类型 状态报告
描述 源服务器未能找到目标资源的表示或者是不愿公开一个已经存在的资源表示。
At the turn of China's late Qing and early Republic periods Japanese "militarists" caused the"commemoration of three jia's" in the history of Sino-Japanese relations.The Chinese-Japanese War of 1894(jia wu)signified the beginning of Japan's process of "departure from Asia", and its position of "joining Europe"was consolidated owing to the War of 1904(jia chen).During and after the War of 1914(jia yin)Japan's policy toward China and its state goal had a new turn.Afterwards, it moved from its"departure from Asia for Europe"and "keeping European and American powers' company" to strengthening its"aggressive"attitude and "trying to annex China by force."Looking back to the historical memories of Japan's "departure from Asia for Europe"and China's "commemoration of three jia's"today, a time of peace and development becoming our epochal themes, will be helpful to the Chinese people to cherish their unprecedented historical opportunity rarely met once in a century, and for some Japanese, who still remain a cultural mood of "worshiping Europe and despising Asia, "to correctly understand their war history engaging their neighboring countries, thus paving the way for establishing a kind of mutually trusting, coexisting and both-winning good-neighborly relations.
Ningbo, a city located at Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province, and Shanghai and Nantong of Jiangsu Province together, are like three bright pearls beside East Sea, and have become a door for economic and trade business between the Yangtze Delta and other parts of the world.To open Ningbo for international trade, the West had made efforts for centuries.According to stipulations of the Sino-British "Treaty of Nanjing"signed in 1842, Ningbo was one of the five cities open to international trade.But due to the rise of Shanghai, peasants' rebellions and pirates' harassments, the Western plan to turn Ningbo into an imporatant port was not realized.Later, Ningbo's merchants played an active role on the stage of Shanghai.When the West forced China to open its door for free trade, those businessmen took up this opportunity to develop their international and domestic business in areas of trade and finance, and established a significant commercial group—the Ningbo Gang.
The development of agriculture and town economy on the Hangjia Hu Plain from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries provided some conditions for the rise of distinguished and powerful families.At the same time the political accumulation and development of imperial examinations promoted those families to reach their prosperous summit.Though each family boomed or declined, social strata continued for three centuries.After the middle period of the nineteenth century the rise or fall of distinguished families in Tang Xi was interrupted finally through rapid social reforms and revolutions.
After the Gengzi Event of 1900 the eight-power allied army, local disbanded soldiers, gangsters and robbers pillaged and even killed people around the area of Tianjing and Beijing.The refugees' number increased rapidly, but the government of the late Qing Dynasty was unable to relieve them effectively.Shanghai's gentry and merchants formed philanthropic organizations to mobilize non-governmental strengths in provinces of southeast China to organize fund-raising activities, thus strongly making up for official temporary disabilities of social relief in the time of emergency, which not only indicated a new development of China's folk charities but also signified a new change of the relationship between governmental and non-governmental.
Western medicine was introduced into China as a Christian missionary tool.Its advanced system, technical level and humanity incarnated by those missionary doctors gradually won Chinese people's approval.Its favorable exemplary effects promoted transformations of traditional Chinese medical strucure and of relations between doctor and patient.As a result, modern Western hopitalism was transplanted to China and modern Chinese public medical undertakings set in motion.
Richard Rotty, an outstanding figure of contemporary Western neo-pragmatism, establishes his philosophy upon his absolutely radical understanding of "contingencies, "i.e. the contingency of language, of self and of liberal society.Since it is these contingencies rather than any law that constitute our material and mental world, any objective knowledge on essence or truth will be impossible.By deconstructing traditional epistemology in such a revolutionary way, Rotty claims that the criterion of truth lies in our beliefs and wishes, and the real momentum of history in our imagination.Rotty's neo-pragmatism and traditional epistemology may complement each other, because the former overstimates contingency, whereas the latter stresses necessity too much.In a sense, Rotty's philosophy, which emphasizes contingency, practice and future, is far more significant for us than a common understanding of truth.
The economic developmental level affects in a certain degree people's understandings and views of an all-round well-off society.Here, three county areas are selected as reserach samples with characteristics of mostly the same size of area and population but different economic developmental levels and social cultural backgrounds.Based on the questionnaire through public participation guided by experts, this paper makes a comparison of common concerns of local residents in each sample area and draws some conclusions by using the first-hand data.Social welfare and security, the quality of education, local resident comprehensive qualities, farmers' and townspeople's average net income are cared by all.The economic developmental level dramatically affects the residents' concerns on environment, government and earnings.The demands and needs for an all-round well-off society is different among those groups, which mostly results from their occupations.
The social effects of urban mass transit consist of tangible and intangible effects.The latter is quite difficult to be quantitatively estimated when we use the method of market valuation.To solve the problem, the contingent valuation method (CVM) is applied to valuate social effects of urban mass transit.Taken Shainghai's urban mass transit as an example, the result of its social effects valuated by CVM has been proved to be reliable under the method of econometrics.The study indicates that CVM can overcome shortcomings of the traditional market valuation method and provides a scientific way to valuate social effects of urban mass transit.
Taiwan's scholars are considerably concerned with recent twenty-year religious studies in the mainland, introducing or commenting writings and views about the study of religion, religious literature and major religions from their various perspectives and areas.It is quite significant to sort out those data, which will be beneficial for us to have a comprehensive understanding of the development of religious studies in contemporary China.
The Collection of Japanese Songs and Chinese Poems (Hehan Langyong Ji), a book with bilingual compiling style, including Chinese poems and Japanese songs, is rarely seen in the history of Chinese-foreign literary relations.The strong Chinese literary feature is marvelously integrated with the striking Japanese cultural character in the book, which presents a transcultural charm of ancient Chinese literature, as well as a dual tradition of ancient Japanese literature.No doubt, the book regarded as a precious classic for ages by the Japanese intellectual circle should enter into the research vision of Chinese comparative literature.
