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15 January 2012, Volume 44 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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社会保障研究

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A Consideration of Perfecting the New type Rural Social Endowment Insurance in China GUI Shi-Xun 2012, 44 (1):  1-4.  Abstract ( 1847 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1615KB) ( 1555 )   Save There have been great achievements since our nation’s newtype rural social endowment insurance began to launch its pilot project in 2009, but it still needs improving in certain respects. For instance, for those who have selected higher payment standards, they might be properly more encouraged to get a return according to a certain percentage of the local minimum payment subsidy instead of the current prescribed fixed amount. Some other suggestions are also put forward so as to improve the system of social endowment insurance in rural areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Cost Benefit Analysis of Investment and Operation of Pension Market  ——A Positive Analysis Based on Australian Superannuation LU Jin-Fei 2012, 44 (1):  5-12.  Abstract ( 1524 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1540KB) ( 1616 )   Save This article selects Australia, having a most advanced pension market, as its research target, and tries to draw an empirical conclusion about pension market’s investment and return rate. There are obvious economies of scale in the pension investment market. The larger scale of pension fund is, the less management cost. There are many microfactors like portfolio proportion, management cost, return rate, risks and return/cost ratio, to measure the market players’ operational efficiency. This article also summarizes some implications valuable for Chinese pension market. According to its pension fund scale, the cost of 1.6% for pension fund management in China is lower than it should be, and 1.74% could be a good reference for Chinese market. The benchmark of return/cost ratio could be 3.32. All these conclusions are valuable for China’s pension market, especially for its corporate annuity market. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Hong Kong Social Welfare for the Elderly in the Context of Mixed ChineseWestern Culture GUO Yu 2012, 44 (1):  13-18.  Abstract ( 1341 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1541KB) ( 2033 )   Save As an economically free haven, where east meets west, Hong Kong is aging fast. Since recent years, especially the post colonial period, Hong Kong has developed a special welfare system for the elderly. This paper introduces oldage security and elderly services in Hong Kong in detail. Nowadays the elderly welfare system in Hong Kong is closely related to its economic, political, social and cultural context. Faced with challenges, it is foreseeable that elderly welfare reforms should correspond to present situations and public opinions in Hong Kong as well. As a conclusion, it argues that the oldage security and elderly welfare system which is provided by the HKSAR government, is meaningful to mainland China in the sense that the mainland is developing and aging rapidly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improving the Social Support System for Family Caregivers of the Disabled Old in Shanghai LIU Jie, LOU Wei-Qun 2012, 44 (1):  19-25.  Abstract ( 1557 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1537KB) ( 1972 )   Save Home care by family caregivers to the disabled elderly in China is still a main form of cares at this stage and remains to be for a long time. Current researches focus on the elderly’s own care needs, but are not enough on family caregivers’ problems and needs. According to a sampling survey in Shanghai in 2010, most of Shanghai's family caregivers for the disabled elderly are women. They are mainly middleaged retirees, their economic conditions are moderate, and they have a longer care time and stronger sense of responsibility. Family caregivers bear a certain degree of physical, psychological and economic pressures during their care giving. In the face of the pressures from all sides, those who actively take selfextracting or get family supports, need urgent supports from government and social communities. Therefore, this essay suggests setting up a sound social health security system, reinforcing communitybased home care services, enhancing care knowledge and skills training, organizing caregiver support groups, and establishing various social support systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Construction and Development of a Moderate Universal favored Social Welfare System in China DAI Jian-Bing, CAO Yan-Chun 2012, 44 (1):  26-31.  Abstract ( 1574 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 1530 )   Save This paper analyzes the definition of a moderate universalfavored social welfare system, and suggests that it is a social welfare process which can be realized in the stage from a welloff society to the mid 21st century society. The universal here means to establish a welfare system that all citizens can enjoy and moderate refers to the construction of China's social welfare which can be divided into several stages. It shows that according to China's total population and changes in economic and social development and estimation of the level of economic development, the process can be divided into three stages by 2020, 2030 and 2050 as time nodes, and ultimately a moderate universal social welfare system is built up. This is in consistency with the level of economic development, national pride, social democracy, material and technical conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

