类型 状态报告
描述 源服务器未能找到目标资源的表示或者是不愿公开一个已经存在的资源表示。
Nowadays, the serious imbalance between technology and humanities and that between the capability to control things and the ability of self-control reminds us to think over the ignored issue of human nature. The major risk that human beings face today may come from humankind itself. Human nature means not only ideal possibilities but also limits to feasibility, which determines the scope of what human beings can expect and what we can do. Human nature can be good and human beings are moving towards good. Is it possible, however, for the humankind to achieve universal and infinite perfection? Infinite progress in a single direction has formed a modern "myth", which has prompted high and new technology to go beyond the scope within human control and the moral domain that human can bear. Hence, we shall consider an approach of periodic improvement and sustainable balance. We may accept primary universal moral norms to restrict our behaviors. We may also regulate our pursuit of values, eventually converting from the simple pursuit for the ability to control things or satisfy our material desire to the spiritual enrichment and development.
In a social system, there exist modes of heter-organization and self-organization, in both of which the data-intelligent technology may play an important role. In accordance with the idea that "the Dao follows nature (ziran)", the mode of self-organization can promote social harmony and free development of individuals better under normal social conditions. The data-intelligent technology will be a powerful means to realize "non-action" (wuwei).
In human communication, the use of speech is inevitable. Zhuangzi first notices the negative impact of speech and knowledge in this process. "Speech" and "knowledge" may cause "division" among humans and hence how to build reasonable relationships through communication becomes an issue we cannot ignore. Regarding "internally upright but externally adaptable" as the general principle, Zhuangzi distinguishes three aspects in communication:"being a follower of the ways of Heaven", "being a follower of the ways of man" and "being a follower of the ways of the ancients". Meanwhile, he attaches importance to the self-enhancement of individuals. The self is conceived as the starting point of human communication, which is involved with the understanding and cultivation of the self. In the elaboration of the "fasting of the mind-heart" (xinzhai), Zhuangzi probes deeply into the self, advocating "allowing your ears and eyes to open inward and thereby placing yourself beyond your mind's understanding consciousness". Living in the world, human beings involve with the "usefulness" in the broad sense. In Zhuangzi's view, "usefulness" can be divided into two types:the "usefulness" for others and that for the self. What is useless for others might be worthy for the self. Adopting the metaphor of a tree, Zhuangzi regards the "uselessness" for others and the society as the premise of realizing the inward value of man. In spite of its negative aspect, this theory shows its concern about the self.
In a period of social transformation, more and more people feel the inadequacy of the traditional distinction between righteousness and profit in dealing with issues concerning profit and morality. This paper argues that the crux lies in the dualism of the traditional paradigm and suggests to put righteousness and profit together with Dao so as to form a tripartite paradigm of Dao-righteousness-profit. Such a paradigm examines things from the perspective of Dao, shedding new light on righteousness, profit and their relationship. The new perspective from Dao will help overcome the limits of the traditional distinction between righteousness and profit and facilitate its modern transformation.
It is generally believed that the phrases of "xiali baren", "yang'e xielu" and "yangchun baixue" from SONG Yu's "Answers to the Questions of the King of Chu" in the Selected Literary Works (Wenxuan) refer to the titles of six verses, that is, "Xiali", "Baren", "Yang'e", "Xielu", "Yangchun" and "Baixue". Based on the new and old unearthed materials, it can be concluded that they are actually the titles of three ancient verses, that is, "Xiali Baren", "Yang'e Xielu" and "Yangchun Baixue". The traditional misunderstanding is due to the special habit of citing the names of these verses in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Clarifying the titles of ancient verses plays an important role in re-understanding the new folklore music in the Warring States Period, which also help us realize the comprehensive reform of the traditional music represented by The Book of Poetry (Shi Jing) in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
U.S. forces in South Korea is one of the most important issues for the U.S.-ROK alliance from the cold war period to the post-cold war era. The disarmament or withdrawal of U.S. forces in South Korea is most controversial. During over three decades after World War Ⅱ, this triggered many controversies or even crises of confidence. It reflects the difference of strategic perception between the U.S. and South Korea:the U.S. often decided or proposed to reduce or withdraw the troops from South Korea based on multilateral considerations for global, Asian, and Korean Peninsula affairs; on the contrary, South Korea frequently viewed this as the signs of the decline of U.S.' security commitment for South Korea or U.S.' anti-communist determination in Asia and even worldwide. South Korea had no power of veto for the reduction or withdrawal of U.S. forces in South Korea in most cases. The primary reason for the failure of U.S. forces reduction or withdrawal is the disputes among different departments in Washington. Until now, the difference of strategic perception and the asymmetry of discourse right is still one of the basic features of the U.S.-ROK alliance.
Nuclear inspection was the most controversial and discussed issue in the Eisenhower nuclear test ban talks. It was also the main obstacle and challenge in achieving a nuclear test ban agreement in this period. Although nuclear inspection was an essential element of a nuclear disarmament agreement, the Eisenhower Government combined the ban of nuclear test with the cold war against the Soviet Union. Thus, nuclear inspection was highly politicized and alienated as a means of opening the door of Soviet society and an excuse for the U.S. to continue nuclear test. It became an instrument for fulfilling its strategic military, political and diplomatic demands and an attractive grasp of the cold war. The Soviet Union also took the ban of nuclear test as a means of the cold war against the U. S., insisting that nuclear inspection was unnecessary despite of some flexibility. Because of the inability to find out common ground, the talks were often mired in mutual recriminations, leading to ongoing disruptions and to a final failure due to the U-2 aircraft incident.
After Eisenhower came to power, he began to deploy nuclear weapons abroad on a large scale with the strategy of "massive retaliation". Unlike the cases with Germany and France, negotiations between the U.S. and Italy on atomic stockpile went smoothly, and the first nuclear components were stored in 1956. However, the storage did not dampen Italy's enthusiasm for nuclear weapons. On the one hand, it actively promoted cooperation with Germany and France in the research and development of nuclear weapons. On the other hand, it urged the U.S. to deploy the IRMB. Italy's favorable domestic public opinion also provided conditions for the U.S. and Italy to finally reach a missile deployment agreement.
"Folklore" in modern folkloristics is a collective concept based on mutual negotiation within the academic community of folklore studies, and this negotiation is also a process of academic construction. At the same time, this academic construction also determines that it can be reconstructed in a new academic context. While modern folkloristics presupposes that folkloristics should be "folkloristics of one country", the Japanese academic circle advocates "folkloristic of the world", which responses to the new reality of folklore life and folkloristics under globalization and thereby has become a new enterprise. However, we should also realize that new academic ethics is required in the co-operation and academic communication to pursue "folkloristic of the world" that shall go beyond any "hegemony".
Chinese folkloristics, with a history of more than 100 years, is meeting a new opportunity for development in the 21st century. Meanwhile, the existing traditional concepts, paradigms and methodologies of folkloristics seem to be incapable of confronting the enormous diversity of the common people's life and culture today. Therefore, "modern folkloristics" has become a significant academic topic in recent years. Comparing traditional folkloristics with modern folkloristics to summarize the basic characteristics of modern folkloristics, this paper claims that the growth of modern folkloristics in China must objectify "nostalgia" and "authenticity".
The research targets and theoretical methods of traditional folkloristics are limited in the modern context. Conforming to the development of times, Chinese folkloristics needs to construct new theories and methods to deal with the influence of urbanization, modernization and globalization as well as the new changes of contemporary folklore. This is the urgent task for the transformation of folkloristics. The significant changes of people's lifestyle in the age of science, technology and information call for the birth of modern folkloristics, which may not understand itself as a discipline, but new research on modernity. Modern folkloristics shall study the urban society of modernity and the lifestyle of the new social groups in the city.
The modern turning of folkloristics is essentially to shift the folkloristic perspective from the past to the present. This shift is not only a realistic demand for a convincing academic explanation for the life revolution due to social transformation, but also a way of self-salvation for folkloristics when facing disciplinary crisis. Modernity-oriented folkloristics needs to redefine the overall problem consciousness of modern folkloristics by reinterpreting the academic key terms closely related to modernity such as tradition, urbanization, internet technology, globalization, and everyday life. At the same time, modern folkloristics shall truly embrace everyday life at the most realistic level and give professional and profound explanations by fundamentally reversing the situation in which "survivals" are overemphasized in the past.
From the 1970s to 1990s, urban folkloristics was a hot topic in the field of Japanese folkloristics. It attempts to investigate traditional cities, urban sacrificial rites, urban legends, apartment blocks and residential areas, etc. on the one hand and explore the urban life of ordinary people from the perspective of personal history and individual experience on the other. Such attempts are still significant today. In today's society, the dual structure of urban and rural areas has broken up, and the phenomena such as globalization and informatization have been in full swing. However, this does not mean that folklorists can turn a blind eye to urban space, urban society and the life of urban people. On the contrary, it is necessary for us to go beyond the previous research paradigms and to explore new paradigms, theories and methods by discussing the folkloric urban studies, so as to explore the direction and problems of modern folkloristics. In this sense, cities are the "laboratories" for the development and transformation of folkloristics, and also the key to the shift to modern folkloristics.
A hot spot of folklore demonstrates to a great extent social changes in contemporary China. The publicity, collectivity and super space-time nature of folklore, the external environment change and the change of folklore itself are important reasons that cause folklore to become a social hot spot and a public opinion topic. A hot spot of folklore reflects the conflict of ideas between folk tradition and contemporary society, which is an important embodiment of human development in contemporary Chinese society. It is an important choice for folkloristic to meet the social challenges by studying hot spots of folklore, breaking through the disciplinary boundaries of folkloristics and improving the academic explanatory power of folkloristics for China's social reality.