The Western folklore was created in the nineteenth century.In various historical periods there are different definitions and understandings of the "folk"in the context of "folklore, "and emphases of various schools of folklore are not the same either.As a result, Western literature is imbued with humanism in accordance with the "folk", highlighting individuality and free thinking.Its creation tends to be directed at human ultimate concerns, and the "folk" complex in its works is pervasive in its long history.
The True History of the Kelly Gang, is a powerful story, "expressed through the unforgettable voice of a vilified man, "about the early settler days in Australia.The thesis, from a perspective of narratology and a dimension of neo-historicism, is an attempt to explore its political allegory, national vision, and narrative devices related to its motif construction.
CHEN Ping-yuan expresses his unique understanding of the orientation of a scholarly role in his claim of "a scholar's human sentiments and thoughts, "and meanwhile presents his self-consciousness and self-discipline as a scholar by his own scholastic studies.His sensible and self-bittersweet scholarship provides not only a methodical guide to academic researches, but also inspirations for the cultivation of noble characters and ideals.His strong consciousness of a scholarly role has become a certain"phenomenon"in intellectual circles, representing a transcentenary inheritance of the academic tradition.
Any academic research abides by a certain paradigm.The legal language study in China has experienced the "language-rhetoric-logic analysis, ""language style analysis, ", "writing type analysis"and "discourse analysis."This paper aims to propose a new paradigm: a paradigm of discourse analysis of legal language study.The legal language study based on "speech act"means that any "speech act"is a kind of human act, any "speech act"is part of a practice of an intentional action, and any rule of an"action"is determined by its immanent nature.Hence, analyzing the prescription of an act is a precondition to study a "speech act."Accordingly, we first give a sufficient definition of the action of "law", then draw a sufficient definition of "legal speech act"and logically differentiate constitutional rules from strategic rules of legal speech act.Based on these studies, we deduce the constitutional rules of legal speech act: legal code, formality, authority, consistency, attestation, time and readability.
Since the concept of core competence was put forward, Chinese and foreign enterprises and intellectual circles have been more focusing on how to cultivate, apply and enhance enterprises' core competence.However, it should be adjusted or innovated when companies' circumstances change.The characteristic of rigidity embodied in core competence tends to turn it into the core rigidity that is a barrier of an enterprise's continuous innovations.We should make a comprehensive study of core rigidity so that we may have a fresh way of thinking to go beyond it so as to realize an enterprise's continuous innovations.
Competitiveness is a logical strarting point of competitive advantages and strategies.It is beneficial for a scientific comprehension of competitiveness of an enterprise's cluster and its mechanism of competitive advantages to dynamically survey sources of an enterprise's competitiveness.Clusters of an enterprise will upgrade its competitiveness and competitive advantages through its geographic convergence, optimal industrial organization and effects of colony cooperation, if only it establishes its conception of competitive strategy and continuously gain and retain its competitive advantages.
企业战略联盟是一种可以实现资源共享、风险分担、优势互补的有效组织形式。建立房地产企业战略联盟是房地产企业应对当前市场形势、谋求持续发展的战略选择。房地产企业的战略资源(土地资源、金融资源、品牌资源、人力资源) 以及核心能力(资源配置能力、市场营销能力、信息处理能力) 是建立房地产企业战略联盟的基础。房地产企业战略联盟可以有土地———资金联盟、区域开发联盟、区域营销联盟等多种形式。建立必要的信任机制和控制机制有助于提高房地产企业战略联盟的稳定性和效率。
西方国家发起的两次公民社会的讨论证明了伦理文化对公民社会发展的导向作用。公民社会不仅仅是人类社会的自然过程, 更是人类社会的建设过程。以权利为核心、权利与义务相平衡的公民社会理论不仅揭示了公民政治法律观念的现代性, 同时也反映了人们道德上的要求。东方国家虽然有上千年的道德文化, 但缺失公民文化; 因为没有市民法制, 产生不了公民道德。东方国家公民社会及其道德建设的原则是: 在共性上接轨世界, 在个性上保持自我, 引导公民社会健康发展。
As a famous philosopher and historian of philosophy, Feng Qi is of great learning both in Chinese and Western, and achieves thorough understandings of traditional and modem philosophies. He has not only made outstanding contributions to a systematic study on the history of Chinese philoso-phy, but also made his theoretical creation characterized by his own distinct personality and the time. He creats a theoretical system of wisdom, which has been promoting the development of China's philoso-phy and offers it a new appearance to converge into the world philosophy. He leaves us a very precious spiritual heritage.
"Transforming theory into method, " together with "transforming theory into virtue, " is a momentous proposition put forward by Feng Qi, our nation's contemporary famous philosopher. It is an inherent demand of philosophy and all scientific theories, and an important embodiment of the essential function and value of theory. Philosophy and all scientific theories can realize their transformation to methods by means of a series of necessary steps and links.
The main thread of Feng Qi's philosophy is his doctrine of wisdom. In his solution to the problem of wisdom, however, he advocates a kind of broad-sense, general epistemology that is of great significance. Precisely because of his construction of such an epistemological system, Feng Qi makes a totally fresh understanding and definition of the wisdom problem, and sets up a distinct philosophical sys-tem featuring his doctrine of wisdom. This paper makes a few analyses of Feng Qi's thoughts from the construction of broad-sense epistemology and its penetration into the doctrine of wisdom about human na-ture and the Way of Heaven, so as to further grasp the built-in spirit of Feng's philosophical system.
Feng Qi, famous philosopher, pays much attention to the beauty. He is enamored of the traditional image of Jinang nu mu (literall, vajra-bodhisattva, Buddha's warrior attendant, holding a vajra in his hand, glares like a temple door-god), which is close to the sublime. It implies "art for life's sake" and a unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Its style is burning. According to Feng Qi, aesthetic freedom is possible becaruse there is dialectic of thinking in images, and the Jingang nu mu, as a special aesthetic form, is possible too becaruse there is the principle of humanity. For him, beauty and goodness (free personality) are prerequisite to each other. The dialectic of thinking in images re-sults in aesthetic freedom on the one hand and free personality cultivated by means of individualized per-ceptual images on the other hand. Moreover, the Jingang nu mu as a special aesthetic image awakens people's sense of vitality.
