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At the turn of China's late Qing and early Republic periods Japanese "militarists" caused the"commemoration of three jia's" in the history of Sino-Japanese relations.The Chinese-Japanese War of 1894(jia wu)signified the beginning of Japan's process of "departure from Asia", and its position of "joining Europe"was consolidated owing to the War of 1904(jia chen).During and after the War of 1914(jia yin)Japan's policy toward China and its state goal had a new turn.Afterwards, it moved from its"departure from Asia for Europe"and "keeping European and American powers' company" to strengthening its"aggressive"attitude and "trying to annex China by force."Looking back to the historical memories of Japan's "departure from Asia for Europe"and China's "commemoration of three jia's"today, a time of peace and development becoming our epochal themes, will be helpful to the Chinese people to cherish their unprecedented historical opportunity rarely met once in a century, and for some Japanese, who still remain a cultural mood of "worshiping Europe and despising Asia, "to correctly understand their war history engaging their neighboring countries, thus paving the way for establishing a kind of mutually trusting, coexisting and both-winning good-neighborly relations.
Ningbo, a city located at Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province, and Shanghai and Nantong of Jiangsu Province together, are like three bright pearls beside East Sea, and have become a door for economic and trade business between the Yangtze Delta and other parts of the world.To open Ningbo for international trade, the West had made efforts for centuries.According to stipulations of the Sino-British "Treaty of Nanjing"signed in 1842, Ningbo was one of the five cities open to international trade.But due to the rise of Shanghai, peasants' rebellions and pirates' harassments, the Western plan to turn Ningbo into an imporatant port was not realized.Later, Ningbo's merchants played an active role on the stage of Shanghai.When the West forced China to open its door for free trade, those businessmen took up this opportunity to develop their international and domestic business in areas of trade and finance, and established a significant commercial group—the Ningbo Gang.
The development of agriculture and town economy on the Hangjia Hu Plain from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries provided some conditions for the rise of distinguished and powerful families.At the same time the political accumulation and development of imperial examinations promoted those families to reach their prosperous summit.Though each family boomed or declined, social strata continued for three centuries.After the middle period of the nineteenth century the rise or fall of distinguished families in Tang Xi was interrupted finally through rapid social reforms and revolutions.
After the Gengzi Event of 1900 the eight-power allied army, local disbanded soldiers, gangsters and robbers pillaged and even killed people around the area of Tianjing and Beijing.The refugees' number increased rapidly, but the government of the late Qing Dynasty was unable to relieve them effectively.Shanghai's gentry and merchants formed philanthropic organizations to mobilize non-governmental strengths in provinces of southeast China to organize fund-raising activities, thus strongly making up for official temporary disabilities of social relief in the time of emergency, which not only indicated a new development of China's folk charities but also signified a new change of the relationship between governmental and non-governmental.
Western medicine was introduced into China as a Christian missionary tool.Its advanced system, technical level and humanity incarnated by those missionary doctors gradually won Chinese people's approval.Its favorable exemplary effects promoted transformations of traditional Chinese medical strucure and of relations between doctor and patient.As a result, modern Western hopitalism was transplanted to China and modern Chinese public medical undertakings set in motion.
Richard Rotty, an outstanding figure of contemporary Western neo-pragmatism, establishes his philosophy upon his absolutely radical understanding of "contingencies, "i.e. the contingency of language, of self and of liberal society.Since it is these contingencies rather than any law that constitute our material and mental world, any objective knowledge on essence or truth will be impossible.By deconstructing traditional epistemology in such a revolutionary way, Rotty claims that the criterion of truth lies in our beliefs and wishes, and the real momentum of history in our imagination.Rotty's neo-pragmatism and traditional epistemology may complement each other, because the former overstimates contingency, whereas the latter stresses necessity too much.In a sense, Rotty's philosophy, which emphasizes contingency, practice and future, is far more significant for us than a common understanding of truth.
The economic developmental level affects in a certain degree people's understandings and views of an all-round well-off society.Here, three county areas are selected as reserach samples with characteristics of mostly the same size of area and population but different economic developmental levels and social cultural backgrounds.Based on the questionnaire through public participation guided by experts, this paper makes a comparison of common concerns of local residents in each sample area and draws some conclusions by using the first-hand data.Social welfare and security, the quality of education, local resident comprehensive qualities, farmers' and townspeople's average net income are cared by all.The economic developmental level dramatically affects the residents' concerns on environment, government and earnings.The demands and needs for an all-round well-off society is different among those groups, which mostly results from their occupations.