The government's choice of the principle of property rights is not random, but the result of the dialectical unity of objective and subjective conditions, in which objective ones include productivity, the ownership of economy and property rights and the subjective ones the principle of productivity, the ownership of economy and the principle of property rights that the government adhere to. According to this theoretical frame and the author's previous related research, we can confirm that the Chinese government's adherence to the principle of taking public property rights as the main body in the new era is not only based on the basic principles of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics, but also the inherence and development of the Chinese government's continuous adherence to the principle of taking public property rights as the main body since the reform and opening-up. Therefore, the Chinese government's adherence to this principle is theoretically reasonable, logically inevitable and practically effective. In addition, it has economic functions such as resolving the main contradictions in the socialist society with Chinese characteristics, perfecting the basic economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, strengthening, optimizing and expanding the state-owned economy, capital and enterprises, and ensuring the sustained, stable and healthy development of the non-public economy. Hence, we can conclude that deducing the idea that the "ownership system is neutral" from the awareness that "competition is neutral" is lack of logical necessity, though the "competition is neutral" as a principle has been become one of the key ideas in China's governance and administration at present; the claim that the "ownership system is neutral" is a false judgment in terms of both practice and theory.
Taking heavily polluting enterprises during 2012 to 2018 in China as a research object, this paper studies the relationship among environmental regulation, technological innovation and enterprise performance. The results show that environmental regulation has a positive impact on enterprise performance, and environmental regulation affects enterprise performance by promoting technological innovation, which plays an intermediary role in the relationship between environmental regulation and enterprise performance. Environmental regulation plays a more significant role in promoting the performance of environmental protection priority enterprises and environmental protection oriented enterprises than that of efficiency priority enterprises and efficiency oriented enterprises, and technological innovation plays an intermediary role in the impact of environmental regulation on the performance of the first two types of enterprises. Technological innovation and enterprise performance are significantly positively correlated, and environmental regulation has a positive impact on the performance of environmental protection oriented enterprises. The above conclusions have certain guiding significance for the government to formulate environmental policies and enterprises to carry out innovation activities and improve enterprise performance in the face of environmental regulations.
The risk of stock price collapse is the "obstacle" to the steady operation of China's capital market, which has been widely concerned by the academic circle and others. However, few studies on stock price collapse have been done from the perspective of corporate cash flow risk. Taking A-share non-financial listed companies from 2002 to 2015 as samples, this paper empirically tests the impact of cash flow risk on stock price collapse by using a dual fixed effect model. The results show that cash flow risk has a significant positive relationship with stock price collapse risk, that is, the higher the company's cash flow risk, the greater the stock price collapse. There is also a significant positive relationship between analyst coverage and stock price collapse risk, that is, the more analyst coverage, the greater the risk of stock price collapse. Analyst coverage reinforces the positive relationship between cash flow risk and stock price collapse, indicating that analysts do not play a role in alleviating information asymmetry. The conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The above conclusions not only reveal new factors of stock price collapse from the perspective of cash flow risk, but also provide empirical evidence for understanding the role of analysts in the capital market.
Cultural difference is an important factor affecting the performance of multinational enterprises. Based on a survey of 157 employees of multinational R&D enterprises in Shanghai, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of cultural value orientation differences of employees on individual innovation performance. The result shows that employees' cultural value orientation has a significant impact on their innovation performance. Specifically, low power distance, weak uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, flexible culture and long-term cultural value orientation have positive effects on employees' innovation performance. Furthermore, the layered stepwise regression method is used to examine the moderating effect of the cross-cultural interaction capability of the employees on the relationship between the cultural value orientation of the employees and their innovation performance. It shows that the cross-cultural interaction capability can significantly moderate the relationship of low power distance, weak uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, long-term orientation cultural value orientation and employees' innovation performance in a positive way. The above-mentioned study can theoretically enrich the empirical research on the differences in the cultural value orientation and management of employees in the Chinese cultural context. In practice, it can provide management enlightenment for the internationalization of Chinese R&D enterprises and the development of multinational R&D enterprises under the background of the rapid economic and social development in China and the construction of Shanghai as a global scientific and technological innovation center.
By updating and philosophically purifying Chinese classical concepts of yin and yang as receptivity and impulsion respectively, heart-mind （xin） can be understood as an emotional thing. This renewed or purified notions of yin and yang can make us better understand conceptual construction of functioning xin, which will lay the sentimental groundwork for xin, belief, desire, value, moral respect, rationality and irrationality. In this case, the Western concept of mind as well as the standard understanding of belief in the analytic philosophy shall be adjusted in a significant way.
“Generating” has three basic connotations, that is, creativity, process and vitality. However, if taking generating as its foundation, “generating” ethics and philosophy has to face three paradoxes: first, its creativity means creating something from something rather than nothing; second, its process is not merely a process but a process with being; third, its vitality stresses cultivation rather than nature. Chinese ethics and philosophy, characterized by “producing” through the unity of knowing and acting, is different from “generating”. Chinese ethics emphasizes “making” instead of “thinking” or “awakening”; it is neither from “rational thinking” of reason nor from perceptual “dispositions”. With its adherence to practice, it goes beyond the contention between “knowing-that” and “knowing-how”.
Since the modern times, China has gradually adopted the modern academic system that is marked by the classification of disciplines. Hence, the traditional ethical discourse is no longer the main “resource of moral knowledge”. While absorbing the Western learning and innovating the tradition, China’s moral transformation has developed both in theoretical construction and social reform. In the evolution from the paradigm of Neo-Confucianist “substance-function” to the paradigm of modern “ethics”, the discourse system of modern Chinese ethics has gradually taken shape. The innovation in concepts, values and methods constitutes the historical backdrop of the moral transformation in modern China. By translating Western works, YAN Fu et el. start the conceptual innovation in the modern ethical discourse so as to build the base of modern ethical system. The re-examination of the “relationship between righteousness （yi） and profit （li）” has initially formed the value system of modern ethics.
Although both LU Zheng-xiang and GU Wei-jun were outstanding professional diplomats in modern China, they had totally different fortunes in life. LU had experienced the trough period when China had the lowest international status in history and tasted the bitterness in foreign affairs on behalf of a weak nation before he dealt with a great many major diplomatic affairs in the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. However, keeping a low profile, he bore responsibility and blame with great resilience. In contrast, GU Wei-jun enjoyed great fame and had a legendary life, which witnessed China’s rising in diplomatic affairs and climbing up towards a great power in the world. LU’s experience of participating in international organizations on behalf of China provided an important lesson for GU in modern times. Both of them attached importance to public international laws, spared no efforts to protect the national rights and emphasized the importance of defending Japan in the diplomatic strategy and fought continuously against Japanese diplomats in diplomatic battles. GU was a rare talent in diplomatic affairs, whereas LU represented the features of diplomacy of China as a weak nation in the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. Their life experiences not only denote the shift from one generation to another, but also demonstrate the complex course and transformation of domestic politics and foreign affairs.
During 1924-1926, China witnessed a transitional period between two key historical times from the May 4th Period to the National Revolution. Under the stimulus of the drastically changing international environment, waves of discrepancies and conflicts took place in the enlightenment camp. The Modern Review camp and Yusi camp formed different cultural “customs” due to their different positions in the academic and cultural circle, and the conflicts between gentlemen and celebrated scholars broke out. Moreover, within the Yusi camp, ZHOU Zuo-ren’s disposition of a celebrated scholar and LU Xun’s character of a fighter had subtle differences. Thus, LU united radical youngsters to issue the journal of Mangyuan. The storm school comprised of youngsters in the post May 4th Period highlighted the “New Idea of Hooligans”, who attempted to replace the generation of their teachers and master the discourse power. These waves of conflicts provided bad examples for later non-stop “civil war of scholars”.
The establishment of republicanism aroused huge imagination space among intellectuals. With the idea of academic independence from politics, they asked the government to set up Hanxia Academy following the system of advanced Western countries to conduct academic awards and research. Strangely, the government established the Central Society for academic groups to meet the request of electing senators. Later, scholarship funds, the academic evaluation committee and the academic assessment committee were also set up to conduct academic evaluation. In the situation with no academic foundation at that time, the scholars’ wish of using the power of the government to achieve their academic evaluation goals, the government’s wish of using academic power to complete its political goals, and the government’s wish of starting academic evaluation through institutional design were all part of a premature system design. The fate of failure had been determined from the very beginning.
Language is a key factor in discourse construction and discourse in turn reflects the application of language. Language has the functions and features such as directiveness, dissemination, description, logics and ethnicity. If these functions or features are ignored in the application, “problematic discourses” may occur. For a long time, a major issue in the dissemination of Chinese culture is: What kind of discourse can be used to persuade the world? Obviously, China has got its unique discourse. The paramount purpose of Chinese discourse is to persuade the world. The key point is in what way or how to use language to persuade the world. Generally, there are two kinds of knowledge in social sciences, that is, local knowledge and universal knowledge. On the one hand, an oriental state has a long-term task of localizing social sciences since universal knowledge mainly comes from the West. On the other hand, local knowledge must be transformed into universal knowledge otherwise it cannot be accepted in the world. The dissemination of Chinese culture is also the process of transforming local knowledge into universal knowledge. For that reason, Chinese discourse must be suitable for dialogues, understandable and acceptable. In addition, we shall also avoid self-obsession, solitariness, paranoid and antagonism so as to master the skill of using replaceable cultural signs to conduct the dialogues and create a sound language environment.
Due to the differences and peculiarities in languages, values and ways of thinking among heterogeneous cultural systems, cultural dilution turns out to be unavoidable when inter-lingual translation is adopted as the sole means for information exchange. This is bad for the communication and dialogue between Chinese culture and other cultures in the world. This paper puts forward the concept of visual translation, analyzes its four core issues, and takes the translation of Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting and The Ballad of Mulan as examples to describe how original texts are reconstructed via the interplay of words, graphics, images and videos to better the target readers’ understanding of Chinese culture. It reveals the importance of the interaction of multi-semiotic systems to the dissemination of cultural discourse. Meanwhile, this paper also intends to remind the subjects of dissemination that we shall reduce the negative impact of culture dilution to the least extent in order to create dissemination chains that integrate various visual symbols and promote the deep application of the visual translation strategy. In this way, the dissemination of Chinese culture and discourses can be appealing, approachable and suitable for dialogues so as to integrate Chinese culture into the world.
With the rapid development of the Internet and social media, the news industry has always witnessed a type of misleading reports that try to escape the condemnation of the industry and legal punishment. In a “misleading report”, the reporter can correctly understand the objective facts, but consciously uses the true statement in an insincere way to guide the recipient to misunderstand the objective facts in the process of news communication. Making use of the “codebook imbalance” principle in interpersonal communication, this kind of report conducts information manipulation so as to attract readers, persuade readers, and even mislead readers on the premise of not violating the news truth principle. According to Greis’ perspective of cooperative principle, misleading reports can be divided into three categories, that is, violating quantitative principle, violating relevance principle, and violating method principle. “Truth” has always been regarded as the most essential feature of modern journalism, but “misleading reports” show that “sincerity” shall also be an indispensable factor in considering journalistic professionalism.