A new study of the cold war history involves not only explorations and applications of multinational archives, but also reconsiderations of the essence of cold war and its structural traits, in-cluding widening and switching the study angle of view. Judged in a new perspective, the logic of cold war is not confined to international rivalries, but stretches to local revolutions around the world. The ' interaction of the four-dimensioned space' at both levels embodies the essence of structural traits of the pattern of cold war as a world system. Odd Arne Westad's Cold War and Revolution makes contributions to blazing new trails of studies on the history of cold war through its examining interactions between cold war and Chinese revolution, although there is still room for a further clarification of the author's theoreti-cal thinking.
The dominant policy of Kennedy Administration to the second Berlin crisis was to negoti-ate with the Soviet Union. President Kennedy played a crucial role in the decision-making and implement of this policy. The policy of Kennedy Administration to the Berlin crisis was influenced by Kennedy's personal recognitions of the Cold War, European situations, and the German problem and the Berlin problem.
A census statistics shows that English small farmers, instead of disappearing after the Industrial Revolution, increased by the number in the late nineteenth century, especially in such an in- dustrialized region as Lancashire. This paper concludes that the industrialization created market demands supplied by small farmers, and in turn, created conditions for their existence and development. They made their contributions, by the benefit of technique advances, to economic growth, At the same time they were no longer the peasantry of the traditional type, but became a kind of rural pretty-bourgeoisie in their production, living and status.
The ecological metaphor of literature means to observe, study and explain literature and its relations to literary environment' by ecological methods. The significance of the ecological intellec-tual history consists in that ecology is a discipline about complexity, stressing relationship, organicism and holism. As a result, the ecological metaphor of literary studies advances a new research paradigm or program.
The modem communication media of the ci poetics compared with the traditional, dif-fers greatly in both broadcasting methodology and efficiency. The new-type communication media has in-fluences not only on the framework of ci studies, but also on ci experts themselves. Its appearance indi-cates a final completion of the shift of ci studies from traditional to modern.
The tiao-xiao ci poetry during the Song Dynasty consists of seven sections, some of which, such as kou-hao, shi and fang-dui, were written in verse. Among them, some poems have been compiled in The Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty, but some are not. This paper edits eighty poems from relevant literature as a supplement to The Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty.
In the field of study on poetry during the Song Dynasty, Japanese Sinologists have achieved attracting results. This paper makes a study of some achievements in Kojiro Yoshikawa's An In-troduction to the Song Poetry and Maeno Naoaki's A Dictionary of Song Poetry Appreciation, aiming at absorbing and summing up some foreigners' fresh views on the Song poetry and their multi-dimensional re-searches and wide visions.
Yu You ren was a poet who was much concerned with the destiny of his motherland and nation. His poetry had a striking epochal characteristic, and also a profound origin of art. Qu Yuan and Du Fu, among ancient poets, influenced him mostly. So far as the poetic type was concerned, he paid attention not only to poetry and the ci poetry, but also to the non-dramatic song. He carried on the fine tradition of ancient writings more comprehensively, thus making his poetry present a unique feature. By studying the art origin of Yu You-ren's poetry, we may find the relation of old-type peotry creation in modem times to Chinese classical poetry.
Taking the poet Hai Zi as a typical example, this paper seeks to touch on implications of the poet's " life narration" and find out some truths of his mind through an analysis of his spiritual devel-opment in poetical activities and an examination of his tragedy-colored spiritual life moving back and forth between aesthetics and faith.
Theoretically, there are two complementary measures of openness of capital account: restriction measure and openness measure. Based on a summing-up of several measures, this paper puts forward two feasible means to measure the openness of China's capital account, and further finds out that China's capital account is in the medium-open level.
Based on looking back to the theories related to optimum currency areas and the status quo of East Asian monetary cooperation, this paper makes a systematic and comparative analysis of the difference between East Asian and Euro areas, and most importantly, of some issues on East Asian mon-etary coopperation, including its necessity, likelihood, goal and pathway. The conclusion is that, as a currency area, the so-called 'fixed-pegged exchange rate regime' should be carried out among East Asian countries. And to achieve the very goal, the highlight is that the cooperation should necessarily go through four phases.
To protect exporters from the risk of importers' payment default, the export credit agency usually supported or owned by the domestic government offers a service, which is called export credit in-surance (ECI). Because of the existence of asymmetric information, we see an inability of the exporter's government to verify the actual quality of products, which will limit its ability to encourage trade through ECI once the coverage provided goes be yond a certain threshold. This result provides a ra-tionale behind the limited coverage on ECI.
A village is both a spatial unity and a social unit. Accordingly, researches on village have received attention from various disciplines since the 1930s. The village scale, landscape form, space distribution and social structure have been explored from different angles, including relations of the village development to its environment, pupulation and farming system. Among these subjects are geog-raphy, history and anthropology that have gained the most outstanding achievements. Due to a shortage of relevant reference materials, however, this kind of study needs further deepening, especially in its theories and methods about the village development.
During the May Fourth New Cultural Movement of 1919 that linked up with the "Hundred Days' Reform" of 1898 and the 1911 Revolution, the spread of the modern idea of "equality" reached its peak. The May Fourth intellectuals were represented by members of "New Youth", whose idea of "equality" had its historical features. With the downfall of China's autocratic monarchy the "equality" began to enter into urban intellectuals' everyday life due to its part transformation from a heretical political appeal to an article in law. Compared with Locke's notion of equality, the School of "New Youth" had a more radical appearance in its demands of family morals and equality of the sexes in general. However, differences towards the issue of economic equality among its members constituted an in-depth cause for their later separation. What was generally emphasized by those liberals was only equality of legal rights, while economic equality tended to be overlooked. On the other hand, radical leftists paid more attention to substantial equality in economy. Their dissatisfaction with intellectual enlightenment of the idea of equality made them turn to engage in practical social revolutions.