The social effects of urban mass transit consist of tangible and intangible effects.The latter is quite difficult to be quantitatively estimated when we use the method of market valuation.To solve the problem, the contingent valuation method (CVM) is applied to valuate social effects of urban mass transit.Taken Shainghai's urban mass transit as an example, the result of its social effects valuated by CVM has been proved to be reliable under the method of econometrics.The study indicates that CVM can overcome shortcomings of the traditional market valuation method and provides a scientific way to valuate social effects of urban mass transit.
Taiwan's scholars are considerably concerned with recent twenty-year religious studies in the mainland, introducing or commenting writings and views about the study of religion, religious literature and major religions from their various perspectives and areas.It is quite significant to sort out those data, which will be beneficial for us to have a comprehensive understanding of the development of religious studies in contemporary China.
The Collection of Japanese Songs and Chinese Poems (Hehan Langyong Ji), a book with bilingual compiling style, including Chinese poems and Japanese songs, is rarely seen in the history of Chinese-foreign literary relations.The strong Chinese literary feature is marvelously integrated with the striking Japanese cultural character in the book, which presents a transcultural charm of ancient Chinese literature, as well as a dual tradition of ancient Japanese literature.No doubt, the book regarded as a precious classic for ages by the Japanese intellectual circle should enter into the research vision of Chinese comparative literature.
The Western folklore was created in the nineteenth century.In various historical periods there are different definitions and understandings of the "folk"in the context of "folklore, "and emphases of various schools of folklore are not the same either.As a result, Western literature is imbued with humanism in accordance with the "folk", highlighting individuality and free thinking.Its creation tends to be directed at human ultimate concerns, and the "folk" complex in its works is pervasive in its long history.
The True History of the Kelly Gang, is a powerful story, "expressed through the unforgettable voice of a vilified man, "about the early settler days in Australia.The thesis, from a perspective of narratology and a dimension of neo-historicism, is an attempt to explore its political allegory, national vision, and narrative devices related to its motif construction.
CHEN Ping-yuan expresses his unique understanding of the orientation of a scholarly role in his claim of "a scholar's human sentiments and thoughts, "and meanwhile presents his self-consciousness and self-discipline as a scholar by his own scholastic studies.His sensible and self-bittersweet scholarship provides not only a methodical guide to academic researches, but also inspirations for the cultivation of noble characters and ideals.His strong consciousness of a scholarly role has become a certain"phenomenon"in intellectual circles, representing a transcentenary inheritance of the academic tradition.
Any academic research abides by a certain paradigm.The legal language study in China has experienced the "language-rhetoric-logic analysis, ""language style analysis, ", "writing type analysis"and "discourse analysis."This paper aims to propose a new paradigm: a paradigm of discourse analysis of legal language study.The legal language study based on "speech act"means that any "speech act"is a kind of human act, any "speech act"is part of a practice of an intentional action, and any rule of an"action"is determined by its immanent nature.Hence, analyzing the prescription of an act is a precondition to study a "speech act."Accordingly, we first give a sufficient definition of the action of "law", then draw a sufficient definition of "legal speech act"and logically differentiate constitutional rules from strategic rules of legal speech act.Based on these studies, we deduce the constitutional rules of legal speech act: legal code, formality, authority, consistency, attestation, time and readability.
Since the concept of core competence was put forward, Chinese and foreign enterprises and intellectual circles have been more focusing on how to cultivate, apply and enhance enterprises' core competence.However, it should be adjusted or innovated when companies' circumstances change.The characteristic of rigidity embodied in core competence tends to turn it into the core rigidity that is a barrier of an enterprise's continuous innovations.We should make a comprehensive study of core rigidity so that we may have a fresh way of thinking to go beyond it so as to realize an enterprise's continuous innovations.
Competitiveness is a logical strarting point of competitive advantages and strategies.It is beneficial for a scientific comprehension of competitiveness of an enterprise's cluster and its mechanism of competitive advantages to dynamically survey sources of an enterprise's competitiveness.Clusters of an enterprise will upgrade its competitiveness and competitive advantages through its geographic convergence, optimal industrial organization and effects of colony cooperation, if only it establishes its conception of competitive strategy and continuously gain and retain its competitive advantages.