As the social risks and people’s mental stress are augmented, mental problems like depression have aroused the attention of the government and society. From the perspective of people’s livelihood, this paper uses the CFPS2016 survey data to explore the impact of risk perception in the field of people’s livelihood on the mental health of urban residents with different social status. There are some relevant findings. First, the risk perception in the field of people’s livelihood has a significant negative impact on urban residents’ mental health, among which education and social security are the most influential. Second, the higher the social status, the higher the degree of residents’ risk perception, and the greater the impact of risk perception on their mental health. Third, although the disparity of mental health among people from different social status is narrowing with the increase of people’s risk perception, the residents in the higher social status still maintain a relatively high level of mental health due to the accumulation effect of income, wealth and other resources. In short, the impact of risk perception presents a new trend of both “stratification” and “de-stratification”. Based on this, some strategic suggestions can be put forward to improve the mental health of urban residents.
Examining COVID-19 pandemic control practice based on the theory of “vulnerability/ anti-vulnerability”, this paper finds that the despite of the strong support due to fast reaction of Shanghai government and grassroots community, robust health care system and active involvements of various social groups, those elder people who lost their only child still show physical and emotional vulnerability when they rely on medical care, life care and psychological care during this pandemic. For this concern, this paper makes following suggestions. First, the government shall improve relevant laws and policies and ensure their accessibility. Second, we shall actively take advantage of the positive role of communities, empower and activate social organizations, and make full use of professional advantage of social workers. While strengthening the government’s responsibility to guarantee the basic needs, we shall establish the mechanism of the “joint efforts of communities, social organizations and social workers” so as to build a social support network system oriented by social resources supply, enhance the resilience of the elderly who have lost their only child and reduce the vulnerability of those older people during pandemic in the future.
Social work organizations under technological governance are increasingly administrative. Previous studies focused on the administrationalization of the overall management, but ignored the administrationalization of service management. The case study of three government-funded social work organizations in Shanghai aims to examine how social work organizations interact with the government to form a standard condition in the context of service outsource. The results show that social work organizations have demonstrated a strong trend of standardization, which is reflected in the convergence of management structures, the normalization of targeted purchase of services, and the technicalization of service provision. On the one hand, this has improved the efficiency of social work organizations to better meet the needs of the government. On the other hand, it has brought about challenges related with technical governance: structural inertia, administrative efficiency and multiple management, which affect the professional development of social work.
High mobility and individualization of relationships has undermined the foundations of China’s social order, and also has posed enormous challenges to grassroots governance. Taking the practice of petitioning social workers in S City as an example, this paper analyzes the operation mode and implementation mechanism of social forces’ participating in grassroots governance from the perspective of “informal relationship” reconstruction. The results show that the state is moving from the front to the back in the grassroots governance, mobilizing the emotions of social members and rebuilding social relations through social forces to achieve the goal of governance. Based on this, this paper puts forward the concept of “flexible governance”, and discusses its value, function and possible predicament to bring theoretical base and reflection to effective grassroots governance.
There is still some controversy over the effect of enclaves on migrants’ economic outcome in post literatures. Exploring this issue against the background in China helps to expand domestic demand for the “double circulation” strategy in the post-pandemic era, and also satisfies the essential requirement of the development of new style urbanization. Basing on the data of migrant workers in CLDS （China Laborforce Dynamic Survey） database, this paper conducts empirical research with the endogenous transformation model and tries to make clear the true effect of enclave on migrant worker’s income and its mechanism. The results show that enclaves increase immigrant workers’ hourly income by 50.8%. Although enclaves hamper the improvement of local skill of immigrant workers, they gain more spillover of human capital and supporting of social network. Moreover, the positive effect is more evidently in low-middle and high income, male, high-skill and self-employment migrant workers, with social network playing an important role. The findings help to understand better the role of enclaves such as villages and run-down areas in cities in the citizenization of migrant workers. Hence, we shall ameliorate the living conditions of migrant workers and promote their integration in cities, which is significant for policy-making.
Population and housing are among the keys to the high quality of economic development and social harmony and progress. By analyzing the dynamic change law of the correlation between fertility rate and housing price, this paper argues that the policy of adjusting the fertility of different groups has more bi-directional policy meaning of the coordinated development of population and economy. This paper selects the data of average housing price and birth rate from 2000 to 2018 with a long-time chain, and uses the rolling window causality test method of boot-splitting sample to test. The results show that the two-way influence of fertility rate and housing price is time-varying. The final effect of fertility rate on housing price depends on the game result of wealth effect and crowding out effect. The rapid rise of housing price has a significant inhibiting effect on fertility rate in a specific period of time. Relevant government departments can take appropriate measures for urban people of childbearing age and rural residents with and without a house, including appropriately relaxing the purchase restrictions for people of childbearing age having a house or the ability to buy a house, granting them preferential loan interest rates and housing reconstruction subsidies. We will build commercial housing with “stable rent” in line with local conditions, and provide rent and purchase discounts for people of childbearing age according to the number of children they have. We shall also improve the flexible homestead allocation mechanism in rural areas to break down fertility barriers.
The process of modernization in China is called as rushing out from the “Historical Three Gorges”. The CPC has a firm will to realize modernization. During the new democratic revolution, CPC targeted at building a modern China and set up a historical platform for modernization. The 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC restarted the journey of modernization. DENG Xiao-ping boosted China’s modernization in the following three aspects: first, rectifying the name of modernization; second, taking the developed countries as the frame of reference of modernization and pointing out catching up with the times as the aim of reform; third, admitting the particularity of China’s situation so as to propose the road to socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. In the new era, XI Jin-ping follows the firm will of modernization and strives forward after inheriting several generations of leaders. On the one hand, in the wide-spread trend of anti-globalization, he insists on globalization and the idea of opening up firmly; on the other hand, in face of the internal trend that “modernization equals westernization”, he distinguishes modernization from westernization by sticking to modernization while denying complete westernization. Meanwhile, XI regards the modernization of the state governance system and that of the governance capability as integral components of socialist modernization.
The historical practice in the past century has constituted CPC members’ spiritual genealogy with rich connotations. The CPC members’ spirit is based on the red gene, which has endowed the Party members with basic spiritual hues and deep connotations. The red gene in the spirit of CPC members is characterized by the affinity to people, the fighting spirit, the stress on practice, and innovation. The affinity to people provides the power to never forget the mission and the original intention in the past century. The fighting spirit ignites great fighting power needed in the great fight against hardship. Adhering to practice lays solid foundation for great success in leading Chinese revolution, construction and reform. The innovation helps to clearly identify the direction to move forward by mastering the pulse of the times. The spirit of CPC members is valuable wealth after a century of historical practice. The red gene has always been inherited and continued in the life of the Party, playing an important role in maintaining and developing the progressiveness and purity of the Party.
Can Alexander Pf?nder’s studies of character be called the phenomenology of character? Of course, naming is secondary to and determined by the methods, namely, the question lies in whether or not the methods that Pf?nder employed in his studies and analyses of character belong to phenomenological methodology. Here I can give a preliminary answer: if the methods of the phenomenology of consciousness consist of two aspects, namely, reflection as the transcendental reduction and eidetic intuition as the eidetic reduction, then the foundational part of Pf?nder’s studies of character is undoubtedly first and foremost the “phenomenology of character” in the sense of eidetic and theoretical psychology. Secondary to it may be the “axiology of character” and “nomology of character” in his terminology. Moreover, his studies of character also differ from experimental psychology and psychoanalysis with its modes of experimental observation in that his studies as such are mainly performed in the reflection on the own subject and the empathetic understanding of other subjects.
The effort to construct “universal history” in a metaphysical way, as a kind of ideological planning and thought experiment, is based on the ideological framework of Christian redemption history and eschatology. It responds to the impermanence experience in historical existence with transcendental universality. However, it inevitably leads to the following problems. First, the rupture of historical purpose and historical subject makes history itself divorced from the survival of specific individuals. Second, though the existence in history shall be involved, specific individuals become bystanders in the conception of universal history. Third, when the feeling of impermanence in historical experience is equal to the experience of meaninglessness, the historical meaning is conceived as the implantation of transcendental historical purpose so that the existence in history is degraded as a kind of station that overcomes history itself and directs towards the transcendental end. What is hidden in the conception of modern Western universal history is precisely a non-historical consciousness of escaping from history, which indicates the inherent crisis of the planning of universal history as a thought experiment.
“Heaven and earth” (tiandi) is a significant landmark category in classical Chinese thoughts. It has a long history and matured in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States when many idioms and words about heaven and earth which we are familiar with today appeared. “Heaven above and earth below” and “round heaven and square earth” are the two oldest and most influential spatial images in the understanding of heaven and earth. The concepts of “heaven high and earth below” and “high heaven and deep earth” were derived from “heaven above and earth below”, and then the concepts of being high and brilliant and being self-discipline were used to explain the virtue of heaven, while the concepts of being extensive and deep and being deep and sustainable were used to explain the virtue of earth. Influenced by the ancient astronomical theory of “canopy heaven”, the ancients also imagined heaven as canopy covering everything while earth as cart sustaining everything, and in such a way heaven and earth were selfless and inclusive. The concept of “round heaven and square earth” also led to the expression of “wearing heaven and treading on earth”, and even heaven was understood as the round of head or a hat, while earth as the square of a foot or one shoe. Meanwhile, as interrelated images, the round, the bright and the compasses were related to the concept of heaven, while the square, the dark and the carpenter’s square to the concept of earth. The concept of heaven and earth as spatial images also corresponds to the cultivation of virtue and intelligence, such as brilliance, generosity, selflessness, tolerance, divinity, wisdom and so on. Such understanding of moral accomplishments with the images of heaven and earth is far-reaching and fundamentally significant in the ideological system of Chinese civilization. Moreover, the concept of “heaven being the superior and earth being the inferior” was derived from the concept of “heaven above and earth below”, and it even lowered down to correspond to the concept of “monarch being the highest and his ministers being low” in the ritual system. This is the alienation of the early concept of heaven and earth in the society of autocratic monarchy.