Chen Du-xiu's view on religion underwent a dramatic change during early and late periods of the New Cultural Movement. As early as in 1917, he declared that all religions should be abandoned, arguing that science should take the place of religion in the construction of new culture. Up to 1921, however, he confirmed the value of Christianity and tried to embrace religion into the framework of new cultural reconstruction. The change in Chen Du-xiu's attitude to religion reflects not only a general track of modern Chinese intellectual enlightenment, but also an internal tension between scientific rationality and religious irrationality in the formulation period of Chinese modernity.
The copula word "be" is a core concept in logical studies. Logicians have been working at its definite logical relations with great efforts. Through a historical exploration of the connection between "be" and "imply, " this paper seeks to clarify the historical continuity and internal coherence from traditional to modern logic.
This paper affirms Zheng Weihong's proper viewpoints in his article, "Legitimating the Theory of Trairupya, " but focuses on those issues with different views. For example, instead of dharmin, the subject hetu is omitted in the first paksadharmata, which should be quality of dharmin in the paksa. Therefore, it can not be simply regarded as the hetu. It is not proper to exaggerate influences of the former Soviet Union scholar Steherbastsky's writings in China. It is not Kui Ji's original creation to distinguish between sadharmya and sapaksa. At least, it is a popular statement maintained by Xuan Zang's disciples under the Tang Dynasty.
The right of administrative creation of a private party means a right to analyze and judge the developmental structure of administrative affairs shared by the private parties concerned and to make predictive suggestions on it. The subject of right is the private party, but its content is in the range of public rights and has inseparable relations with exercises of administrative power. It includes such basic categories as an innovative right to formulate administrative rules, to shape new legal relations, to design social mechanisms, and to choose important administrative affairs. To establish the private party's right of administrative creation helps to remedy the value of administration by law, balance its subjects, broaden its objects and realize its content. Therefore, the constitutional position of the private party's right of administrative creation must be established, and its administrative legislative protection must be strengthened.
With a gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system the legal relationship between college and student has had a remarkable change. In particular, the implement of the cost compensative system of higher education has promoted a gradual transformation of the legal relationship between college and student in China's higher education from special authority to educational contract. The properties of the educational contracted relationship determine a necessary respect for educational consumers' actively selective rights, thus guaranteeing their lawful rights and benefits.
The section of 'The Linear Image' has been long neglected in the study of the Book of Changes. A textual analysis with a corpus-based perspective of it shows that the section is a rich embodiment of traditional Chinese culture. Its part of repetition and ellipsis is a rare phenomenon in our ancient literature and can be regarded as a window for studies of the ancient Chinese language. More importantly, its thinking mode of word-image-meaning is quite different from Greek syllogism. Moreover, every linear image judgment of 386 lines is firmly detached to each line. Such a detailed, clear and rational thinking mode rightly demonstrates that it is part of traditional Chinese thinking mode with a characteristic of dynamic combination of whole, part and their particulars.
现代学者或根据戴震的意见, 将车箱左右两旁之栏称作“輢”, “輢”上面的横木或横把手称作“较”; 或依照贾公彦的疏解, 认为车旁栏杆短柱是“輢”, 輢柱上再加高的一节短柱为“较”。梳理诸说、质疑问难的结果是: 前一种意见不尽符合先秦车舆实际, 后一种解说比较合理; 先秦“輢”是輢柱以及连接輢柱与轼柱之横栏的总称, “较上更设曲铜钩”为“重较”, 《说文》所释之“较”之金较。
This paper selects 386 indigenous Macaonese vocabularies from Macau's Chinese documents under the Qing Dynasty in order to analyze the lexical characteristics of Macau's Chinese and to describe Macau's linguistic milieu during that period. The paper aims to make a study of features of Macau society in the Qing Dynasty through Macau's indigenous Cantonese. This is a socio-linguistic paper that employs morpheme analysis and imported lexicon analysis.
In 1907 a notice of soliciting novels was published in the newspaper, Eastern Times. There were two novels selected. One was Shuang-lei-bei, and the other was Ci-die-ying. The solicitation was quite different from those of 1895 and 1902 in its demand of fictional contents and styles, which showed current trends and features of novels.
Both You Tong and Li Yu, who kept close contact with each other, played important roles in the drama field of the Qing Dynasty. They claimed themselves to be'guests with the same tune, ' but then most men of letters had different comments on their dramas. This not only resulted from certain differences between You's plays and Li's and those critics' special interests, but mostly from the aesthetic idea of 'appreciating the elegant while depreciating the popular' under the Qing Dynasty. Such a debate over high and popular dramas had its own distinct implications. It was a product under the background of the Qing Dynasty's high-pressure political culture, and also an inevitable result of the literati-oriented process of the Ming-Qing drama, which later produced a great influence upon the development of the Qing drama.
Based on relevant data in China's fifth census and analyses of the basic tendency of employment migration and the differential effect of human resources capital in the Yangtze metropolitan delta, this paper concludes that the employment migration on the whole has a certain promotive effect on the Yangtze-delta manpower capital, but the effects of such capital in various cities reflected in the migration within the delta and the migration from outside of the delta are considerably different from one another. As a result, the manpower capital advantage in the delta should be embodied not only in its attraction for varied talents at home and abroad, but also in its promotion of the manpower capital level of all laborers, especially those non-natives, in the delta.
Based on an analysis of China's current employment situation, structural characteristics of urban floating population and competitive forces in the employment marker, this paper points out that there is a positive effect in the urban employment of floating population since it supplies cheaper laborers and their reserves for cities, and that there is a negative effect on local people's employment and wages because of competitions in the labor market. To relieve the current urban employment pressure, it is of great significance to rationally consider influences of floating population on urban employment and to work out proper urban employment policies.
