an International Language?

Lijian Hong

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 60-72.

Abstract （629）

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What is the concept of Teaching Chinese as an International Language? If we look at the nature of Chinese against the context of globalisation, we will have to treat the term Chinese as a plural. I argue that there are many Chineses in the world. The sum total of them should be called International Chinese. All Chineses are cultural resources in their respective countries. Not only there are linguistic differences among themselves, there are also cultural differences. The fundamental issue of Chinese and Chinese teaching in overseas countries concerns preliminarily the language rights of the overseas Chinese people. How should Chinese and Chinese language teaching be developed in countries outside China? This should be determined by local Chinese communities and relevant governments in the world. The discussion of the concept of Teaching Chinese as an International Language will help us to replace the traditional monolingual concept of Chinese and Chinese teaching with a new concept when teaching Chinese against the concept of globalisation, so that Chinese can be understood and developed as an international language.

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On the Classicality of The Forty-two Chapter Sutra

FU Hui-Sheng

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 73-83.

Abstract （611）

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The Forty-two Chapter Sutra is now the earliest extant Chinese translation of the Buddhist sutras. All the previous studies about it were mainly sortout of the documents, and comparative analysis and judgment of the materials. They did not take into consideration the factors of translation, translation cooperation and the special historical context of the primary contact between Chinese and Indian languages and cultures, and thereby produced some speculations. Because of random additions of new understanding of Buddhism in different historical periods, the sutra was even denied of its validity of existence. This thesis examines the translators, translation purpose and translation approach of the sutra, analyzes its form, content and two different editions, and reveals clearly its features of translation-editing policy on the basis of the previous studies. Therefore it outlines briefly the earliest period of the historical development in the translation of the Buddhist sutras mainly with the translation-editing policy from The Forty-two Chapter Sutra to The Preface to Dharmapada by Zhi Qian. It points out that the fact of classicality and continuously being classicized of the sutra in the history. This study provides certain academic reference for re-understanding of the sutra in the history of Chinese Buddhism, the intellectual history of Chinese Buddhism, the history of the Chinese translation of the Buddhist sutras, and the development of the theoretic system of the Chinese translation of the Buddhist sutras as well.

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From being reclusive to being secular: a research on Xu Yuan(1883-1919)

ZHAO Ying-ying

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 85-92.

Abstract （754）

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With the rapid urbanization and the fierce democratization and revolutionization, Shanghai Xu Garden went through the process of being a private garden to a literati gathering garden, to a commercial amusement park, to a quasi-park by Jiangnan compradors and Jiangnan literati from 1883 to 1919. During this process, Jiangnan compradors became from artistic scholars to tasteful merchants to gentry merchants, while Jiangnan literati changed from artistic scholars to political literati. As a result, the reclusive keep-out-of-politics tradition of Jiangnan culture gradually gave its way to the secular keen-on-politics trend.

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Power and Space: On the Kingship and City of Paris in the Late Middle Ages

ZHU Ming

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 93-99.

Abstract （763）

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Since the Valois Dynasty in 14th century, the French kings had been more and more interested in making Paris as a place for the demonstration of power. This was related to the political situation of that time. When the internal and external crises forced the kings to seek for the legitimacy of their kingship, they made the space as a strategy. Via buildings, arts, rituals as well as urban planning, the kings manifested their control upon the urban space. All their efforts were carried out in order to strengthen their own authority and to consolidate their rule. The symbols of power were integrated with space, which reflected the character that in the Middle Ages the cities were closely connected with politics. In other words, cities were space of the demonstration of power.

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Go Back to Marx: The Construction of National Governance System Under the Structural Theoretical Perspective

DU Yuhua

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 100-107.

Abstract （781）

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Taking the social structure elements as the origin, Marx’s social structural theory constructed theatrical structure from macro, medium and micro level respectively. No matter from content and methodology, this theory has important guiding significance for the construction of national governance system. Therefore, we should “go back to Marx”. Starting from longitudinal and transverse aspects of structure system, we should rationally coordinate the relations between each element of different levels and fields of social structure to construct national governance system, and then promote the modernization of governance capacity and perfection of national governance system with effective institutional supply and its executive power.