In the over 1,300 years after the Sui and Tang dynasties, the imperial examination system was criticized and questioned for its failure to select talents merely according to the capacity of writing. In the more than 500 years during the Ming and Qing dynasties, it received one more criticism of “restricting the hearing and seeing of people under heaven” for it merely selected men who wrote good Eight-part essays based on the resources of The Four Books. However, as far as historical causes are concerned, the system of “selecting talents according to the capacity of writing” formed in the process of correcting the false practice of “cheating one after another” in the original system of recommendation so as to maintain justice, while writing Eight-part essays based on the resources of The Four Books was to conduct moral education by offering wealth and higher positions, aiming to contain people within “moral principles”. The contradiction of the system itself shows that the long-criticized drawbacks and the historical reasons why the imperial examination system came into being and existed were from the same source. Therefore, as a constant historical phenomenon, the continuation of the imperial examination system and its criticisms coexisted between the rising and declining of one dynasty after another in a thousand years. Since the mid-19th century, when the conflicts between China and the West broke out under the fierce pressure of the West, Chinese have examined the West in response to the pressure, compared the difference between China and the West and then strengthened China through reform. Western “new learnings and technologies” as well as the doctrine of prosperity introduced in this process shook traditional Chinese philosophy and resulted in the idea that the imperial examination system of selecting talents failed to response to the change of the world. Accordingly, a new kind of criticism of the imperial examination system formed, which went beyond the old doctrines that criticized the imperial examination system in the past thousand years but could correspond to the crisis at that time and became resonance in the court and the commonalty. It promoted the founding of schools and caused the abolishment of the imperial examination system hurriedly. The hasty change to the over 1,300-year history left various sequelae in the later history. There was a saying that “the scholar-officials’ discussion changes the affairs of the times, which caused the 3,000-year history to overturn at the moment”.
In recent ten years, the study of the Cold War history in China has been influenced by the prosperity of the global history study, and its research paradigm has experienced the diversification of historical materials and perspectives. By using of archives and other primary sources, the Chinese academic circle opens a process characterized by the transition from the international history of the Cold War to its global history, which attaches great importance to the introduction of other research perspectives and methods, enlarging the objects of study from state actors to society, culture and technology. Consequently, an innovative new narrative of the Cold War has emerged on the basis of interdisciplinary studies. While China’s research on the global history of the Cold War has made progress, it also faces challenges from within and outside the discipline. These challenges are not only the problems and limitations of the development of China’ historical study of the Cold War, but also constitute a new academic growth point. With the increasing temporal distance between contemporary researchers and the history of the Cold War, the Cold War shall be put into the long-term history of modernization and globalization.
The turn of material culture, which is active in the frontier of international scholarship, contains an important and yet unattended approach of event. On the phenomenological level, Jean-Luc Marion proves that the event is the giver of the phenomenon itself, laid event as the foundation for materiality, and objectively led to two representative schemes of retaining materiality as event, which together attempt to sublate materialism. Deleuze introduces pure event with the virtual. In Badiou, although event is endowed with the absolute transcendence, it still tends to inevitability in the inner contradiction with the axiomatic premise. Both are sublated by Slavoj ?i?ek in the sense that he affirms special potentiality to develop the immaterial elements in the materialist connotation on the one hand, and adheres to the materialist principle to avoid idealizing it on the other. Michael Marder further advocates post-deconstructive realism and deepens the issue of grasping things from the perspective of event in a more recent context. This approach of event gives a kind of deep description of materialism, thus vigorously promoting the contemporary process of the turn of material culture.
‘Erkenntniskritische Vorrede’ is the preface of Walter Benjamin’s The Origins of German Tragic Drama. Not just as a philosophical essay, it contains Benjamin’s own method of literary history. By making a distinction between two different kinds of universality in “idea” and “concept”, Benjamin defines his “tragic drama” as an “idea”, accompanying a description of the social and literary historical transformation about its circumstance. His study presents a dialectical synthesis of extremely special details and universal configuration of historical landscape, which is against the linear evolutionary literary historiography.
As a strong empire with the largest territories in the world at the turn of 19-20th centuries, Russia continued colonial expansion externally and conducted colonized governance within its territories. Just like the countries such as the UK, France and Germany, Russia developed science and technology with great momentum and applied widely its achievements, which unexpectedly stimulated thought and expanded aesthetic space. In these circumstances, the Silver Age came into being, in which culture prospered and science fictions became the most important literature landscape. This trend did not cease due to the Bolshevik’s ideology of anti-West and anti-capitalism. The new-born Soviet Union realized the importance of scientific and technological progress, and continued to expand its territories as a red empire on the base of advanced technology accumulated in the Russian empire period. As a result, science fictions continued to prosper in the early 1920s, showing features of poetry different from those in Western Europe.
It has been recognized that brand community plays an important role in attracting loyal fans both online and offline. This paper explores the mechanism through which community interaction rituals, a fundamental component of brand community, influence fans’ loyalty. Based on the valid scales, combining with the fan group interview, a questionnaire was designed and investigated. With collected valid samples, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted by partial least square method. The results show that interpersonal-interaction ritual and individual consumption ritual of self-interaction with communal material resources are two dimensions of community interaction rituals that have significant positive impact on fans’ loyalty. Emotional energy mediates the influence of community interaction rituals on fans’ loyalty. In addition, this loyalty is also moderated by network density. The practical managerial implications of these theoretical findings are also discussed.
This paper innovatively creates the concept of entrepreneur’s identification based on the theory of stimulation- organism- reaction and the theory of celebrity identity. Data from 272 questionnaires were used to analyze how entrepreneur’s charitable donations influence on consumers’ purchase intention. The results show that entrepreneurs’ donation of money has significant effect on cognitive identification but little effect on affective identification. Donation of time has significant influence on both cognitive and affective identification. Compared with donation of money, donation of time has a greater influence on cognitive and affective identification. Both cognitive identification and affective identification have significant effect on consumers’ purchase intention. Cognitive identification plays a mediating role between entrepreneurs’ charitable donation and purchase intention. Affective identification plays a mediating role between donation of time and purchase intention, but there is no mediating effect between donation of money and purchase intention. This study is to reveal the effect path of charitable donation behavior on consumers’ purchase intention, and provide theoretical reference and management enlightenment for entrepreneur identification and entrepreneurs’ charitable donation.
This paper investigates the impact of the senior management team’s regional cultural diversity on corporate innovation performance and the moderating effect on formal institutions from the perspective of culture, an informal system of organization. The results show that the senior management team’s regional cultural diversity has a significant role in promoting corporate innovation, mainly by restraining management’s short-sightedness, improving internal control, and alleviating financing constraints. Moreover, it presents heterogeneous characteristics under different geographical and industrial environments. Compared with inland areas and traditional industries, the regional cultural diversity of corporate executives is more likely to promote corporate innovation in enterprises in coastal areas and high-tech industries. Furthermore, the regional cultural diversity of executives, as an informal system within an enterprise, has a robust and significant substitution effect with formal systems such as social laws and government subsidies, which can effectively make up for the lack of formal institutions in promoting enterprise innovation. It can be seen that at the enterprise level, China’s regional cultural diversity is of great significance in promoting enterprise innovation in exploration and decision-making science; at the government level, the government shall face up to and make full use of our country’s unique regional culture to regulate economic development.
The protection of children living in difficult circumstances, who are lack of family guardianship or receive inappropriate guardianship, is the top priority with most difficulty in children protection. Since 2016, great efforts have been made in perfecting the protection mechanism towards children living in difficulty, investigating the real situation, building temporary custody shelters and ameliorating the security guaranty mechanism. However, there are still multiple predicaments and problems in aspects such as the discovering and reporting mechanism, temporary care provision, arrangement after leaving the temporary shelters as well as the safeguard and assistance mechanism. Therefore, this paper proposes countermeasures to further improve the protection mechanism of children living in difficulty from perspectives of theories, law, organization setting and profession introduction.
John Rawls’ conception of “justice” has stimulated ongoing discussions in the academic circle. Resituating Rawls in a genealogy of ideas, this article explores the intellectual traditions inherited by Rawls and illuminates affinities and differences between him and a group of thinkers including Hume, Kant, and Berlin. With an opposition to unmitigated ‘monism’, Rawls constructed his model of a well-ordered society based on the plurality of moral attitudes and the stability of just arrangements. Perhaps a better way to understand and develop Rawls’ “theory of justice” doesn’t merely lie in theoretical arguments advanced from a normative perspective. It also demands context-sensitive analysis. The applicability of the categories on offer needs to be surveyed, the shifting balance of forces must be assessed, the actual historical development of social transformation needs to be considered, and the politicization of social movements requires sociological and historical study. Only on that basis can we deepen our thoughts about the possibility of realizing the ideal of justice.
Hume’s theory of justice is unique in the Western intellectual history of justice. On the one hand, Hume holds the dualism of human nature: human beings have both the nature of benevolence or sympathy for others and selfish nature and emotion; on the other hand, he believes that people are fundamentally selfish. In Hume, such two kinds of emotions or natures of human beings produce two kinds of rules or virtues, in which one is natural and the other is artificial. Fundamentally speaking, artificial rules or virtues originate from the selfish nature of human beings. Justice is produced on the premise of an agreement made to regulate people’s selfish nature so that people can benefit each other. Hume mainly discusses the three laws of justice, but he only discusses the virtue of justice in the sense of moral sense produced by fulfilling one’s promise. However, Hume’s views on the origin of justice are contradictory: although he discusses the original contract in his Treatise of Human Nature, he basically negates the original contract in other theses.
Dissatisfied with the dogmatic interpretation of Das Kapital, Christopher J. Arthur of the school of “New Dialectics” reconstructed the work from Hegel’s dialectics. Arthur creatively proposed the system dialectics, constructed the “dialectical necessity” with the form of value as the carrier, and clarified the formation process of the capitalist economic system under the transformation of the value form. To some extent, Arthur’s system dialectics can help us understand the inherent contradictions of capitalism and the role of value forms in the economic system. However, since he started from Hegel’s speculative reason, and only confined to discussing the generation and demise of value forms within capitalism, Arthur ignored the historical principles of negativity and criticism contained in Marx’s dialectics. Therefore, he cannot help but fall into the trap of interpreting dialectics in the form of abstraction.