企业战略联盟是一种可以实现资源共享、风险分担、优势互补的有效组织形式。建立房地产企业战略联盟是房地产企业应对当前市场形势、谋求持续发展的战略选择。房地产企业的战略资源(土地资源、金融资源、品牌资源、人力资源) 以及核心能力(资源配置能力、市场营销能力、信息处理能力) 是建立房地产企业战略联盟的基础。房地产企业战略联盟可以有土地———资金联盟、区域开发联盟、区域营销联盟等多种形式。建立必要的信任机制和控制机制有助于提高房地产企业战略联盟的稳定性和效率。
西方国家发起的两次公民社会的讨论证明了伦理文化对公民社会发展的导向作用。公民社会不仅仅是人类社会的自然过程, 更是人类社会的建设过程。以权利为核心、权利与义务相平衡的公民社会理论不仅揭示了公民政治法律观念的现代性, 同时也反映了人们道德上的要求。东方国家虽然有上千年的道德文化, 但缺失公民文化; 因为没有市民法制, 产生不了公民道德。东方国家公民社会及其道德建设的原则是: 在共性上接轨世界, 在个性上保持自我, 引导公民社会健康发展。
As a famous philosopher and historian of philosophy, Feng Qi is of great learning both in Chinese and Western, and achieves thorough understandings of traditional and modem philosophies. He has not only made outstanding contributions to a systematic study on the history of Chinese philoso-phy, but also made his theoretical creation characterized by his own distinct personality and the time. He creats a theoretical system of wisdom, which has been promoting the development of China's philoso-phy and offers it a new appearance to converge into the world philosophy. He leaves us a very precious spiritual heritage.
"Transforming theory into method, " together with "transforming theory into virtue, " is a momentous proposition put forward by Feng Qi, our nation's contemporary famous philosopher. It is an inherent demand of philosophy and all scientific theories, and an important embodiment of the essential function and value of theory. Philosophy and all scientific theories can realize their transformation to methods by means of a series of necessary steps and links.
The main thread of Feng Qi's philosophy is his doctrine of wisdom. In his solution to the problem of wisdom, however, he advocates a kind of broad-sense, general epistemology that is of great significance. Precisely because of his construction of such an epistemological system, Feng Qi makes a totally fresh understanding and definition of the wisdom problem, and sets up a distinct philosophical sys-tem featuring his doctrine of wisdom. This paper makes a few analyses of Feng Qi's thoughts from the construction of broad-sense epistemology and its penetration into the doctrine of wisdom about human na-ture and the Way of Heaven, so as to further grasp the built-in spirit of Feng's philosophical system.
Feng Qi, famous philosopher, pays much attention to the beauty. He is enamored of the traditional image of Jinang nu mu (literall, vajra-bodhisattva, Buddha's warrior attendant, holding a vajra in his hand, glares like a temple door-god), which is close to the sublime. It implies "art for life's sake" and a unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Its style is burning. According to Feng Qi, aesthetic freedom is possible becaruse there is dialectic of thinking in images, and the Jingang nu mu, as a special aesthetic form, is possible too becaruse there is the principle of humanity. For him, beauty and goodness (free personality) are prerequisite to each other. The dialectic of thinking in images re-sults in aesthetic freedom on the one hand and free personality cultivated by means of individualized per-ceptual images on the other hand. Moreover, the Jingang nu mu as a special aesthetic image awakens people's sense of vitality.
A new study of the cold war history involves not only explorations and applications of multinational archives, but also reconsiderations of the essence of cold war and its structural traits, in-cluding widening and switching the study angle of view. Judged in a new perspective, the logic of cold war is not confined to international rivalries, but stretches to local revolutions around the world. The ' interaction of the four-dimensioned space' at both levels embodies the essence of structural traits of the pattern of cold war as a world system. Odd Arne Westad's Cold War and Revolution makes contributions to blazing new trails of studies on the history of cold war through its examining interactions between cold war and Chinese revolution, although there is still room for a further clarification of the author's theoreti-cal thinking.
The dominant policy of Kennedy Administration to the second Berlin crisis was to negoti-ate with the Soviet Union. President Kennedy played a crucial role in the decision-making and implement of this policy. The policy of Kennedy Administration to the Berlin crisis was influenced by Kennedy's personal recognitions of the Cold War, European situations, and the German problem and the Berlin problem.
A census statistics shows that English small farmers, instead of disappearing after the Industrial Revolution, increased by the number in the late nineteenth century, especially in such an in- dustrialized region as Lancashire. This paper concludes that the industrialization created market demands supplied by small farmers, and in turn, created conditions for their existence and development. They made their contributions, by the benefit of technique advances, to economic growth, At the same time they were no longer the peasantry of the traditional type, but became a kind of rural pretty-bourgeoisie in their production, living and status.
The ecological metaphor of literature means to observe, study and explain literature and its relations to literary environment' by ecological methods. The significance of the ecological intellec-tual history consists in that ecology is a discipline about complexity, stressing relationship, organicism and holism. As a result, the ecological metaphor of literary studies advances a new research paradigm or program.
The modem communication media of the ci poetics compared with the traditional, dif-fers greatly in both broadcasting methodology and efficiency. The new-type communication media has in-fluences not only on the framework of ci studies, but also on ci experts themselves. Its appearance indi-cates a final completion of the shift of ci studies from traditional to modern.