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Power list system: institutional response of state governance and governance capacity in modernization

XIE Jian-Ping

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 108-112.

Abstract （764）

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Power list system is the important process of Chinese communist system scientific construction in the new period, and also an important measure for promoting the national governance system and management modernization, is the system response to the party leads the people in running the country. Power list system including basic attribute, operation of the power of its authority and power list of the basic track of boundary feature and other institutional connotation. Implementation of power list system, one should strengthen the system configuration of power construction, to strengthen top-level design, improve the level of institutionalization of state governance. Two must strengthen the power operating system construction, to ensure that as a single Lvquan, raise the level of national governance. Three must strengthen the public rights system construction, outstanding balances will, improving democratic governance. Four must strengthen power supervision system construction, constructing the accountability mechanism, improve the scientific level of state governance.

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The Change of Liquid Shares, the Growth of Earnings and the Performance of Stock Price: Based on An Analysis of Growth Enterprise Market

YE De-lei & MENG Ying & LIU Yu-ning

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 113-120.

Abstract （661）

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The change of liquid shares, the growth of earnings and the performance of stock price are three interdependent aspects. Any unidirectional relationship between any two of them should not be analyzed separately. Using the method of simultaneous equations, we tried to analyze all of the interactions between these three aspects at the same time (including positive correlation and reverse correlation). In this article, we found company performance and share price performance to have a positive association. Meanwhile, we used many ways to measure the change of liquid shares, but its connection with company performance became relatively complicated. When it comes to the rate of share price change, optimistic impacts have been detected in the change of the top 10 liquid shareholders, the number of liquid shares per capita and the scale of liquid shares respectively, and vice versa. Nevertheless, there is a negative relation between the ratio of the total liquid shares of the top 10 liquid shareholders and the rate of share price change.

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The Correlation between Valuation and Incentive Role of Accounting Information ——the Test based on Cash Flow Information

Jingjing Xu

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 121-128.

Abstract （588）

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This paper studies the correlation between valuation and inventive role of cash flow information in Chinese stock market. Specifically, using data from year 2002 to year 2012 in Chinese stock market, this paper discusses whether there’s a correlation between valuation and incentive role of cash flow information, and what’s the difference compared to earnings information. The results show that there’s a positive correlation between the valuation and inventive role of cash flow information, but this correlation is weaker compared to earnings information. This paper is a complement to the studies about the correlation between valuation and inventive role of accounting information. This paper also can be a reference to people who care about valuation or compensation contract.

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The Impact of CEO Characteristics on R&D Investment Intensity: An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Listed Manufacturer Firms

XUE Yue & CHEN Qiao

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 129-138.

Abstract （688）

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This paper chooses the listed manufacturer firms in China as samples from 2009 to 2011, with focusing on exploring relationships between their CEO characteristics and R&D investment intensity. By analyzing the results, CEO’s career background, the relationship with government and the percentage of corporate shares CEO owns have a statically positive relationship with R&D intensity. Then, this paper concluded that: firstly, those creative CEOs who grasp opportunities for innovation and avoid investment risks, contribute to R&D investment, which promotes rapidly development of the firms; secondly, relationship with government should be paid attention to and well made use of.

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A Review of Research on the Formation of Psychological Contract and Managerial Implication about EmploymentRelationship

SHI Jian-wei，WANG Sheng，ZHOU Ping

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 139-145.

Abstract （666）

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Mainly focusing on the content, structure and break/violation of psychological contract, the existing researches paid less attention to formation of psychological contract. In order to strengthen the application value of psychological contract in human resource management, many scholars suggested attaching great importance to the study on formation of psychological contract. Here we reviewed the relative researches based on three aspects, including psychological schema, influencing factors and dynamic evolution process. According to the above, managerial implications of establishing and maintainingsound psychological contract between employees and organizations were put forward.

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The Construction of Academic Community and the Balance of Academic Power: A Review of the Chief Editor Summit Forum on the “Difficulties and Opportunities in the Construction of University Journals of Humanities and Social Sciences”

JIN Zhi-jun& TANG Zhong-mao

Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 147-148.

Abstract （562）

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Journal of East China Normal University (Philosoph 2014, 46 (6): 154-156.

Abstract （467）

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