The spread of COVID-19 has shown nature’s ruthless revenge on the development mode of industrialization and the great challenge for greedy human nature, opening the second process in which “human shall be human”. This process is a process not only to give up the fetters of materialism and technicalism and to establish spiritual independence and behavioral autonomy, but also to return to the life world and to deconstruct the alien dichotomy of leisure and labor by making leisure a new state of labor and the discovery of life meaning. In the era of post COVID-19, a new understanding of leisure also means a new understanding of labor. Leisure is a trigger that makes life interesting and happy and a vane of deciding to achieve oneself and find out the meaning of life in the uncertain life world. It indicates that only leisure labor can give life a new style. The deepen development of the intelligent revolution supplies a material premise for the unity of leisure and labor, which will make humanity function as the realistic basis for the development of science and technology.
Based on agriculture, the relation between agricultural production and dwelling in the ancient China witnessed the development trend from the state that the production labor was relatively scattered and residence was relatively concentrated to the state that both the production labor and residence were relatively scattered. No matter scattered or concentrated, the neighborly relations are very important to common people, which is directly related to national administration. Confucianism maintains that the basic organizations in villages and townships should bear the mission of public education to establish harmonious social order and sound neighborly relations. Confucian rites were neglected in the Qin Dynasty so that the neighborly relations were in tense. In the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, due to the rise of Confucianism, the establishment of stable social orders and harmonious relations among neighbors as well as the ritual education of the public were paid great attention. Castle-shaped residential houses appeared in the Western Han Dynasty and lasted till the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the time of war, the neighborly relations experienced distortion and alienation and the ritual education was terminated. The neighborly relations experienced major changes in the Tang and Song Dynasties. At that time, the household registration system based on townships was abolished, centralized residence was terminated and private schools and clans rose, so the gentries bore the responsibility of ritual education of the masses. These factors caused great changes to the neighborly relations. In a nutshell, the neighborly relations in ancient China were restrained by economic conditions, political status, and influenced by ritual education and the efforts of official-scholars.
According to Confucianism, the soul of a human being exists and the body and soul rest in the grave and the ancestral temple respectively when a person passes away. This provides the theoretical foundation for Confucian rites system to distinguish fortune rites from unfortune ones. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, due to the invasion of northern foreign tribes, many people in Central China moved to the south and even the court moved to Jiankang. For some official-scholars, when their families moved to the south, they lost their lives in the war in the north and their corpses could not be found. Hence, the evocation funeral was advocated. Differing from the traditional evocation custom, there was no corpse placed in the coffins in the grave but only souls in the evocation funeral in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This funeral ceremony conflicted with the idea of body and spirit in traditional Confucianism and threatened the Five Rites System which was under construction at that time. Therefore, the evocation funeral was denounced fiercely by Confucian officials in the court and was forbidden in the end. However, it became prevalent in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was related to the maturity of the Five Rites System.
As the mainstream historical research in the 20th century, historical materialists have provided unique understanding of Chinese traditional rites. Since GUO Mo-ruo’s Research of the Ancient Chinese Society, materials of rites have gained great attention, which can be seen in early works of historical materialism by FAN Wen-lan, JIAN Bo-zan, LV Zhen-yu, HOU Wai-lu and others. According to historical materialism, rites reflect essentially the nature of a particular class, so they denounce rites fiercely, regarding them as specific phenomena in a certain society in a certain time and believing that ritual study will perish along with the collapse of the feudal society. The issue of rites provides key historical and institutional support for the theory of the forms of society. The analyzing method of rites in the early materialist view of history has been used and developed with awareness in the works of later scholars like YANG Kuan and YANG Xiang-kui. YANG Kuan’s research of rites including Ji（emperor’s ploughing the field）, Guan（puberty rite of men）, She（shooting）, Dasou（military practice under the name of hunting）, Zhijian（meeting etiquette） and Xiangyinjiu（banquet ceremony in the township） elevated himself to the academic peak. The research of rites from the materialist view of history mainly focuses on the overall history rather than trivial textual examinations. Influenced by the academic trend of suspecting the past, these scholars maintain that the literature on “three rites” and related rituals formed later than historically stated. Moreover, they attempted to go beyond the Confucian classic studies and pay particular attention to the rites in economy and society. Despite great academic achievements, there exist two major deficiencies in their study: on the one hand, they don’t have clear judgment on the nature and age of rites; on the other hand, the practice of dogmatization and labelling exist in their argumentation. Consequently, different researchers drew different conclusions from the same historical materials of rites due to different understandings and explanations.
There are more than twenty biographies in Chapters Nine and Ten of the Collected Works of Idle Living by LI Kai-xian. These biographies include his evaluation of the “Seven Masters of Hongzhi” and “Eight Talents of Jiajing”, secretively forming a textual dialogue with his “Poems on the Nine Masters” and “Poems on the Sixty Masters”. They characterize a special group of literati figures and reflect his awareness of writing a contemporary literary history. However, during the late Jiajing reign, as LI Kai-xian complained, it was difficult for an un-commissioned writer to write a biography for his contemporaries, since the mastery of original materials was always limited to the circulation of books. Therefore, once we discuss the narrative technique of these biographies, it is essential to avoid an open interpretation over the “textual independence, ” but to investigate the writer’s attitude towards different layered historical materials, such as official biographies, literary collections, or hearsays and rumors. The precondition for such an investigation is a careful textual collation on the biographies and their “pretexts.” As a famous dramatist and book collector, LI Kai-xian is passionate about popular literature, thus he actively employs various elements of popular literature into the writing of biographies. Vernacular or fictional languages are applied, oral historical materials are rediscovered under the trend of publishing oral literature, and the new tendency of “appreciation of ugliness” is established based on the commercialization over the literati- these are LI Kai-xian’s useful attempt at writing biographies while encountering a new time of literature.
In the history of Northern Song poetry, “Xikun” poets and MEI Yao-chen, the leader of “plain” style of poetry, came from two different hierarchies: the former belonged to the officials of imperial academies, and the latter came from the rank of low-level officials and ordinary scholars. Their different orientations of style of poetry showed different aesthetic tastes of their own classes. Examining the poetic styles and official positions, we can see that the orientation of the poetic style of “Xikun” corresponds to the origin of the noble class, which shows the stability of the life pattern; on the contrary, MEI Yao-chen demonstrated the tension of the life pattern between the pursuit of simple poetry and that of the noble career. In such a circumstance, MEI had poetic communication with YAN Shu and WANG Gui, the representatives of “Xikun” style in the later period. Based on the specific difference of official atmosphere and mentality, MEI clearly expressed two different attitudes of praise and belittle for his own “plain” style.
Ancient India and Greece are countries with ancient civilization in the world. Their philosophies are the treasures in Eastern and Western cultures. The theory of padqrtha in India and the theory of category in Greece are the remarkable theories in ancient philosophy. There are quite a few of similar respects in these two theories. The obvious similarity is that both make a clear distinction between things and their properties and states, and take substance as the basis for padqrtha or category. The obvious difference is that the meaning of padqrtha in Vaishesika is different from the meaning of category in Aristotle. For some of Vaishesika’s padqrtha outside the meaning of substance- although not all of them- we can find counterparts in the categories established by Aristotle outside the meaning of substance. Had the ancient Indian theory of padqrtha drawn upon the ancient Greek theory of category, or the latter had learnt anything from the former? It is impossible to make a completely positive or negative conclusion based on the available materials. More likely, they were similar theories created independently.
The gradual replacement of the traditional historical view by the view of “evolutionary history” is one of the most fundamental and important ideological changes in the modern transformation of Chinese thought, which has profoundly affected the self-cognition and social practice of Chinese people. Having an insight into the profound implications of this transition, Master Tai-xu made a critical reflection on the view of “evolutionary history” and constructed the view of “causal history”. This is the first clear and systematic Buddhist view of history in China’s intellectual history. It contains a profound understanding of life, time, history, and their interrelationships. From the perspective of modernity, this paper elucidates the rich meaning of this theory, and reveals its great theoretical and practical significance.
The fourth industrial revolution has been promoting the global production and consumption mode to realize the transformation and revolution of digital economy. The globally outbreak of COVID-19 has been catalyzing the transformation of the digital economy and promoting the structural restructuring and reshaping of the global value chain. At present, there are still different levels of understanding and disputation on the connotation of digital economy. Taking “data capital” as the core conception and focusing on the three aspects of foundation, key sectors and broad sectors, we will accurately grasp the transformation process of digital economy as the typical representative of current economic and technological change. The transformation of global digital economy subverts some theoretical paradigms including traditional development economics and GVCs （global value chains）; at the same time, more and more countries in the world also begin to shape a new generation of digital economic value chain with a variety of models. The Biden administration in the United States pays more attention to the concentration of foreign policy in the field of digital economic value chain. This process will inevitably lead to the competition and game among global powers in the “Axis Era” of digital economic value chain, and the result will also profoundly affect the structural change and systematic reshaping of international power in the future.
On the issues such as whether green supply chain management can stimulate clean technology innovation, and whether there are differences in green technology innovation among enterprises with different identities, the existing literature has not yet formed systematic research results. The panel data of 147 local companies and 343 foreign-funded companies in Chinese market are selected to investigate in depth the differences in the clean technology innovation effects of green supply chain management for companies with different identities in the same market environment in China. It shows that green supply chain management presents non-equivalence in the incentive effect of clean technology innovation between local enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises. The difference in external institutional distance and internal dimensions is the reason for the difference in green supply chain management effects. The clean technology innovation effect of the internal green supply chain management of foreign-funded enterprises shows obvious heterogeneity, and the clean technology innovation incentive effect of the labor-intensive, clean production type and the green supply chain management of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is stronger. For this reason, government policy intervention shall pay attention to the sensitivity of corporate green supply chain management to environmental intervention.