当代史研究

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The Status, Ritual and Politics: The CCP’s Ideological Remolding of Capitalists after 1956 FENG Xiao-Cai 2012, 44 (1):  32-38.  Abstract ( 1906 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1540KB) ( 2152 )   Save In 1956 the wholetrade joint stateprivate management was realized in China. However, it did not mean that the “socialist transformation” of private industrialists and businessmen finished. They were still labeled as “capitalists”, who had been forced to accept continued ideological remolding. During this process the status of “capitalist” was taken as one kind of political tool by the authorities. By defining the identity again and again, the transformation objects were in unsafe condition. In order to complete the transformation task, the businessmen were involved in frequent activities of political learning. But, learning was always performed as on kind of ritual process, in which political confession was more important than inner identity for the government and the coerced legitimate identity was established. This pragmatic political culture not only reflected an internal contradiction of different kinds of policies, but also was closely related to the later constant political instability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cartoon and Politics: Cartoons during the Campaign of Resisting the United States and Aiding North Korea  ——A Focus on the People’s Daily HOU Song-Tao 2012, 44 (1):  39-45.  Abstract ( 1815 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1540KB) ( 1733 )   Save In Chinese modern times the national salvation and revolution were two epochal themes. As an artistic form, cartoon was closely related to varied revolutionary trends in politics. Cartoon presented diversified features between “artistic character” and “political character” all the time before the founding of PRC. The cartoon movement in the Resisting U.S and Aiding North Korea Campaign experienced a kind of artistic “popularization” and further politicalization. During the process of educating populace, the cartoon began to drift apart from its “artistic character” and turn to be a sort of ideological propaganda and educational tool which reflected its “political character” mainly. Thus a polarized mode of thinking, “not us then enemy” or “not enemy then us”, was constructed. This sort of extremely revolutionary mode of thinking had farreaching influence on the populace. Related Articles | Metrics

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“The Great Criticisms” of Films: Launching and Operations QI Zhi 2012, 44 (1):  46-52.  Abstract ( 1183 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1534KB) ( 1431 )   Save The campaign to criticize films was a most important area in “the great criticisms”. It was conducted by forces both from above and below. The one from above consisted of radicals led by Jiang Qing and “writing groups” affiliated with various work units. The one from below was made up of rebel mass organizations whose core members were some intellectual people. The first writing group appeared in Shanghai. After the Cultural Revolution began, writing groups mushroomed across the country. This was how a campaign to criticize a film worked: first, some people at the top would decide what topics to write; second, key articles were written by a designated writing group; third, accompanying articles were produced by the media. Close cooperation between media and writing group was therefore necessary. By the means of publishing newspapers and books, rebel organizations were often quite “imaginative” in their ways of criticizing movies. In contrast to rebel organizations’ often “blown up” approaches, those writing groups paid attention to data and evidence. What they did was to reshape facts and reinterpret a given historical event in accordance with radicals’ points of view. Related Articles | Metrics

近代史研究

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The Initiation of Shen Daily: Who Was the Writer of the Essay “A Discourse on the Earth”? WU Guo-Yi 2012, 44 (1):  53-60.  Abstract ( 1297 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1531KB) ( 1238 )   Save The essay of “A Discourse on the Earth”, published in the first month issue of the Shen Daily in 1872, was called the first scientific enlightenment of populace, “a kind of astronomical and geographical knowledge which could be read in a newspaper”. However, the question of “who on earth was the writer” remains a centenary mystery. According to some data in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, the real writer should be Gao Yunlin, an educated young man in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, instead of Jiang Qizhang, a chief writer at the Shen Daily. Related Articles | Metrics

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MA Junwu’s Interpretation of Rousseau’s Thought  ——A Focus on MA’s Translation of Du Contrat Social WANG Yao 2012, 44 (1):  61-68.  Abstract ( 1235 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1546KB) ( 1686 )   Save The purpose of this paper is to make a comparison between the original French version of The Social Contract and MA Junwu’s translation book of Zuben Lusao Minyuelun, and then to analyze MA’s interpretation of The Social Contract. The questions focus on the points as follows: Did MA Junwu properly translate any core idea of Rousseau’s book? What were the differences between Rousseau’s thought and MA’s thought? Without doubt, there were some natural barriers between Rousseau and MA Junwu, which were related to their different religious beliefs and moral values. Related Articles | Metrics

经济金融

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A Study on SinoAustralian Cooperation about Natural Gas HOU Min-Yue 2012, 44 (1):  69-75.  Abstract ( 1136 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1682KB) ( 1485 )   Save The arrival of the first shipment of Australian LNG in May 2006 at Dapeng LNG Co. Ltd., in Guangdong heralded the commencement of China’s imports of natural gas on a considerable scale. Providing 60% of China’s total LNG imports over the past few years, Australia will remain a major LNG supplier to China in the years to come, strongly indicating its continuous positive role in improving China’s primary energy consumption structure, energy security and quality of environment. While increasingly yielding tremendous economic and social benefits, ChinaAustralia gas collaboration is also facing some issues to be dealt with properly. Related Articles | Metrics