The tiao-xiao ci poetry during the Song Dynasty consists of seven sections, some of which, such as kou-hao, shi and fang-dui, were written in verse. Among them, some poems have been compiled in The Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty, but some are not. This paper edits eighty poems from relevant literature as a supplement to The Complete Poems of the Song Dynasty.
In the field of study on poetry during the Song Dynasty, Japanese Sinologists have achieved attracting results. This paper makes a study of some achievements in Kojiro Yoshikawa's An In-troduction to the Song Poetry and Maeno Naoaki's A Dictionary of Song Poetry Appreciation, aiming at absorbing and summing up some foreigners' fresh views on the Song poetry and their multi-dimensional re-searches and wide visions.
Yu You ren was a poet who was much concerned with the destiny of his motherland and nation. His poetry had a striking epochal characteristic, and also a profound origin of art. Qu Yuan and Du Fu, among ancient poets, influenced him mostly. So far as the poetic type was concerned, he paid attention not only to poetry and the ci poetry, but also to the non-dramatic song. He carried on the fine tradition of ancient writings more comprehensively, thus making his poetry present a unique feature. By studying the art origin of Yu You-ren's poetry, we may find the relation of old-type peotry creation in modem times to Chinese classical poetry.
Taking the poet Hai Zi as a typical example, this paper seeks to touch on implications of the poet's " life narration" and find out some truths of his mind through an analysis of his spiritual devel-opment in poetical activities and an examination of his tragedy-colored spiritual life moving back and forth between aesthetics and faith.
Theoretically, there are two complementary measures of openness of capital account: restriction measure and openness measure. Based on a summing-up of several measures, this paper puts forward two feasible means to measure the openness of China's capital account, and further finds out that China's capital account is in the medium-open level.
Based on looking back to the theories related to optimum currency areas and the status quo of East Asian monetary cooperation, this paper makes a systematic and comparative analysis of the difference between East Asian and Euro areas, and most importantly, of some issues on East Asian mon-etary coopperation, including its necessity, likelihood, goal and pathway. The conclusion is that, as a currency area, the so-called 'fixed-pegged exchange rate regime' should be carried out among East Asian countries. And to achieve the very goal, the highlight is that the cooperation should necessarily go through four phases.
To protect exporters from the risk of importers' payment default, the export credit agency usually supported or owned by the domestic government offers a service, which is called export credit in-surance (ECI). Because of the existence of asymmetric information, we see an inability of the exporter's government to verify the actual quality of products, which will limit its ability to encourage trade through ECI once the coverage provided goes be yond a certain threshold. This result provides a ra-tionale behind the limited coverage on ECI.
A village is both a spatial unity and a social unit. Accordingly, researches on village have received attention from various disciplines since the 1930s. The village scale, landscape form, space distribution and social structure have been explored from different angles, including relations of the village development to its environment, pupulation and farming system. Among these subjects are geog-raphy, history and anthropology that have gained the most outstanding achievements. Due to a shortage of relevant reference materials, however, this kind of study needs further deepening, especially in its theories and methods about the village development.
During the May Fourth New Cultural Movement of 1919 that linked up with the "Hundred Days' Reform" of 1898 and the 1911 Revolution, the spread of the modern idea of "equality" reached its peak. The May Fourth intellectuals were represented by members of "New Youth", whose idea of "equality" had its historical features. With the downfall of China's autocratic monarchy the "equality" began to enter into urban intellectuals' everyday life due to its part transformation from a heretical political appeal to an article in law. Compared with Locke's notion of equality, the School of "New Youth" had a more radical appearance in its demands of family morals and equality of the sexes in general. However, differences towards the issue of economic equality among its members constituted an in-depth cause for their later separation. What was generally emphasized by those liberals was only equality of legal rights, while economic equality tended to be overlooked. On the other hand, radical leftists paid more attention to substantial equality in economy. Their dissatisfaction with intellectual enlightenment of the idea of equality made them turn to engage in practical social revolutions.
Chen Du-xiu's view on religion underwent a dramatic change during early and late periods of the New Cultural Movement. As early as in 1917, he declared that all religions should be abandoned, arguing that science should take the place of religion in the construction of new culture. Up to 1921, however, he confirmed the value of Christianity and tried to embrace religion into the framework of new cultural reconstruction. The change in Chen Du-xiu's attitude to religion reflects not only a general track of modern Chinese intellectual enlightenment, but also an internal tension between scientific rationality and religious irrationality in the formulation period of Chinese modernity.
The copula word "be" is a core concept in logical studies. Logicians have been working at its definite logical relations with great efforts. Through a historical exploration of the connection between "be" and "imply, " this paper seeks to clarify the historical continuity and internal coherence from traditional to modern logic.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