With the development of society and economy, the change of ideas and the improvement of social security system, the intergenerational relationship in China has undergone great changes. An in-depth study of the association between the number and quality of children and parents’ well-being is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarifying intergenerational relationships at different life stages. To this end, using the 2015 China Health and Aging Tracking Data for the Elderly （CHARLS）, we examine the effects of the number of children and the quality of children （measured by children’s annual income and education level） on the subjective well-being （measured by life satisfaction and depression） of middle-aged and elderly parents. It shows that the higher the number of children, the lower the life satisfaction and the higher the depression of parents. The higher the children’s income level, the higher the life satisfaction and lower the depression of parents. The higher the children’s education level, the lower the life satisfaction of middle-aged parents, but the lower the depression of older parents. The resource advantage at the individual level and the family level can offset the effects of the number of children, but not the effects of the quality of children on parental well-being. The effects of the quality of children are more robust and significant to parental well-being. Based on this, it is recommended to enhance the development capacity of individuals and families, create more and more equitable educational opportunities, give more support to families whose children are at the stage of education, and give education inclination policies to disadvantaged families.
Based on the dynamic monitoring data of floating population and the particularity of the China’s dual labor market, this thesis divides floating population into three types: employment within the system, employment outside the system and unemployment. From the perspectives of family patronage, institutional patronage and the conflict between work and family, we use a hierarchical model to study the relationship between employment situation and subjective well-being of floating population. The result shows that the floating population of being married, with family mobility and better family economic conditions is more likely to leave the labor market, especially for women. The subjective well-being of the unemployed and the employed within the system is higher than those employed outside the system. The work-family conflict caused by overtime work is an intermediary mechanism for the difference in subjective well-being of floating population in different employment situations. On that account, this thesis suggests that the government take measures to gradually eliminate labor market segmentation, strengthen labor protection for those employed outside the system, and build standardized and harmonious labor relations. At the same time, we shall also improve the service policy system, create convenient conditions for the family mobility of floating population and incorporate gender factors into the considerations of public policy formulation to promote gender equality in the economy and society.
As the carrier of thoughts, classics are related to the universal principles of life and the universe. As far as the evolution of Chinese culture is concerned, classics are first associated with classical learning （jingxue）: classical learning plays a very important role in shaping Chinese culture from universal values to daily behaviors, and so on. From the perspective of the development of modern academic thought, we can notice that classical learning can be divided into two kinds. The first is related to literature research and can be regarded as the study of literature in a broad sense. With the rise of textology in the Qing Dynasty, the dimension of literature research in classical learning has been further developed, and classical learning itself has gradually formed an empirical tendency. The second is related to value, which is manifested in some ideological ideas. As far as research methodology is concerned, the second kind of classical learning is dominated by theoretical identity rather than critical reflection. In various aspects, including the relationship between individual and society, that between past and future, and the understanding of political order, classical learning has its historical limitations. In addition to classical learning, classics are also related to the study of classics in a broad sense, which is not limited to the classics of classical learning. In terms of methodology, it takes the unity of emotional identity and rational analysis as its approach, emphasizes dialogue and comparison, and makes modern intellectual construction based on the interpretation of classics. From a realistic perspective, the study of classics should not be limited to classical learning.
The spiritual realm of FENG Qi’s philosophical road is the unity of free thinking and Marxist belief, which is prominently reflected in his ability to enter and go beyond MAO Ze-dong’s philosophical works: The former is revealed in his true belief in MAO Ze-dong’s works as he is sincerely convinced, while the latter is reflected in the theme of answering the relationship between knowledge and wisdom in the “Three Essays on Wisdom”. The historical dimension of FENG Qi’s philosophical road is a summary of MAO Ze-dong’s philosophical revolution in modern China, which is manifested in three aspects, i.e., the answer to the theme of the times, the examination of the achievements and shortcomings of modern philosophy, and the analysis of modern philosophical revolution as the beginning of world philosophy. The theoretical cornerstone of FENG Qi’s philosophical road is the dynamic revolutionary theory of reflection, which is manifested in three aspects, i.e., the unity of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, the theoretical character of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy, and “turning over” from JIN Yue-lin.
Ernest Sosa discusses the two Platonic problems involving the nature of knowledge and value of knowledge. However, not only does knowledge involve a third Platonic question that Sosa fails to pay attention to, but the two Platonic problems that Sosa does pay attention to cannot be adequately solved without the third Platonic problem being taken care of. The third Platonic problem involves the impact of knowledge: Whether a person knowing full well is motivated to act accordingly. The fully apt moral belief produced by the epistemic competence in Sosa is not morally motivating. To solve the third Platonic problem, we can solicit help from WANG Yang-ming’s doctrine of liangzhi, examining the three unique features. In Yangming, moral knowledge is a kind of knowing-to that inclines one to act. Thus, one who knows in Sosa’s sense cannot be said to know full well since he or she is not motivated to act according to his or her knowledge.
As an interdisciplinary academic study, the history of ideas can explore many aspects of the development of social ideas by taking “ethos” as an approach. “Ethos” in a broad sense is not only reflected in social customs, but also related to academic activities. As the main part of the life world, “customs” are not only the origin of many ideas, but also the intermediary of ideas, institutions, and social psychology. Since modern times, academic forms closely related to “ethos” are often influenced by frequently changing intellectual trends, which is an important representation of conceptual metabolism. In addition, far-reaching intellectual trends usually have their core ideas. To study the history of ideas through intellectual trends, it is necessary to examine the connection and differences between ideas themselves and theories systematized by various “isms”, because the “isms” of thoughts and various “disputes among isms” not only enlarge the power of ideas, but also may cause knowledge deformation of ideas. It is inevitable to pay attention to specific “figures” in the study of intellectual trends, since they have branded the trends with their own philosophical theories or unique styles. The figures appearing one after another in history may not constitute a linear history of ideas. The goal of comprehensive research on the figures involved in the debate is to depict the genealogy of the history of ideas.
The renowned British historian Quentin Skinner is significant in the contemporary world of thought. His scholarship is best known for his two-volume book, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, in which he studies prominent European thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation periods and examines how their writings shaped modern politics and society. Since his early days, Skinner has actively explored innovations in historical theory and method while studying the history of political thought. Several of his essays published in the 1960s and 1970s reflect this path of thinking and its evolution. Skinner holds a critical stance against the positivist tradition of modern historiography. Drawing on the work of linguistic philosophers such as J. L. Austin, he explores how the “illocutionary act” implied by language and ideas needs to be understood by reading contemporary writings and understanding the linguistic conventions of the time. Skinner’s research helps promote a “linguistic turn” in academies of the time, but he is not a poststructuralist nor a postmodernist. While making a distinctive contribution to historical theory and methodology as “philosophy in history”, Skinner’s scholarship remains within the “Eurocentric” tradition and has not interacted actively with the general trend in post-WWII historiography.
An important issue in US and Soviet postwar policies toward Germany was about German reparation. Over this issue, the US-Soviet relations went through a historical process from consultation and cooperation to disagreements and confrontation. At the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, the two governments reached an agreement on German reparation based on the principles of seeking their common ground while shelving their differences. When the World War II ended, the Soviets began to act unilaterally in eastern Germany, and the US-Soviet disputes over other issues also became intensified. Nevertheless, the two governments continued to pursue big-power cooperation and were able to adopt a common plan for German reparation in March 1946. Eventually, the plan was not implemented because the two sides could not overcome disagreements on basic orientations and policy goals in enforcing German reparation. In April 1947, at the conference of foreign ministers in Moscow, the US and the Soviet governments parted their ways over the reparation issue. In the end of the year, the conference of foreign ministers in London decisively ended an allied common approach to the reparation issue. The Soviet occupation policy in Germany focused on obtaining war reparations. The origin of Germany’s division was the US-Soviet split over the reparation issue. The US-Soviet disagreement over an occupation policy in Germany also began with the reparation issue.
Novels were despised by orthodox ideology in ancient times. For many works, the author and the writing process of many works are unknown, and the path of version evolution is not clear. Therefore, textual research has become an important content of ancient novel research. After years of accumulation, textual research papers have become a larger collection. A small number of those that have been rigorously argued to make judgments have been regarded as conclusive, which has promoted the research progress. However, more have been questioned or ignored by peers. Several or even dozens of different conclusions have been verified on the same question, which also makes researchers at a loss, which affects the corresponding follow-up research. Examining more than a hundred textual research works covering the past 40 years from a methodological perspective, this paper summarizes seven situations that have fatal harm to the validity of the conclusion of textual research: 1. The premise is not reliable; 2. The basis of the data is unable to support the conclusion; 3. Reasoning is illogical; 4. The possibility of superposition is equated with affirmation; 5. The key point of the proof is missing; 6. Association and speculation is taken as argument; 7. Searching for concealed issues, together with others, is taken as textual research.
Today’s research on QIAN Zhong-shu must respond to three sensitive points. First, does QIAN, as the crystallization of classical culture and the most extensive reader in the 20th century, have a relatively focused discipline foundation in his lifelong works? Second, are QIAN’s works （especially Guan Zui Bian）, which seems to be not systematic despite of their being knowledgeable and filled with gifted insights, essentially like “scattering money and losing strings”? Third, is QIAN content to be an exquisite scholar who appreciates poetic taste, rather than an outstanding aesthetician who explores the charm of literature and goes deep into the history of literature and art and the history of criticism? The answers are as follows. First, dubbed as the “Kunlun of culture”, i.e., a giant in the cultural field, QIAN’s carried out his studies through ancient and modern times at home and abroad. However, there was a discipline foundation in his intellectual career in which he has invested most talent, energy, and time. This is “the modern transformation of classical poetics”, or “the new interpretation of classical poetics”. In QIAN’s view, Canglang Shihua compiled by YAN Yu in the Southern Song Dynasty is the ideal literature of critical history with the richest intellectual connotations. Second, after ten years’ or decades’ intensive reading, one can find out that QIAN’s “new interpretation of classical poetics” has its own self-consistent logic: By examining “writing”, “wording”, “talent, knowledge, insight”, “romantic charm”, “literary style” and “origin analysis” step by step, he has restructured the “doctrine of the original position of poetry”, “poetic molecules”, the “doctrine of the cultivation of poets”, the “idea that the value of poems lies in clearness and remoteness”, the stance of “dividing poetry mainly into Tang and Song poems” and the “ethics of poetry”, sparkling with brilliant modern poetic rays. Third, it is easy to draw the conclusion that QIAN is worthy of the title of a great scholar in the history of Chinese literature and art and the history of criticism.