西方哲学研究

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“Resolution” and “Enhancement”: An Analysis of the PostMarxist Dynamic View of Social Development ZHENG Yi-Shi 2012, 44 (1):  76-82.  Abstract ( 1291 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1540KB) ( 1609 )   Save PostMarxism dissolves Marx's theory of driving forces of social development through identifying the “fracture” between modernity and post modernity, deconstructing texts, advocating pluralism instead of monism, and affirming historical contingency instead of historical necessity. However, it provides a new perspective of driving forces of social development and approves of this theory in its distinguishing “centralism” and “center” and analyzing the late capitalism and culture through using Marx's theory of productive mode and historicism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thomas Reid’s Criticisms of Doctrines of Ideas WEN Yu-Lin 2012, 44 (1):  83-89.  Abstract ( 1519 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1531KB) ( 1723 )   Save Although Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid had considerable influence on philosophy in history, he was ignored by official history of philosophy. But the end of twentieth century witnessed a revival of interest in his philosophy. Thomas Reid argued that the theory of idea was an underlying assumption of modern philosophy. Various doctrines of ideas led philosophy to skepticism. To defend common sense, Reid examined the theory of idea carefully and criticized it incisively. Contemporary philosophy confirms Reid’s philosophical farsight in his famous critique of the theory of idea. Related Articles | Metrics

中国哲学与文化

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A Study on the Basic Structure of Confucius together with Daoists in the Appendices to the Book of Changes FU Hui-Sheng 2012, 44 (1):  90-104.  Abstract ( 1088 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1534KB) ( 1746 )   Save Modern and contemporary studies of the Appendices to the Book of Changes (Yi Zhuan) often focused on different schools of thought implied in it. Some insisted that Appendices should be written by Confucius, some held that it was written by Daoist scholars, and some by scholars of the YinYang School. The textual analysis of Appendices may bring us a new and rational substantial understanding of Appendices. In it, those different expositions of what the Book of Changes  was and how it reflected the world mainly reflected understandings of different schools in the phase of “hundred school contention” of the whole Warring States Period, a unique traditional cultural phenomenon. The Book of Changes, based on the early Western Zhou ruling thought and culture, gradually became our nation’s rational philosophical writing instead of a mysterious divination book after Confucius’ and Daoists’ rational studies. And meanwhile, the Appendices to the Book of Changes also became a truly philosophical writing with profound ancient Chinese culture, and its basic structure of Confucius together with Daoists and scholars of changes was formed. Such an understanding may have a certain academic referential value in evaluating Confucius’ thought and historical position and reexamining ancient Chinese histories of philosophy, changeology and Confucianism. Related Articles | Metrics

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How to Unite Universal Love with Particular Love  ——A Focus on SongMing NeoConfucianist Theory of Humanity and Righteousness CHEN Qiao-Jian 2012, 44 (1):  105-110.  Abstract ( 1343 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 1346 )   Save Both Confucius and Mencius initiated an ethical theory of humanity (ren) and righteousness (yi). The nature of humanity was aiming at a kind of universal love, and the implication of righteousness was aiming at humanity and also a regulation of humanity. The principle of righteousness found expression in the graded particular love embraced in universal love. NeoConfucianism succeeded and developed original Confucianism’s theory of humanity and righteousness, and especially provided a set of ontological proof through its theory of “all things as one” and “one as multiplicity”. The opposition and unity of humanity and righteousness reflects the opposition and unity of Confucian ethical universality and particularity. This also conforms to the real life world. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Ethical Dimensions in Thoughts of the Qianjia School WU Xiao-Fan 2012, 44 (1):  111-117.  Abstract ( 1293 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1538KB) ( 1456 )   Save In the perspective of moral philosophy, traditional ethics, especially NeoConfucian, was criticized and expanded by the Qianjia School from four aspects. Firstly, instead of basing virtues on an ontological foundation of principle, the Qianjia School argued that the source of morality was rooted in the rite. Then the Qianjia School protested a naturalistic view of human nature opposing to the NeoConfucian transcendental humanity. Thirdly, morality was evaluated by behaviors and affections not as to motivations. In the end, the ideal moral personality was not still a sage but an ordinary person who abided rites. The point view of the Qianjia School ethics is indispensable to explain the occurrence of Chinese modernity. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Rectification of Some Punctuative Errors in the Article “Records of the Renshu Building” Appended in the Book of An Examination of FANG Yi-zhi’s Integrity in His Later Years ZHANG Yong-Yi 2012, 44 (1):  118-122.  Abstract ( 1332 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1612KB) ( 1322 )   Save The short article titled “Records of the Renshu Building”, which is compiled in the third volume of Qing Yuan Zhi Lue, is very important to understand the thought of oldage FANG Yizhi. Professor YU Yingshi has punctuated this article in his book of An Examination of FANG Yizhi’s Integrity in His Later Years (FANG Yizhi Wanjie Kao)，but those punctuation marks still have some errors. In addition, some historical data have proved that FANG Yizhi was a teacher and a good friend of ZUO Cangyi, who was just another interlocutor of “Records in the Renshu Building” Related Articles | Metrics