The social assistance has attracted increasing attention in the international study of social policy since the 1970s. Based on an analysis of relevant theories and practices of social assistance at home and abroad, this paper aims to make interpretations of the concept of social assistance in some different perspectives. It is helpful for a reconstruction of the social assistance system in China to review developments of social assistance, compare differences and similarities of its various concepts and patterns, and identify different social assistance systems and structures.
Su Bao, was originally a business tabloid seeking profits, and later became a newspaper creating agitation in the course of its following currents. Through its constant reports on the "student agitation" in various cities, Su Bao greatly highlighted the newspaper media's function of social criticism, thus forming certain radical public opinion aiming at attacking educational corruption, political autocracy and cultural enslavement. Afterwards, Zhang Shi-zhao and some others overtly published their essays of "overthrowing Manchus" and "revolution" through their reforms on the newspaper column and layout. This made Su Bao completely become a revolutionary propaganda tool.
The fellow society (an organization of people from the same birth place) was an important non-governmental organization in modern Shanghai. Under the circumstance of government imbecility, the fellow society played important roles in social control, conflict harmonization and interest protection in modern Shanghai's administration of non-native migrating population. Its activities not only helped to conduct normal immigration and emigration of alien population, but also to strengthen alien population's fusion, thus promoting modern Shanghai's urbanization. It is still a considerable issue to fully exert positive functions of non-governmental organizations in current Shanghai's management of alien population.
It is still not clear about rural-urban relations in past researches on the issue. Although those relations are of importance in studies on social developments of ancient China, misunderstandings of them still exist in many researches. Most important of all, the problem that those rising market towns in Ming-Qing times belonged to the rural or urban area has been not yet solved to our day. This paper points out whether market towns attach to a city or not should be determined in accordance with historical situations and public identity instead of any modern theory or criterion.
For a long time the academia has always comprehended Mencius' doctrine of kingcraft from a viewpoint of Western democracy.In essence, his kingcraft is nothing but a utopian monarchy, which keeps a huge tension between ideal politics and realistic politics.Mencius' doctrine of kingcraft has played a key role in the development of Chinese political history.
As a kind of the most direct, observable and vivid action in social life, the ritual is a symbolic carrier of cultural concepts.We can reveal a certain kind of culture in a given time and a value system of certain society when we throw light on those concepts contained in rituals.In a certain extent, the Confucian thought of propriety and music is similar to the thinking of modern study of rituals.And the Confucian"propriety"has a ritual function and effect in general.Since the pre-Qin period onward, Confucian scholars have quite emphasized its inner significance through their interpretations of its ritual action.Correspondingly, Confucian propriety-music culture, means of ritual action and procedural structure, also expresses a kind of common ideal and value, so as to normalize and regulate relations between men and those between individual and society, thus guaranteeing social order and unity.
The conceptual confusion between"xing dong" (action) and "xing wei" (behavior) in quite a few philosophical translations and writings in Chinese is one of many conceptual confusions as frequently seen in our academic researches as well as in our everyday life.It is a major task of philosophy to clarify these conceptual confusions, to develop new conceptual distinctions, and to cultivate our sensitivity to conceptual distinctions.This not only means that we should keep translations more fidelity to their Western originals, but also means that we should positively overcome rather than simply deny varied"dichotomies", we should combine conceptual analyses with rich imaginations, and we should replace old-fashioned conceptual distinctions with new-types.Moreover, we should try our best to find out some"middle terms"that can mediate between those aspects that have been separated from each other, and to advance our research through newer and better work of conceptual analyses.All this means that we should, in our philosophical research, aim to have a "reflective equilibrium"between important problems and seemingly trivial distinctions.
Heidegger's view of science and technology may be summarized as follows, The essence of technology is uncoveredness; both modern science and modern technology originate from metaphysics; modern technology finds expression in the opposition of subject and object, the prominence of beings, and the obliteration of being.Metaphysics, from the West, will inevitably become a popular powerful thinking due to its natural connection with technology as a human existence.As a result, modern technology can go everywhere in the world.Heidegger's quest for technology is helpful for us to clarify the essential relationship between human beings and technology, though it is unable to make us escape from technology.
With the introduction of advanced Western printing and the rise of "fictional revolution", the fictional writing and publication was promoted into a model in the sense of modern times.The book market expanded rapidly, in which the proprotion of novel books increased constantly, and competitions among various publishing houses for capturing the reader and market became fiercer.In the transitive process prices on fictional books fluctuated at times, but the book price system entered into a stable state at last in a short span of time due to bitter competition and media's supervision.
The strange image of WANG Hai appeared in the Book of Mountains and Seas might be regarded as a result of Chinese ancients' establishing images for certain constellations.It is a tradition of Chinese culture to establish images of objects and symbolize them.The prototype of WANG Hai is the yingshi(construction)stars.His story is derived from ancients' knowledge of the constellations and their personifying and historicizing these stars.In essence the story of Wang Hai is nothing but a legend of stars.
One of the important characteristics of the intellectual's reflective fiction consists in the intellectual who returned to his glory through his sufferings; during the course of his meeting with misfortune some subaltern persons, especially subaltern laboring women, expressed their favor and even cult towards such an intellectual.Behind it are the intellectual's narcissism and arbitrary distorting of subalterns, which is a typical expression of the writer's elite consciousness.It shows the writer's egotism in his unconscious mind and also peripheralization of subalterns' sufferings.The higher rank these"suffered elite"possessed when they came back to their previous positions, the more those past subalterns became peripheral.
With the development of informaiton technology, the digital processing of ancient Chinese writings is becoming an inevitable tendency.The achievements of "Digital Processing System of Shang and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions"and "Digital Processing System of Chu Scripts"prove that digitalization has special requirements for the processing of ancient text materials, that is, complete collection of data, standardization of processing, and authenticity meeting various needs of different levels.
The you-sentence (a Chinese sentence including the term"have"or "there be") and the whole writing influence each other.In order to keep coherence and good organization, the writing will make selective use of a subject, object and other concrete elements in a you-sentence.In the meanwhile, the you-sentence will choose a style suitable for its interior semantic meaning, letting it enter into a certain writing, and reflecting its pragmatic value in the writing.