“Jiangnan （The south of the Yangtze River） with the virtues of water” is concrete abstraction, a theoretical discourse with the nature of openness and personal experience. It is also the crystallization of ideas in terms of ecology, production, life, and philosophy, produced in the long-term interactivity between humans and land with regional characteristics. It is a miniature Chinese regional morphology and aesthetics with theoretical features such as non-dualism, non-systematism, literary-historical interaction and the integration of the Dao and art. How to integrate literature, language, history, people, philosophy, art, religion, geography, and hydrology into one furnace to grasp Jiangnan without appealing to a system of abstract categories? How to connect ancient and modern times, activate the Jiangnan learning and articles into the truth, poetry and temperament that can be recognized in everyone’s life and exist in people’s daily life without realizing them? These questions cannot be ignored in any attempts to construct the theory of Jiangnan cultural poetics.
Annotations have always been a key issue in processing a Chinese historical corpus. There are various and complicated types of annotations shown in Chinese texts in the past dynasties, which has to do with the classical Chinese academic tradition and its forms. The annotation types of different times are an organic part of the rich materials of Chinese language history, as well as a basic subject to be examined and analyzed in the typology of a Chinese language historical corpus. The formalized marks of the basic content of different types of notes are called “annotations”. The contents of the annotations and the terms used for “annotation” in the past dynasties shared a roughly agreed form of “regulating the past by the present”. The form of these annotations constitutes an important category with a unified standard when processing annotations in a corpus of Chinese character history today. Shiji （The Historical Records） is a model sample of a Chinese language historical corpus, and the notes in its various versions in the past dynasties show the interpretation and understanding of important scholars in different periods. By examining and comparing the age of the usage of some certain characters and terms and the intermediary relations among them as well as the phonetic differentiation in Chinese language history, we can restore their internal relations, reveal the latent clues, and identify the annotations that truly match the attributes of the corresponding era. This kind of annotation processing is of chronological significance and has the reference value for judging the approximate age of an inherited text.
In today’s world, the spread of the uncertain trend of global development not only gives birth to brand-new social facts, but also impacts the intellectual foundation and theoretical soil on which globalization research is rooted. Facing the realistic tension brought by a series of global shocks and continuous uncertain development, we must critically reflect on and reconstruct globalization theory at the theoretical level. At the epistemological level, the existing globalization theory is still limited to empirical deduction and circular demonstration of “meta-problems”, representing the dualistic mindset of “structure-action”; while at the ontological level, it still stays in the formal debate and repeated game of meta-logic, representing the dualistic opposition of “time-space”, which eventually leads to the methodological falling into the shackles of “structure-oriented” speculative logic and research. In order to effectively cope with the new trend of global uncertainty, we can try a new path of paradigm transformation and theoretical research from “structure-oriented” to “relationship-oriented” in the theoretical research of globalization.
The provincial-level comparison of the Seventh Census and the two previous Censuses shows that the overall patterns of the dynamics of population distribution in China in the two decades before and after 2010 are as follows. 1. Based on the Four-Regions division, the population proportion of the East Coast tends to increase, the Central and Northeast China tends to decrease, and the Western China shifts from decline to a slight increase. 2. Based on the two-parts division by the HU Huan-yong line, the population proportion in the northwest part experiences a slight growth to a decline. 3. Based on the South-North division, the share of the northern population has changed from a slight rise to a decline. Combined with the regional GDP data in corresponding census years, it shows that the inter-provincial variance in GDP per Capita tends to shrink in general. 1. For the Four Regions, the difference of the top two among the East Coast tends to decline, as well as the bottom two in the Central and the West, and the variance within the Northeast are significantly smaller than the national average. 2. The gap of GDP per capita between the two sides of the HU Huan-yong line has changed from narrowing to widening. 3. The gap of GDP per capita between the south and the north is widened significantly from 2010 to 2020. The main conclusions are as follows. 1. New changes are found in the spatial pattern of population in China, among which high propriety should be given to the emerging of northerners’ “Moving South” phenomenon and its impacts. 2. New progress and new challenges coexist in the regional balance between the population spatial pattern and the economic growth in China. 3. Both positive and negative couplings exist in the dynamics of China’s population distribution and regional economic growth. Therefore, we shall conform to the objective trend of current migration to improve the regional balanced development of population on the one hand and economy and society on the other.
Classical sociological theories often use two concepts of mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity to discuss the relation between individual and society and social structure. It is difficult to apply this dual model to explain the sacred relations in the belief of the Chinese sacred structure about “Tian” and ancestors. It is not limited to mechanical solidarity, but exceeds the similarity of family blood to transfer filial piety into loyal and then be integrated into the mode of political power. As a result, it will directly form hierarchical solidarity based on organic solidarity. On the surface, it resembles religion, but in essence it is the hierarchical setting of the sacred pattern. As a sacred symbol of the mentality of family- country, the personality hierarchy is the best result of the integrity of Chinese civilization believing the inherent goodness of human nature, the intercommunication of the three sacred roots of Heaven-earth-humans, ancestors, and ruler-masters, and the unity of the sacred and the secular. The special relationship of the sacred personality makes special contribution to the universalism of the great harmony under Heaven. Therefore, “hierarchical solidarity” can be used as a concept tool to explain destiny, ancestors, ruler-masters and other divine archetypes and their transformations which have started since three thousand years ago. In the end, it results in a sacred hierarchy arranging from low to high but acting from high to low, personality ethics and mentality of family- country.
In the context of the raging COVID-19 pandemics, the long-standing discussion of de-dollarization and the disintegration of the U.S. dollar has become one of the most marketable views. However, to find out where Jamaica’s currency system is heading, we need explore its causes, the theory and history of the international currency system, and the world trend of political and economic development. The scarcity of gold and other factors determine that the gold standard system is difficult to restore. The super-sovereign currency represented by the special drawing rights lacks credit and economic foundation and thus cannot become the world standard currency. If the development of world economic integration remains dominant, the three-currency standard system of the U.S. dollar, RMB and Euro may replace the current U.S. dollar standard after long-term evolution. If anti-globalization becomes the mainstream, the international community may be divided into several currency areas as the world economic structure changes profoundly. Of course, such a possibility is relatively small.
The development of global value chain specialization system has formed its auto-stability and vulnerability as well. Due to such auto-stability and vulnerability, different modes of global value chain specialization and participation have different economic impacts and corresponding risks. Choosing a global value chain specialization and participation mode that suits the country’s conditions is a test of wisdom in decision-making. Under the new historical conditions of the developing and changing global value chain specialization system, there are inevitable theoretical logic, historical logic, and practical logic for China to establish a new development paradigm. The new transformation of foreign economic development mode is not only an essential requirement and important path to establish the new development paradigm, but also a strategic choice in accordance to new changes in the global value chain specialization system. Therefore, the study of how to accomplish the new transformation of China’s foreign economic development mode requires a strategic-level investigation into historical position, development concept, development and security, supply side reform, and the establishment of an independent and controllable global value chain.
In order to deal with the new situation and achieve the goal of great rejuvenation of China, the regional integration development of the Yangtze River Delta has become a national strategy. What is the level of urban integration in the Yangtze River Delta, what obstacles it faces, and what measures shall be taken to promote integrated development – all of these are questions that need to be answered. Based on the systematic review of relevant theories, this paper constructs an evaluation index system of urban coordinated development capacity in the Yangtze River Delta, which includes 18 indexes in the four fields of economy, science and technology, facilities and ecology. Through the calculation of the collaborative development capacity of 41 cities in 2020, it shows that the “core- edge” spatial structure based on the “Z” shaped development axis in the Yangtze River Delta is significant, the degree of spatial integration is high, and the contribution and relationship of various fields to the urban collaborative development capacity are not exactly same. According to the current situation of the pattern of coordinated development of cities in the Yangtze River Delta, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as reforming the public management system and mechanism in the Yangtze River Delta, innovating the cross-border linkage mechanism of environmental protection, paying attention to the linkage between new infrastructure, urban agglomeration and industrial system, establishing the Yangtze River Delta industrial innovation foundation, focusing on the construction of world-class industrial clusters of integrated circuits and biomedicine.
As the foremost historian who has conducted overall systemic research on the system in the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, LV Si-mian has contributed profound works concerning the law in the Northern Wei Dynasty. As an ethnic regime that entered the Central Plain, the Northern Wei Dynasty experienced a great many juridical practical controversies between the traditional customary law of Xianbei （an ancient nationality in China） and the criminal law written in Chinese characters. The solution of various controversies was entangled with the Sinicization of Xianbei people. Hence, the Northern Wei authorities showed profound political wisdom in the process of solving these problems, which exerted great impact on later generations.
“Writing vernacular general history” was an important change in the rise of new history and vernacular language in modern China. It followed two directions: the tradition of telling historical stories started in the Song Dynasty and the new written form created based on the colloquial in the modern period. Completed in 1922, LV Si-mian’s Vernacular History of China made conscious exploration into the genre, language, and style in the writing of vernacular history, which differentiates the work from modern vernacular history that followed the tradition of telling historical stories in the previous two decades. As an “insider” of China’s literature revolution and historical revolution in the 20th century, LV Si-mian consistently worked in the front lines of rebuilding written language and new general history, whereas keeping the two revolutions at arm’s length. Rather than taking an either-or approach to the relationship between the classical and the vernacular and that between paraphrasing and writing, his approach was more holist when he considered the problem of rebuilding national language and national history. He sought a “vernacular language” that is “easy” and unformalized while maintaining its “spiritual” tie to primary sources. To rebuild the new written form of writing of Chinese history, especially general Chinese history, his practice directs to a whole scheme that includes historical excerpt, the genre of new national language, and the new style of quotation. Such exploration was distinctive and far-reaching in a time when the opposition between the Chinese and the West on the one hand and the new and the old on the other gradually came into being.
From the 1920s to the 1940s, LV Si-mian published a few works on Chinese marriage history, which were revised and rewritten several times. In LV Si-mian’s historiographical structure, the study of Chinese marriage history is placed in a rather special position, and the approach to the study of marriage history quite typically demonstrates LV’s style. Taking it as an important case in the paradigm shift of modern historiography, and examining the specific circumstances of LV Si-mian’s writing and revising the study on Chinese marriage history, we can reveal that “rewriting” the same topic from time to time not only reflects the historian’s development and revision of his own academic views, but also the complex historiographical practice of modern scholars’ “recreating the past” with new ideas and concepts.