佛教研究

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The “Mokcha” in Upanishads and “Nirvana” in Buddhism YAO Wei-Qun 2012, 44 (1):  123-127.  Abstract ( 1347 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (1623KB) ( 2435 )   Save Many concepts in the ancient Indian holy writing Upanishads have important influences on later Indian religious and philosophical sects. The formation of Buddhist concept of “nirvana” was based on its absorption, reference and transformation from the concept of “mokcha” (release) in Upanishads. The concept of “mokcha” took the theory of self as its basis, while the concept of “nirvana” took the theory of dependent origination and theory of nonself as its basis. The concept of “mokcha” was a key content in the mainstream thought of Brahmanism, while the concept of “nirvana” was also a central element in its religious doctrine. They both were ancient Indian religious and philosophical theories with their own characteristics, and had their important positions in the development of Indian culture. Related Articles | Metrics

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Devadatta: Demon or Bodhisattva?  ——Some Misjudgments and Clarifications in Reading Classics XIA Jin-Hua 2012, 44 (1):  128-134.  Abstract ( 1765 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (1543KB) ( 2081 )   Save Devadatta has been taken as a demon to murder Shakyamuni Buddha for a long time, and the academic circles have generally approved of this view. In fact, the matter was not so simple. The academic circles at home and abroad have not brought to light the event of Devadatta as yet, because they have only confined to Pali Theravada canons and authority of Vinayapitaka. This paper has a discussion on three respects: records of Mahayana sutras and their relations with Agama sutra and Vinayapitaka, doubtful points of “five hellish sins”, and “five improper ways of gain” advocated by Devadatta. It shows that Devadatta was a most controversial mystical figure in the Indian Buddhist history. He wasn’t a demon, but a great Bodhisattva to be imbued with a sacrifice spirit. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Origin of the Lotus Throne of Buddhist Sculptures in Wuchang Lianxi Temple in the Fifth Year of the Eastern Wu Yong’an Period ZHANG Tong-Biao 2012, 44 (1):  135-143.  Abstract ( 1247 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1605KB) ( 1598 )   Save In Buddhist sculptures produced in the Han Dynasty and Western Jin Dynasty at the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Buddhist lotusthrone was one of the most obvious characters. It was absolutely different from those Buddhist sculptures’ in the area of Sichuan area, upper reaches of the Yangtze River during the same period. The Buddha sculpture made at Wuchang Lianxi Temple in A.D.262 (the fifth year of the Eastern Wu Yong’an period), was standing on a lotusthrone. It was most likely to be the first lotusthrone found in Chinese Buddhist sculptures, and also an embryonic form of the image of the Great Miracle at Shravasti in ancient India. The lotusthrone was firstly shown in some images of GajaLakshmi and Brahma in India, and nothing to do with Buddhism. Therefore, the isolated lotus image found in the Han and Jin dynasties was nothing to do with Buddhism, and it could not be taken as evidence for the spread of early Buddhism in China. Related Articles | Metrics

应用语言学研究

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Permanent Metaphor——A Study on Pound’s Translation of Metaphors in the Perspective of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory ZHANG Xi 2012, 44 (1):  144-149.  Abstract ( 1728 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1545KB) ( 1847 )   Save According to the conceptual metaphor theory, the conceptual system depended by human beings to think and act has a metaphorical nature, and human beings’ thinking process is just using a concept to understand or express another concept. Ezra Pound was a leader in the Imagist Movement and prolific translator. He advanced a concept of permanent metaphor, which reflected a correlation of metaphor and thinking pattern. The conceptual metaphor theory shows that a success of metaphor translation is determined by its readers’ thinking capacity, and a translation version is a combination of the translator’s and the reader’s thinking capacity. Pound was unique in his translation method, which is known as a creative translation. However, he mostly revived the thinking process involved in metaphors. This paper is to analyze Pound's permanent metaphor based on the conceptual metaphor theory and to explore a new perspective in metaphor translation.  Related Articles | Metrics