Innovation is the fundamental source for the development of foreign trade in China.The innovation of China's foreign trade is a complex system, which is made up of four subsystems, namely, power supply, capacity generation, institutional cultivation and technical supporting.The interdependence and interaction between subsystems will benefit foreign trade in China with constant innovations and continuous developments.
Living in a dramatically competitive environment, our large state-owned foreign trade enterprises(LSOFTE)are facing severe challenges towards their traditional operational modes and strategic frameworks.Thus, reestablishing their positions in the value chain, and strengthening and expanding their existing value chain, are LSOFTE's main directions of strategic adjustments.This paper, based on theories of strategy management and value chain management, attempts to formalize a comparatively complete theory on Chinese LSOFTE's strategic reconstruction, offering theoretical and practical answers to the question of how to realize LSOFTE's' goal of reestablishing their places in the value chain.
Though the earnings per share is the most popular decision-making method of capital stucture introduced in all kinds of relevant textbooks, it is difficult to carry out such a method in practice due to its various deficiencies such as neglecting the cost of equity capital and operating irrational decision-making rules.Based on an analysis and estimaton of the earnings per share, this paper introcuces the marginal analysis into approaches of capital structural decision-making, and puts forward a new method-marginal income analysis.According to it, an enterprise sets to raise funds only if the marginal income of capital is greater than or equal to zero.Because of different costs of capital, equity financing and debt financing must satisfy their own required levels of marginal capital output.Under the precondition that the marginal capital output has reached a required level, the enterprise should choose a correct financing method and a capital structure flexibly, and combine factors such as its own debt ratio, cash flow and growth capacity, thus guaranteeing an increase both in its profit and shareholders' fortune.
It is very important for an enterprise's manager to make a proper investment decision since it is critical to the enterprie's success.We may use principles of behavioral economics to make an analysis of an investment decision-making process in the background of uncertainty and thus make a new model.In the case of the Giant Group the model has been proved that it can show the process of investment decision-making.From the proof-test of Giant Group, we realize that the decision-durability, discordant recognition, scientific reference system and manager's fine mental quality have great influence upon the investment decision-making mechanism.
LIU Shi-pei was a modern Chines master of Confucian classics, as well as a theoretician in the revolutionary alignment.Due to his elaborative scholarship, LIU's studies on Zuo's Commentary were quite academic, and meanwhile reflected political and cultural implications peculiar to his days.His studies exerted an important influence upon some historians, especially QIAN Mu, in the early 20th century.
In the book of An Academic Outline under the Qing Dynasty written LIANG Qi-chao, we may see clearly the author's praise of the Ancient Text School of Confucian Classics and his criticism of the Modern Text School.In fact, however, LIANG adopted an ambiguous attitude of both praise and blame towards the two schools.On the one hand he blamed the Modern Text School for its arrogance, and on the other he praised its courage of innovation.And he praised the Ancient Text School for its down-to-earth scholarship, but he sneered at its platitude.Accordingly, LIANG, who used to emphasize"analysis and explanation"other than"history", attempted to express his real intention of emancipating the mind and being practical.
In the first half of 20th century, Western sociological jurisprudence had a great impact on Chinese legal ideas and practices.By describing some specific influences of Western sociological jurist Pound on Chinese social jurisprudence, this paper tries to inquire into changes of Western sociological jurisprudence after its introduction into China, thus understanding the tendency of law transition in modern China.
Based on those academic research articles retrieved from the database of CSSCI, this paper presents a systematic study on productive forces of social sciences and their disciplinary structures in Shanghai.This paper makes an analysis of Shanghai's social-science productivity on the whole, and of places and changes of various disciplines in China during the period from 1998 to 2003, and makes some comments on their advantages, disadvantages and tendencies.
The humanities in modern times are deeply rooted in European humanism, and also connected with the cultureal autonomy of a modern nation -state.It might not be such a straightforwardly imagined thing to realize their radical"globalization".Intellectual globalization cannot simply be under- stood as the expansion of horizons or the promulgation of greater inclusiveness or the insistence upon cultural diversity.Likewise, there is a dilemma between the universality of Western modernity and the modernity appeal of non-Western nation-states in a radical globalizing of the humanities.
The issue of "modernity"covers various cultureal areas.So far as literature is concerned, its"modernity"has its own characteristics.To examine some understandings of "the true"in classical and modern literary works is helpful for us to think over the issue of "modernity"from a distinct angle.
This paper attempts to introduce current explorations of endowment insurance for farmer migrant workers in a few cities, to comment on some pattern s such as "Shenzhen Special Area Pattern", "Shanghai Pattern" and "Beijing Pa ttern" about their advantages and disadvantages, to put forward a goal-pattern and a transitional plan of basic endowment insurance for migrant workers in urban Chin a, and to suggest that the transitional plan should be carried out compulsorily all over urban China in the national eleventh five-year program.
The transformation of a ruling model primarily results from institutional changes. The essence of community reconstruction lies in a transformation of the urban grassroots ruling model, a substitution of a new ruling institution in the background of market economy for the single-line administrative institution at urban grassroots in the context of planned economy, and a process of substitution, transformation and exchange from the starting-point model (original institution) to a goal model (a more efficient institution). Accordingly, the process of community reconstruction is virtually a kind of cooperation between government and public, and between state and society, which is a result of multisided interaction.
For a long time the three megalopoleis have been centers of China's economy, culture and transportation. Through an analysis of migration data of 2000 census in China and using GIS and spatial statistical methods about migration direction and distance in the three large cities, this paper shows that there are four factors which effect population quantity of migration flow: economic gap, population quantity, geographical distance and climatological disparity. Here a model of population flow quantity is created in reference to Giffer's population gravity model.
In his expositions on literary and artistic popul arization in the 1930's, QU Qiu-bai put forward sharply an issue about leadership power of ideology. This idea was quite similar with the then Italian communist leader Gramsci's thought of "cultural hegemony". They both laid great emphasis upon the important role of ideology on politics.