Although both philosophy of practice and theory of practices share the concept “practice”, there are few works that systematically explore the relationship between these two traditions. There is no unified tradition of practical philosophy in the West, and after Hegel, there is a division between traditional and modern practical philosophy. In terms of understanding the elements of practice, modern practical philosophy shows its affinity with Aristotle. Theory of practices directly inherits and develops modern practical philosophy, while its relationship with traditional practical philosophy is indirect and mediated by modern practical philosophy. Theory of practices develops the basic claims of modern practical philosophy in terms of fundamental philosophical positions, dualism, practical normativity, and future dimensions of practice into various fields such as sociology, anthropology, cultural theory, linguistics, philosophy of science, and even feminism, organizational studies, and consumption studies, thus providing a discipline-specific account for understanding various aspects of vivid social life. Modern practical philosophy and theory of practices may be unified in the future.
Neo-Aristotelianism is the major paradigm of contemporary virtue ethics. It must not only construct its theories of action and motive based on the critique of modern moral philosophy, but also establish the conceptual standard of virtue to answer the question of “what kind of character trait can be regarded as a virtue”. As one of important Neo-Aristotelian scholars, Rosalind Hursthouse assumes three interrelated propositions: first, a virtue benefits its possessor; second, a virtue makes its possessor a good human being; third, the above two features are interrelated. Hursthouse identifies the first proposition as a suggestion with high probability, puts the second one into a vision of ethical naturalism, and takes Aristotle’s theory of human nature as the foundation of the third one. With these strategies, Hursthouse makes the response to the given challenges, and provides justification and defense for her Neo-Aristotelian theory of virtue.
As a feeling of pain, moral anxiety comes from the special situation that a person fails to deal with. It is a person’s intuitive experience of and immediate response to moral uncertainty or uncertain morality. Based on the distinction of uncertain objects, moral anxiety includes normative anxiety （survival anxiety） and belief anxiety （existence anxiety）. In terms of the ultimate direction of uncertainty, moral anxiety is a moral way to reveal the ethical situation of a person’s freedom or self-limitation. The ethical healing of moral anxiety lies in tracing back the fact of human beings’ relational existence and the necessity of human’s value existence, rethinking human beings’ condition and reshaping human’s image in the connection of group, self, object and self.
In the spirit of new descriptivism, this paper makes a detailed analysis of the poem titled “Wuyi” in The Book of Songs in terms of syntax and semantics, claiming that archaic Chinese is more qualified as a verby language than modern Chinese. Many nouns, prepositions or adverbs in modern Chinese are verbs in archaic Chinese represented by The Book of Songs. In addition, conjoin played an important role in sentence-making in archaic Chinese and many serial verb constructions or subordinate structures （including verb-resultative constructions） in modern Chinese are probably verb conjoined constructions in archaic Chinese.
Western semantics history could be summarized as historical orientation, psychological orientation and contextual orientation. In other words, Western semantics of the 19th century has been successively overlapped with biology, psychology and sociology. All “new theories” in modern times we are worshipping, including psychology, subjectivity, sociality, form and function, statics and dynamics, context and situation, metaphor and metonymy, and meaning domain and prototype theory, are beneath previous masterpieces. Owing to the three trends of formalism in the 20th century, three cracks formed in Western humanistic view of language. Not until the 1960s, did a return to traditional humanistic view of language in contemporary Western linguistic study emerge. Based on dozens of previous original works of German, French, English and Russian languages, this paper traces the origins of these “new theories” in order to promote the research of the linguistic and intellectual history.
The state is the center of modern political life and one of the most important concepts in political science. With the wave of “bringing the state back in”, the society-centered reading of the state has been challenged, while the concepts such as state autonomy, state capabilities and so on have become increasingly popular. There has been a far-reaching influence on a variety of theoretical systems including political economy. The acquisition of the main body of the state has changed the division logic of the state and the market in liberalist political economy and the importance of institutions has gained greater emphasis. This transformation proves to be illuminating for understanding the socialist market economic system with Chinese characteristics. As the main theoretical finding in understanding the East Asian Miracle, “developmental state” has replaced liberalism to become the dominant paradigm in understanding politics and economy in the East Asia.
Epidemic outbreaks, from a comprehensive and inter-connected perspective, are simultaneously local and global events. Reviewing the outbreak of the plague in Surat, India in 1994, we can understand the interaction of the governments of each country, the Indian government and the local state governments in India in terms of public health and political authority, as well as their specific political concerns, social anxieties and priorities. During the epidemic, there were overlapping multi-layer narratives at the global and local levels, indicating that there are multiple concentric circles in public health and its politics. To meet and solve the complex challenges related to epidemic naming, public health and political impact, we must analyze the intersection between them and clarify different concepts and reactions. The Surat epidemic provides an important opportunity for WHO to adopt a more interventionist strategy, and provides an important reference point for establishing a global disease monitoring network and strengthening cooperation among countries in public health governance. The continuous tense regional situation and concerns of different countries affect the political game on epidemic cognition. The plague in Surat and the disputes surrounding it show that it is necessary to list global health as a priority that is both comprehensive and professional. It needs to be grasped as a whole, rather than simply understood as a game of interests among different levels such as international, national and local. This research will help us understand and construct public health issues under today’s changing global political ecology.
Pilgrimage research has been rising and has yielded abundant achievements in the （Western） academic circle in recent decades. Among the literature of pilgrimage research, mostly is either on the formation of pilgrimage or on the social consequences of pilgrimage. The first approach emphasizes the political and economic process of the formation, while the second focuses on the functions of the pilgrimage. Mainly based on the fieldwork of a Catholic Pilgrimage practice in Mount She, Shanghai, this paper aims to explore an experience-centered approach, or a rather “insider’s” view to look at the pilgrimage besides the two dominant approaches. This approach focuses on the socially, culturally and historically embedded person, especially the pilgrim’s bodily experience. In this way, this study hopes to present the original status of the pilgrim to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of pilgrimage.
The “Paper Gods Collection” in the East Asian Library of Columbia University in the United States, contains a relatively organized set of “Goddess- Paper Gods”. Using this set of sacrificial ceremonial paper prints as the graphic evidence and referring to the relevant literature in the period, the outline of the fertility customs in Beijing in the 1930s can be restored. As markers of people’s fertility rituals in the early period of the Republic of China, these Paper Gods provide us with a chain of evidence for reviewing the related popular religion and social activities, which were still prosperous in daily life of the year. Via the system of “Goddess - Paper Gods” with clear division of labor and orderly hierarchy, knowledge of child-bearing, concept of clans, neighborhood communities, and other former local knowledge were revealed, which strongly proved the embedded and isomorphic relationship between popular religions and daily life in a specific historical period. Paper Gods should be valued in the dimension of “memory auxiliary” as a cultural tradition closely related to customs.
After the necessity to construct a knowledge system of social work in China became the consensus in academic circles, the way of construction has become a hot topic. Based on the perspective of practical knowledge within a post-modern context, this paper emphasizes the production of local social work knowledge based on practice. By focusing on the practice of frontline social workers, it summarizes and presents four knowledge patterns currently existing in China’s practice field: narrative knowledge, metaphor knowledge, physical knowledge, and conceptual knowledge. The connotations and features of these different knowledge patterns are clarified. These patterns reflect the practical wisdom and knowledge of social workers and are crucial to China’s own knowledge of social work. The summarization and research of the patterns of social work knowledge in China’s practice field will lay an empirical foundation for the construction of China’s own social work knowledge system.
2021 is the year when China’s two centennial goals meet and the beginning of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan. It is under this historical background that China’s real estate industry has entered the post-development era when the area of land purchase and the area of new construction of housing have reached the highest range. In the post-development era, the development of the real estate industry presents new important characteristics, including the stock housing transaction gradually becoming the main body of the housing market, the transformation from the profit model of providing “tangible products” and obtaining “capital gains” to providing “intangible services” and obtaining “cash flow income”, the innovation of business format and the enrichment of the real estate industry chain. In the post-development era, the driving force for the sustainable development of the real estate industry still exists. To better promote the high-quality and sustainable development of China’s real estate industry in this new condition, the government should optimize and improve the regulation policies while the real estate enterprises should make scientific decisions and promote innovation.
The impact of rising housing prices on enterprise production and operation is a hot issue in academic circles. Based on the micro data of Chinese industrial enterprises and the macro-economic data of 70 large and medium-sized cities from 2004 to 2013, this paper deeply discusses the impact of housing price rise on zombie enterprises and its mechanism. The results show that: under the external impact of rising housing prices, the financing constraints of enterprises have changed significantly, and then have a significant inhibitory effect on the formation of zombie enterprises. From the perspective of the difference in enterprise nature, the rise of housing price has an obvious heterogeneity on the formation of different debt degrees. It also influences whether a zombie enterprise is housing-related. In effect, the rise of housing prices can more significantly reduce the probability of zombie of housing-related enterprises and enterprises with low debt ratio. Further, rising housing prices will stimulate zombie enterprises to “revive”, which is mainly realized by alleviating the financing constraints of zombie enterprises. This paper provides a possible explanation for the formation of zombie enterprises and their “revival” in the background of rising housing prices. However, in the long term, an enterprise still needs to enhance its own competitiveness to obtain the ability of sustainable development.
In recent years, in order to dampen the excessive rise of housing prices in China, governments have frequently implemented a series of macroeconomic policies to adjust the housing market. To some extent, house prices in urban China have been shocked by economic policy uncertainty （EPU）. By using the data of 25 big cities in Yangtze River Economic Belt and three urban agglomerations from January 2006 to March 2021, we find that there is a long-term integration between EPU and housing prices through panel integration test. Panel Granger causality test shows that, compared with second-hand housing price, EPU has more significant causality impact on new housing price. PVAR model indicates EPU has no direct significant effect on housing prices, however, the conditional β convergence analysis shows EPU has significantly accelerated the convergence of new housing price and second-hand housing price. Therefore, government should pay attention to the different effects of EPU on the new-built and second-hand housing markets, and implement city-specific policies based on reasonable expectations. Meanwhile, governments can systematically adjust the housing market by taking advantage of the spillover effect of economic policies to achieve the synergetic development of regional housing market.
国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