By means of a central concept, "technologized visuality", in recent visual culture to read DING Ling's first work, Meng Ke, we may realize that DING Ling, as a female writer who had a special relation to filmdom in her early years, rat her consciously employed words to resolve, embrace and enhance those stimuli and shocks from pictures as soon as she embarked on literary creation, thus inciting unprecedented visual potentialities of modern Chinese literature in a certain orientation.
The "pure poetry" represents a way to know the world by the mind. It seeks a supreme aesthetic sphere and an artistic ideal of pure beauty, appreciating the world with the visual image that is invisible, the loud voice that is unhearable, and the great beauty that is unutterable. The twentieth-century Chinese poems have found the Chinese nation's cultural memories of pure art traditions from French symbolist "pure poems" so as to look for diverse possibilities of poetical modernity. The desti ny of Chinese-style "pure poetry" has suggested that the road of modern poetry returning to literature as such in China in the twentieth century was really a rather arduous cultural journey.
The rise of landscape poems during the period bet ween Jin and Song dynasties was importantly attributed to those quite utilitarian techniques of lo ngevity advocated by the religious Taoist sect of the Celestial Masters, whose weird "practices" led people to natural mountains and waters. Such a religious faith produced great influence upon those powerful families and scholar-officials' wa y of life in the coastal southeast region of China.
According to LIU Xie, changes of literary development in the past were substantially attributed to mutual quantitative changes between literary forms and contents that led to literary progress or decline.Specifically speaking, before the period of Shang and Zhou dynasties literature was in a progressive course, and after that it began its history of decline.It might be said that literary developments of form and content culminated in the period of Shang and Zhou.However, there was no absolute balance between form and content.Undoubtedly, the period of Shang and Zhou was virtually a turning point towards superiority of form over content.
The place name is a product of history. Its naming is to be expressed in specific ethnic words. Through an analysis of a verbal context of the place name we may come to recognize those ethnic traces of what once existed in history. The ethnic etymology of the place name implies important clues of its historical culture, which is an area to which we should pay serious attention when we study an ethnic history.
In America the Amish actively puts its religious ideas into effect, upholding its traditional values and stubbornly rejecting invades of modernity. Its firm religious faith, distinct group logo and flexible living strategy make its peopl e keep a subtle balance when they are attacked from both the traditional and the modern. In this way they have greatly protected their traditional culture in highly develop ed America and shared a wealth of modern material civilization without infecting ma ny evils of modern society.
It is basically accepted in contemporary Western academic circles that the so-called "ethnic group" is a named human community possessing common myths of ancestry and common historical memories and culture. Although some of Western scholars once generally treated the "ethnic group" as a sub-community in a larger society, more Western scholars agree to the argument that the "ethnic group" may also be a dominant or majority human community. Thus it will be quite correct to use "minority ethnic group" to translate the Chinese term, "shaoshu minzu".
New York is a typical immigrant city, and every immigrant group has made more or less contributions to its expansions. "A Survey of New York's Ethnic Groups in 1992" has proven that the Jewish descendants have the greatest effect s upon the city's development, while the Spanish influence is the least. It is suggested that the status of an ethnic group is determined by its awareness of participating in political activities, economic position and public influence.
It is seemingly unexpected that Leibniz's philosophy, which is always regarded as a model of rationalistic dogmatism, is paid great attention by phenomenologists such as Husserl and Heidegger. In fact Leibniz's philosophy is multi-dimensional. His theory of intuition goes beyond the opposition between rationalism and empiricism in modern philosophy, and his monadology has elements of existentialism. Husserl and Heidegger, from their own phenomenological viewpoints, give different explanations to his philosophy. It is helpful for us to study their relations so as to reconsider Leibniz's thoughts.
On Certainty, as the most important work of Wittgenstein's late years, includes abundant thought of doubt. In it he holds that skeptical doubt is neither genuine nor meaningful, for it is short of a foundation of reasonable doubt and far away from the ordinary language game. It cannot build up relations of doubt and human activities, and completely overlooks and even denies those positive and unsuspecting elements of reasonable doubt. Wittgenstein's idea of doubt is theoretically based on practical foundationalism.
运用因明与逻辑的基本常识, 对姚南强《再论“因三相”——对郑伟宏〈“因三相”正本清源〉的几点质疑》一文进行反质疑。
During the epoch from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century a China-centered system encompassing tributary-trade relations in East Asia constituted the picture of"first globalization", and provided as well a framework coordinating international political and economic relatins. This is a pattem deserving our serious considerations. Through a survey of Chinese experience in the twentieth- century course of war, revolution and globalization, we may have a better understanding of China's place and fu- ture in East Asian tremendous changes and global developments during last decades of the twentieth cen- tury.
It is requisite to have an overall integration of microcosmic achievements accumulated through twenty-year studies on China's periodic history and particular history so as to renew and develop a general sense of the history of China.Having depended on such a "general history", the vision of the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties is likely to become wider and far-reaching, thus avoiding relapses of no value as to higher or lower evaluations of such a periodic history.However, there are several problems concerning the "anti-Eurocentric"view of China, the change of historical perspectives as to recognition of t he Ming-Qing history, and the development of the Ming-Qing economy or not.
In the curent context of globalization how to realize new developments of the humanities has aroused concem in intermnational intellectural circles. Through a comparative analysis of the state of the humanities in United States and South African universities, two kinds of dependency pertaining to the humanities and their differences presented in the global north and south can be found. The humanites are. striving to retain urgency, critical perspective and moral value within university and larger social sys-tems. In this way the humanities can still accomplish their deserved creations even in the present special condition of dependence.
This essay provides a brief account of changes of the concept "number"in history and how modern science has become more and more mathematical.It is suggested that the key characteristic of mathematics is its capacity to carry out prolonged reasoning without losing validity, that is, a capacity that enables science to reach a reality far beyond the reach of our senses.This capacity, however, brings little immediate help to an understanding of our everyday sensible world.
Isaiah Berlin is mostly known for his defending value pluralism and holding a position of liberalism as well.However, the theoretical connection between his pluralism and liberalism is far less than self-evident; it has been widely disputed among political philosophers.This article highlights a tension within Berlin's theses of value pluralism, and examines contemporary liberal thoughts in their responses to the problem of value conflict.It is concluded that there is a possiblility and necessity of resolving the issue of value conflict in the perspective of anti-foundationalism.
This paper focuses on Sartre's ontology of desire and basic characteristics of his psychanalyse existentielle which is based on the former.His writing on Flaubert L'Idiot de la famille is no doubt an outstanding case of such psychoanalysis.The first is a clarification of his central concept, reflexion, which is different from that of psychology.The opposition is mainly embodied in their completely different understandings of temporality.From this point Sartre's ontology of desire is distinguished from a psychological analysis of desire only as a psychological entity.Through his psychoanalysis, Sartre shows how Flaubert overcame the opposition tetween his basic desire of pour-soi and the laguage as en-soi to have successfully created his own ideal world.As for Deleuze, instead of reflecting on things, which is typical of modernism, philosophers should do creations and experiments; therefore, desire is neighter manqué d'etre nor original totality of pro-ject.Desire is always an experiment in becoming.
LI Shang-yin's untitled poems kept in his poetic collection mainly include two categories: eight eight-line poems with seven characters to each line and three four-line poems with weven characters to a line, respectively attached to his two romances probably labeled as Record of the Blue Bridge and Record of the Green Bird.The implications and sentiments of those untitled poems are quite in harmony with these stories in his romance writing.In addition, there are five short poems with five characters to each line and one eight-line poem with seven characters to a line, which are in accordance with the story of Han Yi.Examining relations of LI Shang-yin's poems without title to his lost romances is importantly cocerned with how to view literature during the Tang Dynasty on the whole.
When Lenin reconsidered socialism in his late years, he put forward some principles concerning how to build up the Party, such as"adapting itself to the masses", "dividing responsibilities between Party and Soviet", and"strengthening the Party's collective leadership and surveillance", reflecting an objective demand of adjusting relations between the Party and its ruled objects owing to the Party's position shift from leading the people to revolution to leading the national reconstruction, as well as an objective need for reinforcing the Party's democratic system.Their inspiration of us is that after the Communist Party becomes a party in power, it must correctly deal with the relationship between the Party's leaership and rule, gradually turning its idea of consolidating to Party's leading position to intensifying its ruling consciousness so as to form a union of the leading Party's subjectivity and the ruling Party's objectivity and a union of its unlimited liability to reform society and its limited liability to adapt itself to social needs.Meanwhile, the Party must correctly deal with the relationship between democracy and centralism to improve its ruling capability on the foundation of enhancing its democratic system.
Western contrastivists usually regard 1957 as the starting year of the new discipline"Contrastive Linguistics".It is argued here that the date can be traced back much farther.Among the scholars who have contributed a lot to the founding of the new discipline, the German philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt, the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen and the American anthropologist Benjamin Lee Whorf play an important role.
The substantive is divided into individual and non-individual, depending on whether it has an individualist feature or not.The individual substantive only has a referential function, while the non-individual possesses a stating function in addition to its referential function.The non-individual substantive includes collective and non-referential.The former stresses intension rather than extension so that it has a function of referent and assertion.The latter doesn't have its extension so as to lose its spatial feature while getting continuity.Therefore, it has a considerable or even very strong feature of statement, being able to state connation and even action.
The satire and remonstrance was a special speech activity in ancient Chinese regimes.Applying various pragmatic tactics, the satire and remonstrance affected receivers in their recognitions and changed their initial single method of dealing with critical events through its adjustment of "knowledge"and"rule", its redistribution of discourse power, and its switch of discourse role.
According to policy economics, just as the change of any policy instrument should be in conformity with the law of policy, so does the exchange rate movement.On the one hand, adjustments of the RMB exchange rate are estricted its boundary condition, that is, purchasing power parity, so its objective tendency to come is appreciation.On the other hand, RMB should be depreciated since China's future economic targets are determined sufficient employmen t and excited consumption.However, a great appreciation of RMB, as well as its considerable depreciation, is inadvisable.Under such a context the tactful way of the RMB exchange rate fluctuation should be an irregular small appreciation in accordance with J.Tinbergen's model on exchange rate policy, so that China's economic multi-targets can be achieved and the impact of international speculative capitals on China's economy can be resisted.
In view of an incomplete quantitative analysis of regional finance, this paper establishes an inbex system of regional overall financial competitiveness including display indices and explainable indices.It uses a hierarchical cluster procedure and factor method to make an analysis of all our country's regions and classify them as eight grades.Based on a fuzzy curve analysis, a conclusion is drawn that all the indices are contributive to the regional comprehensive financial competitiveness and the opening force is vital and medium-important among all the forces to the overall financial competitiveness.
The choice of international exchange rate regimes is like a game since those countries participating in a specific system will make their choices just according to their cost and benefit.All exchange rate regimes must deal with the tradeoff between rule and discrition, as well as between cooperation and independence.Generally speaking, a country's tradeoff is between consulting and acting in unison with other countries, that is, cooperation, or it operates as a member of the community but acts on its own, that is, independence.
Since the 1990's there have been a lot of disputes in studies on major experiences in the world as to whether liberalization of capital account is promotive to economic growth or not.However, wherefrom a conclusion is drawn, that is, the promotive effect of capital account liberalization should be different in different countries and the difference attributes primarily to some foundational factors such as financial development and institutional quality, and meanwhile liberalization is promotive to financial development and institutional reconstruction.The inspiration on us is that our country should stress institutional preconditions of opening capital account, but also pay attention to how to take advantage of such an opening to promote institutions.And our government should coordinate reform, opening-up and development appropriately, and advance liberalization of capital account actively and gradually.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
